Name: a two-step strategy that combines epigenetic modification and biomechanical cues to generate mammalian pluripotent cells
Uploaded: 2020-08-29T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells at JoVE.com

Dette arbeidet ble finansiert av Carraresi Foundation og MiND FoodS Hub ID: 1176436. Alle forfatterne er medlemmer av COST Action CA16119 In vitro 3D total celleveiledning og kondisjon (CellFit).

Alle studiene ble gjennomgått og godkjent av Den etiske komité ved Universitetet i Milano. Alle dyreforsøk ble utført i samsvar med Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, publisert av US National Institutes of Health (NIH). Human celleisolasjon fra friske voksne individer ble godkjent av Den etiske komiteen i Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano. Alle metodene i studien vår ble utført i henhold til godkjente retningslinjer.
1. Hudfibroblastisolasjon
...

<ol>
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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle+tissue+engineering+and+regeneration+through+epigenetic+reprogramming+and+scaffold+manipulation.">Muscle tissue engineering and regeneration through epigenetic reprogramming and scaffold manipulation.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 16333 (2015).</li><li>Brevini, T. A. L., Pennarossa, G., Acocella, F., Brizzola, S., Zenobi, A., Gandolfi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+conversion+of+adult+dog+skin+fibroblasts+into+insulin-secreting+cells.">Epigenetic conversion of adult dog skin fibroblasts into insulin-secreting cells.</a> Veterinary Journal. 211, 52-56 (2016).</li><li>Chandrakanthan, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PDGF-AB+and+5-Azacytidine+induce+conversion+of+somatic+cells+into+tissue-regenerative+multipotent+stem+cells.">PDGF-AB and 5-Azacytidine induce conversion of somatic cells into tissue-regenerative multipotent stem cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (16), 2306-2315 (2016).</li><li>Manzoni, E. F. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=5-azacytidine+affects+TET2+and+histone+transcription+and+reshapes+morphology+of+human+skin+fibroblasts.">5-azacytidine affects TET2 and histone transcription and reshapes morphology of human skin fibroblasts.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 37017 (2016).</li><li>Pennarossa, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+erasing+and+pancreatic+differentiation+of+dermal+fibroblasts+into+insulin-producing+cells+are+boosted+by+the+use+of+low-stiffness+substrate.">Epigenetic erasing and pancreatic differentiation of dermal fibroblasts into insulin-producing cells are boosted by the use of low-stiffness substrate.</a> Stem Cell reviews and reports. 14 (3), 398-411 (2018).</li><li>Pennarossa, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+PTFE+micro-bioreactor+to+promote+3D+cell+rearrangement+and+maintain+high+plasticity+in+epigenetically+erased+fibroblasts.">Use of a PTFE micro-bioreactor to promote 3D cell rearrangement and maintain high plasticity in epigenetically erased fibroblasts.</a> Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. 15 (1), 82-92 (2019).</li><li>Constantinides, P. G., Jones, P. A., Gevers, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+striated+muscle+cells+from+non-myoblast+precursors+following+5-azacytidine+treatment.">Functional striated muscle cells from non-myoblast precursors following 5-azacytidine treatment.</a> Nature. 267 (5609), 364-366 (1977).</li><li>Taylor, S. M., Jones, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+new+phenotypes+induced+in+10T1/2+and+3T3+cells+treated+with+5-azacytidine.">Multiple new phenotypes induced in 10T1/2 and 3T3 cells treated with 5-azacytidine.</a> Cell. 17 (4), 771-779 (1979).</li><li>Taylor, S. M., Constantinides, P. A., Jones, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=5-Azacytidine,+DNA+methylation,+and+differentiation.">5-Azacytidine, DNA methylation, and differentiation.</a> Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 108, 115-127 (1984).</li><li>Jones, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+5-azacytidine+and+its+2'-deoxyderivative+on+cell+differentiation+and+DNA+methylation.">Effects of 5-azacytidine and its 2'-deoxyderivative on cell differentiation and DNA methylation.</a> Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics. 28 (1), 17-27 (1985).</li><li>Palii, S. S., Van Emburgh, B. O., Sankpal, U. T., Brown, K. D., Robertson, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+methylation+inhibitor+5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine+induces+reversible+genome-wide+DNA+damage+that+is+distinctly+influenced+by+DNA+methyltransferases+1+and+3B.">DNA methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine induces reversible genome-wide DNA damage that is distinctly influenced by DNA methyltransferases 1 and 3B.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 28 (2), 752-771 (2008).</li><li>Vining, K. H., Mooney, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+forces+direct+stem+cell+behaviour+in+development+and+regeneration.">Mechanical forces direct stem cell behaviour in development and regeneration.</a> Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 18 (12), 728 (2017).</li><li>Matamoro-Vidal, A., Levayer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+influences+of+mechanical+forces+on+cell+competition.">Multiple influences of mechanical forces on cell competition.</a> Current Biology. 29 (15), 762-774 (2019).</li><li>Yim, E. K., Sheetz, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Force-dependent+cell+signaling+in+stem+cell+differentiation.">Force-dependent cell signaling in stem cell differentiation.</a> Stem Cell Research &amp; Therapy. 3 (5), 41 (2012).</li><li>Kumar, A., Placone, J. K., Engler, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+extracellular+forces+that+determine+cell+fate+and+maintenance.">Understanding the extracellular forces that determine cell fate and maintenance.</a> Development. 144 (23), 4261-4270 (2017).</li><li>Bissell, M. J., Rizki, A., Mian, I. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+architecture:+the+ultimate+regulator+of+breast+epithelial+function.">Tissue architecture: the ultimate regulator of breast epithelial function.</a> Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 15 (6), 753-762 (2003).</li><li>Streuli, C. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laminin+mediates+tissue-specific+gene+expression+in+mammary+epithelia.">Laminin mediates tissue-specific gene expression in mammary epithelia.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 129 (3), 591-603 (1995).</li><li>Christman, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=5-Azacytidine+and+5-aza-2[prime]-deoxycytidine+as+inhibitors+of+DNA+methylation:+mechanistic+studies+and+their+implications+for+cancer+therapy.">5-Azacytidine and 5-aza-2[prime]-deoxycytidine as inhibitors of DNA methylation: mechanistic studies and their implications for cancer therapy.</a> Oncogene. 21, 5483-5495 (2002).</li><li>Stresemann, C., Lyko, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modes+of+action+of+the+DNA+methyltransferase+inhibitors+azacytidine+and+decitabine.">Modes of action of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitors azacytidine and decitabine.</a> International Journal of Cancer. 123 (1), 8-13 (2008).</li><li>Ledda, S., Idda, A., Kelly, J., Ariu, F., Bogliolo, L., Bebbere, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+technique+for+in+vitro+maturation+of+sheep+oocytes+in+a+liquid+marble+microbioreactor.">A novel technique for in vitro maturation of sheep oocytes in a liquid marble microbioreactor.</a> Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 33 (4), 513-518 (2016).</li><li>Vadivelu, R. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+three-dimensional+multiple+spheroid+model+of+olfactory+ensheathing+cells+using+floating+liquid+marbles.">Generation of three-dimensional multiple spheroid model of olfactory ensheathing cells using floating liquid marbles.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 15083 (2015).</li><li>Vadivelu, R. K., Kamble, H., Munaz, A., Nguyen, N. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liquid+Marble+as+bioreactor+for+engineering+three-dimensional+toroid+tissues.">Liquid Marble as bioreactor for engineering three-dimensional toroid tissues.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 12388 (2017).</li><li>Vadivelu, R. K., Kamble, H., Munaz, A., Nguyen, N. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liquid+Marbles+as+bioreactors+for+the+study+of+three-dimensional+cell+interactions.">Liquid Marbles as bioreactors for the study of three-dimensional cell interactions.</a> Biomedical Microdevices. 19 (2), 31 (2017).</li><li>Varelas, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TAZ+controls+Smad+nucleocytoplasmic+shuttling+and+regulates+human+embryonic+stem-cell+self-renewal.">TAZ controls Smad nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and regulates human embryonic stem-cell self-renewal.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 10 (7), 837-848 (2008).</li><li>Panciera, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+Expandable+Tissue-Specific+Stem/Progenitor+Cells+through+Transient+Expression+of+YAP/TAZ.">Induction of Expandable Tissue-Specific Stem/Progenitor Cells through Transient Expression of YAP/TAZ.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 19 (6), 725-737 (2016).</li><li>Pennarossa, G., Paffoni, A., Ragni, G., Gandolfi, F., Brevini, T. A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rho+signaling-directed+YAP/TAZ+regulation+encourages+3D+spheroid+colony+formation+and+boosts+plasticity+of+parthenogenetic+stem+cells.">Rho signaling-directed YAP/TAZ regulation encourages 3D spheroid colony formation and boosts plasticity of parthenogenetic stem cells.</a> Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1237, 49-60 (2020).</li></ol>

I løpet av de siste tiårene fokuserte flere studier på utvikling av strategier for å tilbakestille en terminalt differensiert celle mot en mindre engasjert og høyere tillatt tilstand. Protokollen her beskrevet tillater generering og langsiktig vedlikehold av pluripotente celler som starter fra voksne modne terminalt differensierte celler. Metoden kombinerer to uavhengige trinn som involverer induksjon av en høy tillatt tilstand som oppnås gjennom kjemisk epigenetisk sletting og dets påfølgende vedlikehold sikret...

I løpet av de siste tiårene ble det allment aksepterte konseptet med enveis progresjon mot celleforpliktelse og differensiering fullstendig revidert. Det har blitt demonstrert at cellespesifikasjon kan reverseres, og en terminalt differensiert celle kan skyves mot en mindre engasjert og høyere tillatt tilstand, ved hjelp av forskjellige metoder.
Blant de foreslåtte metodene innebærer en av de mest lovende metodene bruk av kjemiske forbindelser for å indusere celler til en såkalt kjemisk indusert pluripotens. De små molekylene som brukes i denne tilnærmingen er i stand til å samhandle og modifisere den epigenetiske signaturen til en voksen moden celle, og unngår behovet for noen transgen og / eller viral vektor 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 . Tallrike studier har nylig vist at det er mulig å bytte celler fra en fenotype til en annen ved å gi spesifikke biokjemiske og biologiske stimuli som induserer reaktivering av hypermetylerte gener 11,12,13,14,15. Disse demetylerende hendelsene tillater konvertering av terminalt differensierte celler til en primitiv stamfar, en multipotent eller en høy plastisitet / pluripotent celle 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10.
Parallelt har mange studier nylig fokusert på forståelsen av mechanosensing-relaterte signaler og, mer spesifikt, på muligheten til å bruke mekaniske krefter for å direkte påvirke celleplastisitet og / eller differensiering 16,17,18,19. Faktisk har det blitt tydelig demonstrert at den ekstracellulære matrisen (ECM) spiller en nøkkelrolle i kontrollen av celle skjebne. Spesielt regulerer de biomekaniske og biofysiske signalene produsert av ECM direkte molekylære mekanismer og signalveier, og påvirker celleadferd og funksjoner20,21. Disse nylige dataene har banet vei for utviklingen av nye 3D-kultursystemer som tettere etterligner in vivocellemikromiljøet, og replikerer mekanisk og fysisk stimuli drivende celleadferd.
Vi beskriver her en to-trinns protokoll som kombinerer bruk av kjemisk epigenetisk sletting med mekanosenserende relaterte signaler, for å generere pattedyr pluripotente celler. I det første trinnet inkuberes celler med det demetylerende molekylet 5-aza-cytidin (5-aza-CR). Denne agenten er i stand til å indusere en betydelig global DNA-demetylering gjennom en kombinert effekt av den direkte ti-elleve translokasjonen 2 (TET2)-mediert virkning 8,10 og indirekte hemming av DNA-metyltransferaser (DNMT)22,23. Dette trinnet induserer fjerning av de epigenetiske blokkene med en påfølgende reaktivering av pluripotensrelatert genuttrykk og derfor genereringen av celler med høy plastisitet 1,2,3,8,10, heretter referert til som "epigenetisk slettede celler". I det andre trinnet er celler innkapslet i et 3D-kultursystem. Til dette formål brukes den ikke-reaktive hydrofobe syntetiske forbindelsen polytetrafluoretylen (PTFE, med partikkelstørrelse på 1 μm) som mikrobioreaktor, som tillater opprettelse av et cellulært mikromiljø uoppnåelig ved bruk av tradisjonelle 2D-kultursystemer10. PTFE-pulverpartiklene fester seg til overflaten av væskedråpen der cellene suspenderes på nytt og isolerer væskekjernen fra støtteflaten, samtidig som gassutvekslingen mellom den indre væsken og omgivelsene24 tillates. "PTFE mikrobioreaktor" dermed oppnådd, også kjent som "Liquid Marble", oppfordrer celler til å fritt samhandle med hverandre, fremme 3D-celle omorganisering25,26,27, og utvider og stabilt opprettholder den oppkjøpte høye plastisitetstilstanden selv om bio-mechanosensing-relaterte signaler10.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7522</td>
			<td>Component of ESC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-Azacytidine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2385</td>
			<td>5-aza-CR, for fibroblast epigenetic erasing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenosine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4036</td>
			<td>Component of nucleoside mix for ESC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution (100&#215;)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5955</td>
			<td>Component of fibroblast and ESC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CFX96 Real-Time PCR</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Thermal cycler for quantitative PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytidine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C4654</td>
			<td>Component of nucleoside mix for ESC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM, high glucose, pyruvate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>41966052</td>
			<td>For fibroblast isolation and culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM, low glucose, pyruvate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>31885023</td>
			<td>For ESC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5652</td>
			<td>PBS; for biopsy and cell wash and for solution preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynabeads mRNA DIRECT Micro Purification Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>61021</td>
			<td>mRNA estraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ESGRO Recombinant Mouse LIF Protein</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>ESG1106</td>
			<td>Component of ESC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum, qualified, heat inactivated</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10500064</td>
			<td>Component of fibroblast and ESC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF-Basic (AA10-155) Recombinant Human Protein</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PHG0024</td>
			<td>Component of ESC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin from porcine skin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G1890</td>
			<td>For dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GeneAmp PCR System 2700</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Thermal cycler for qualitative PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Global DNA Methylation ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>CELL BIOLABS</td>
			<td>STA-380</td>
			<td>Methylation study</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GoTaq G2 Flexi DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M7801</td>
			<td>Qualitative PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guanosine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G6264</td>
			<td>Component of nucleoside mix for ESC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ham&#39;s F-10 Nutrient Mix</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>31550031</td>
			<td>For ESC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut Serum Replacement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10828028</td>
			<td>Component of ESC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KOVA glasstic slide 10 with grids</td>
			<td>Hycor Biomedical</td>
			<td>87144</td>
			<td>For cell counting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica MZ APO Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>For organoid observation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7513</td>
			<td>Component of fibroblast and ESC media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (100X)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11140035</td>
			<td>Component of ESC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millex-GS 0.22 &#181;m pore filters</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGS033SB</td>
			<td>For solution sterilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase, RNase H Minus, Point Mutant</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M3681</td>
			<td>mRNA reverse transcription</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiskan FC Microplate Photometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>51119000</td>
			<td>For ELISA plate reading</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon Eclipse TE300 Inverted Phase Contrast Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>For cell observation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Thermal Cycler 480</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Thermal cycler for reverse transcription</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) 1 &#956;m particle size</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>430935</td>
			<td>For generating micro-bioreactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PureLink Genomic DNA Mini Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>K182001</td>
			<td>Genomic DNA estraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TaqMan Gene Expression Cells-to-CT Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AM1728</td>
			<td>Quantitative PCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thymidine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1895</td>
			<td>Component of nucleoside mix for ESC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Culture Dish 100X20 mm, Standard</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>833902</td>
			<td>For fibroblast isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Culture Dish 35X10 mm, Standard</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>833900</td>
			<td>For Fibroblast isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Culture Dish 35X10 mm, Suspension</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>833900500</td>
			<td>Bacteriology petri dish for liquid marble culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Culture Plate 96 Well,Standard,F</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>833924005</td>
			<td>For liquid marble culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3924</td>
			<td>For fibroblast dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube 15ml, 120x17mm, PS</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>62553041</td>
			<td>For cell suspension centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uridine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>U3003</td>
			<td>Component of nucleoside mix for ESC medium</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a two-step strategy that combines epigenetic modification and biomechanical cues to generate mammalian pluripotent cells

Cellefenotype kan reverseres eller modifiseres med forskjellige metoder, med fordeler og begrensninger som er spesifikke for hver teknikk. Her beskriver vi en ny strategi som kombinerer bruk av kjemisk epigenetisk sletting med mechanosensing-relaterte signaler, for å generere pattedyr pluripotente celler. To hovedtrinn kreves. I det første trinnet blir voksne modne (terminalt differensierte) celler utsatt for det epigenetiske viskelæret 5-aza-cytidin for å drive dem inn i en pluripotent tilstand. Denne delen av protokollen ble utviklet, basert på den økende forståelsen av de epigenetiske mekanismene som kontrollerer cellens skjebne og differensiering, og innebærer bruk av den epigenetiske modifikatoren for å slette celledifferensiert tilstand og deretter kjøre inn i et forbigående vindu med høy plastisitet.
I det andre trinnet er slettede celler innkapslet i polytetrafluoretylen (PTFE) mikrobioreaktorer, også kjent som Flytende klinkekuler, for å fremme 3D-cellerelegging for å utvide og stabilt opprettholde den oppkjøpte høye plastisiteten. PTFE er en ikke-reaktiv hydrofob syntetisk forbindelse, og bruken tillater opprettelse av et cellulært mikromiljø, som ikke kan oppnås i tradisjonelle 2D-kultursystemer. Dette systemet oppmuntrer og øker vedlikeholdet av pluripotens gjennom bio-mechanosensing-relaterte signaler.
De tekniske prosedyrene som er beskrevet her er enkle strategier for å muliggjøre induksjon og vedlikehold av en høy plastisitetstilstand i voksne somatiske celler. Protokollen tillot avledning av høye plastisitetsceller i alle pattedyrarter testet. Siden det ikke innebærer bruk av gentransfeksjon og er fri for virale vektorer, kan det representere et bemerkelsesverdig teknologisk fremskritt for translasjonelle medisinapplikasjoner. Videre gir mikrobioreaktorsystemet et bemerkelsesverdig fremskritt innen stamcelleorganoidteknologi ved in vitro som gjenskaper et spesifikt mikromiljø som muliggjør langsiktig kultur av celler med høy plastisitet, nemlig som ESC, iPSCer, epigenetisk slettede celler og MSCer.

Den nåværende protokollen beskriver alle trinnene som skal utføres for å generere og stabilt opprettholde pattedyr pluripotente celler fra voksne somatiske celler. Denne metoden har vært vellykket med fibroblaster isolert fra forskjellige pattedyrarter, nemlig mus, porcin og menneske. De representative resultatene her som rapporteres er hentet fra alle cellelinjer, uavhengig av opprinnelsesarter.
Morfologiske analyser viser at etter 18 timers inkubasjon med demetylerende middel 5-aza-CR, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells at JoVE.com

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Vi presenterer her en metode som kombinerer bruk av kjemisk epigenetisk sletting med mechanosensing-relaterte signaler for effektivt å generere pattedyr pluripotente celler, uten behov for gentransfeksjon eller retrovirale vektorer. Denne strategien er derfor lovende for translasjonsmedisin og representerer et bemerkelsesverdig fremskritt innen stamcelleorganoidteknologi.

En to-trinns strategi som kombinerer epigenetisk modifikasjon og biomekaniske signaler for å generere pattedyr pluripotente celler

Cell phenotype can be reversed or modified with different methods, with advantages and limitations that are specific for each technique. Here we describe ...

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