Name: a mouse model of lumbar spine instability
Uploaded: 2021-04-23T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了中国国家自然科学基金委员会（81973607）和中国科技部基本药物研发（2019ZX09201004-003-032）的支持。

所描述的调查符合《国家卫生研究院实验室动物护理与使用指南》，并经上海中医药大学动物护理与使用委员会批准。所有的手术手术都是在深度麻醉下进行的，动物在手术的任何阶段都没有感到疼痛。
1. 手术前准备
<ol><li>仪器灭菌：手术前在高压灭菌器械中蒸灭（121 °C，15分钟）。将仪器装在金属容器中，并加以维护，直到用于手术。</li>
	<li>手术平台设置：为手术分配?...

<ol>
	<li>Makino, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lumbar+disc+degeneration+progression+in+young+women+in+their+20's:+a+prospective+ten-year+follow+up.">Lumbar disc degeneration progression in young women in their 20's: a prospective ten-year follow up.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Science: Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 22 (4), 635-640 (2017).</li><li>Lee, Y. C., Zotti, M. G. T., Osti, O. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Operative+management+of+lumbar+degenerative+disc+disease.">Operative management of lumbar degenerative disc disease.</a> Asian Spine Journal. 10 (4), 801-819 (2016).</li><li>Wei, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+experimental+intervertebral+disc+degeneration+induced+by+bleomycin+in+the+rhesus+monkey.">In vivo experimental intervertebral disc degeneration induced by bleomycin in the rhesus monkey.</a> BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 15, 340 (2014).</li><li>Lim, K. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ovine+lumbar+intervertebral+disc+degeneration+model+utilizing+a+lateral+retroperitoneal+drill+bit+injury.">Ovine lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration model utilizing a lateral retroperitoneal drill bit injury.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. 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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rabbit+Model+for+in+vivo+Study+of+Intervertebral+Disc+Degeneration+and+Regeneration.">Rabbit Model for in vivo Study of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Regeneration.</a> Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society. 44 (5), 327-333 (2008).</li><li>Gullbrand, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+large+animal+model+that+recapitulates+the+spectrum+of+human+intervertebral+disc+degeneration.">A large animal model that recapitulates the spectrum of human intervertebral disc degeneration.</a> Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 25 (1), 146-156 (2017).</li><li>Jin, L., Balian, G., Li, X. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+for+disc+degeneration-an+update.">Animal models for disc degeneration-an update.</a> Histology and Histopathology. 33 (6), 543-554 (2018).</li><li>O'Connell, G. D., Vresilovic, E. J., Elliott, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+intervertebral+disc+anatomy+across+several+animal+species.">Comparative intervertebral disc anatomy across several animal species.</a> 52nd Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society. , (2006).</li><li>Elliott, D. M., Sarver, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Young+investigator+award+winner:+validation+of+the+mouse+and+rat+disc+as+mechanical+models+of+the+human+lumbar+disc.">Young investigator award winner: validation of the mouse and rat disc as mechanical models of the human lumbar disc.</a> Spine. 29 (7), 713-722 (2004).</li><li>Ohnishi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+mouse+intervertebral+disc+degeneration+model+based+on+a+new+histological+classification.">In vivo mouse intervertebral disc degeneration model based on a new histological classification.</a> Plos One. 11 (8), 0160486 (2016).</li><li>Vo, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accelerated+aging+of+intervertebral+discs+in+a+mouse+model+of+progeria.">Accelerated aging of intervertebral discs in a mouse model of progeria.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 28 (12), 1600-1607 (2010).</li><li>Oichi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+intervertebral+disc+degeneration+model+by+surgically+induced+instability.">A mouse intervertebral disc degeneration model by surgically induced instability.</a> Spine. 43 (10), 557-564 (2018).</li><li>Ohnishi, T., Sudo, H., Tsujimoto, T., Iwasaki, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+spontaneous+lumbar+intervertebral+disc+degeneration+in+a+mouse+model.">Age-related spontaneous lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in a mouse model.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 36 (1), 224-232 (2018).</li><li>Stern, W. E., Coulson, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+collagenase+upon+the+intervertebral+disc+in+monkeys.">Effects of collagenase upon the intervertebral disc in monkeys.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery. 44 (1), 32-44 (1976).</li><li>Silva, M. J., Holguin, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LRP5-deficiency+in+OsxCreERT2+mice+models+intervertebral+disc+degeneration+by+aging+and+compression.">LRP5-deficiency in OsxCreERT2 mice models intervertebral disc degeneration by aging and compression.</a> bioRxiv. , (2019).</li><li>Nemoto, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histological+changes+in+intervertebral+discs+after+smoking+and+cessation:+experimental+study+using+a+rat+passive+smoking+model.">Histological changes in intervertebral discs after smoking and cessation: experimental study using a rat passive smoking model.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Science: Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 11 (2), 191-197 (2006).</li><li>Mulholland, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+myth+of+lumbar+instability:+the+importance+of+abnormal+loading+as+a+cause+of+low+back+pain.">The myth of lumbar instability: the importance of abnormal loading as a cause of low back pain.</a> European Spine Journal. 17 (5), 619-625 (2008).</li><li>Bian, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanosignaling+activation+of+TGF&#946;+maintains+intervertebral+disc+homeostasis.">Mechanosignaling activation of TGF&#946; maintains intervertebral disc homeostasis.</a> Bone Research. 5, 17008 (2017).</li><li>Bian, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excessive+activation+of+tgf&#946;+by+spinal+instability+causes+vertebral+endplate+sclerosis.">Excessive activation of tgf&#946; by spinal instability causes vertebral endplate sclerosis.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 27093 (2016).</li><li>Ni, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+innervation+in+porous+endplates+by+Netrin-1+from+osteoclasts+mediates+PGE2-induced+spinal+hypersensitivity+in+mice.">Sensory innervation in porous endplates by Netrin-1 from osteoclasts mediates PGE2-induced spinal hypersensitivity in mice.</a> Nature Communications. 10 (1), 5643 (2019).</li><li>Liu, S., Cheng, Y., Tan, Y., Dong, J., Bian, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ligustrazine+prevents+intervertebral+disc+degeneration+via+suppression+of+aberrant+tgf&#946;+activation+in+nucleus+pulposus+cells.">Ligustrazine prevents intervertebral disc degeneration via suppression of aberrant tgf&#946; activation in nucleus pulposus cells.</a> BioMed Research International. 2019, 5601734 (2019).</li><li>Boos, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classification+of+age-related+changes+in+lumbar+intervertebral+discs:+2002+Volvo+Award+in+basic+science.">Classification of age-related changes in lumbar intervertebral discs: 2002 Volvo Award in basic science.</a> Spine. 27 (23), 2631-2644 (2002).</li><li>Miyamoto, S., Yonenobu, K., Ono, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+cervical+spondylosis+in+the+mouse.">Experimental cervical spondylosis in the mouse.</a> Spine. 16, 495-500 (1991).</li></ol>

我们开发了腰椎不稳定小鼠模型的基础上，颈椎侧弯小鼠模型，其中从椎骨的后半椎肌肉分离，脊柱过程以及超脊椎和交叉韧带被重新切除25。我们在腰椎上做了类似的手术，腰椎有更突出的脊柱过程。LSI 鼠标模型在腰椎中开发了类似的 IDD。
LSI 模型的优势包括可操作性强、无需特殊设备、可重复性和 IDD 开发周期相对较短。
此处介绍?...

椎间盘退化（IDD）常见于衰老甚至年轻人造成的许多因素1。为患有 IDD、导致背痛和运动障碍的患者进行手术，通常在后期或严重情况下进行，并具有潜在的风险，如非团结或感染2。理想的非手术治疗需要全面了解 IDD 机制。IDD 动物模型是研究 IDD 机制和评估 IDD 治疗的重要工具。
大型动物被选为IDD模型，如灵长类动物、绵羊、山羊、狗和兔子，它们在很大程度上与人类解剖结构相似，而且椎间盘（IVDs）3、4、5、6、7、8的大小具有很强的可操作性。然而，这些动物模型是耗时和成本密集的9。鼠标IVD是基于纵横比的几何测量，核纸浆与圆盘面积比，以及规范化高度10的人类IVD的不良表现。尽管大小不同，小鼠腰椎IVD段表现出类似于人类IVD的机械特性，如压缩和躯干僵硬11。此外，小鼠IDD模型具有成本低、IDD开发时间相对较短等优点，在进一步机械研究12、13、14、15中，对转基因动物和抗体有更多的选择。
实验诱导的 IDD 模型因诱导器和应用而异。例如，拼贴酶引起的细胞外基质（ECM）退化是适合ECM再生研究16。转基因表型适用于研究基因功能在DD过程中和基因疗法17。安努卢斯纤维切口和烟雾模型模仿创伤和非炎症诱发的IDD12，18。
脊柱不稳定 （SI） 导致脊柱不稳定，而脊柱不处于最佳平衡状态。它可能是由腰椎运动段的异常运动引起的，因为周围支撑组织（如韧带和肌肉）的弱点。它也是常见的后脊髓融合操作19。SI 被认为是 IDD 的主要原因。因此，我们的目标是开发一个SI小鼠模型（专注于腰椎），模仿人类的IDD过程20，21。
在协议中，我们介绍了通过腰椎第三（L3）至腰椎第五（L5）旋转过程以及超脊椎和间断韧带（图1A，B）的切除建立腰椎不稳定（LSI）小鼠模型的程序。动物模型最早在手术后1周开发IDD，如末板（EPs）中的肥大和孔隙性所示。IVD 体积在手术后 2 周内开始减少，持续 16 周，同时 IVD 评分增加，这表示 IDD 的程度。我们相信，详细和可视化的程序是有用的研究人员建立LSI小鼠模型在他们的实验室，并适用于IDD研究的需要。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride Eye Ointment</td>
			<td>Shanghai General Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>H31021931</td>
			<td>Prevent eye dry, Prevent wound infection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J male mice</td>
			<td>Tian-jiang Pharmaceuticals Company (Jiangsu, CN)</td>
			<td>SCXK2018-0004</td>
			<td>Animal model</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable medical towel</td>
			<td>Henan Huayu Medical Devices Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>20160090</td>
			<td>Platform for surgical operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inhalant anesthesia equipment</td>
			<td>MIDMARK</td>
			<td>Matrx 3000</td>
			<td>Anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Shenzhen RWD Life Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>1903715</td>
			<td>Anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lidocaine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Shandong Hualu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>H37022839</td>
			<td>Pain relief</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical suture needle</td>
			<td>Shanghai Pudong Jinhuan Medical Products Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>20S0401J</td>
			<td>Suture skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic forceps</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Devices (Group) Co., Ltd. Surgical Instruments Factory</td>
			<td>JD1050</td>
			<td>Clip the skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic scissors(10cm)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical Devices (Group) Co., Ltd. Surgical Instruments Factory</td>
			<td>Y00030</td>
			<td>Skin incision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>silk braided</td>
			<td>Shanghai Pudong Jinhuan Medical Products Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>11V0820</td>
			<td>Suture skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small animal trimmer</td>
			<td>Shanghai Feike Electric Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>FC5910</td>
			<td>Hair removal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile surgical blades(12#)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Pudong Jinhuan Medical Products Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>35T0707</td>
			<td>Muscle incision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veet hair removal cream</td>
			<td>RECKITT BENCKISER (India) Ltd</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Hair removal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Venus shears</td>
			<td>Mingren medical equipment</td>
			<td>Length:12.5cm</td>
			<td>Clip the muscle and spinous process</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a mouse model of lumbar spine instability

椎间盘退化 （IDD） 是导致低背痛的常见病理变化。了解病理过程和评估新药需要适当的动物模型。在这里，我们介绍了一个手术诱导的腰椎不稳定（LSI）小鼠模型，从手术后1周开始开发DD。详细地，麻醉下的老鼠通过低背皮肤切口、L3-L5脊柱过程暴露、寄生肌肉分离、过程和韧带切除以及皮肤闭合来操作。L4–L5 IVD被选为观察结果。LSI 模型在早期通过末板的孔隙和肥大开发腰椎 IDD，椎间盘体积下降，中间阶段核纸浆收缩，晚期腰椎 （L5）骨质流失。LSI鼠标型号具有可操作性强、对特殊设备无要求、可重复性强、价格低廉、IDD开发周期相对较短等优点。然而，LSI手术仍然是在手术后第一周内引起炎症的创伤。因此，这种动物模型适合研究腰椎IDD。

LSI小鼠模型应用于EP20、21、22、23的IDD机理、IDD治疗、末板（EP）退化（如硬化症）和感官内向的研究。LSI 鼠标通过减少 IVD 体积和高度、增加 EP 体积以及增加 IVD 和 EP 分数来开发 IDD 和 EP 退行性变化（如所示）。
解剖和固定的下胸椎和腰椎由高分辨率微计算断层扫描（μCT）检查...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability at JoVE.com

A Mouse Model of Lumbar Spine Instability

我们通过切除L3–L5旋转过程以及超脊椎和间旋韧带和寄生肌肉分离，开发了腰椎间盘退化小鼠模型。

腰椎不稳定的鼠标模型

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common pathological change leading to low back pain. Appropriate animal models are desired for understanding ...

这是一个手术诱导小鼠模型提供了一个替代腰椎间盘退化相关的研究。这种强大的 LSI 模式不需要特殊设备。它是可重复的，它可以用来在相对较短的时间内诱导椎间盘退化。控制切口深度和出血，并执行每个间歇过程的切除是两个关键费用植入我们成功的实验。在确认对踏板反射缺乏反应后，将麻醉的八周大、雄性、C57黑色六只小鼠放在手术垫上，并将软膏涂在动物的眼睛上。使用小型动物修剪器将手术区域从下胸区剃到囊区顶部，并用组织湿巾去除剃光的毛皮。使用纱布在剃须区域涂抹脱毛霜，在不超过三分钟后去除面霜，并用两毫升 0.9 无菌盐水冲洗暴露的皮肤。然后在腹部下放置一个定制的手术圆柱形垫，以提高腰椎。要暴露 L3 和 L5 椎骨，请使用食指触摸腰椎和心绞痛的皮下脊椎过程，将过程与胸椎和囊椎的过程进行比较，以确定腰椎区域。用75%的酒精冲洗皮肤，使用解剖显微镜使用手术刀在腰椎区域从中胸区到臀部进行三到四厘米的中线皮肤切口。通过插入后筋膜的 V 形识别腰椎，进入尖端，使脊柱过程，并使用手术刀在脊柱两侧从 L3 到 L5 的旋转过程中沿浅后侧脊髓肌肉切口。然后使用两对眼力将肌肉层分开，使 L3 暴露在 L5 旋转过程和超脊髓中。要分离单个旋转过程，请使用静脉纯正来切断间歇性韧带，并重新检测 L3 到 L5 旋转过程和间歇性韧带。然后使用无菌五号丝编织缝合，以关闭皮肤切口，而无需重新连接准脊椎肌肉，并将盐酸氯环素软膏涂抹到手术部位。3D组织形态分析允许椎间盘测量，而3D结构分析允许对组织总体积进行量化。手术后一周，椎间盘体积显著增加，手术后两到十六周会减少，同时在同一时间段内测量的椎间盘高度会下降。颅内末板内的空腔也因血管分离值大于或等于0.089的百分比增加和手术后末板体积显著增加而量化。模型端板表现出类似的表型，表明 LSI 导致端板肥大和腔数增加。L5椎骨体积在手术后略有增加，在16周内观察到统计差异。手术后16周，骨与总组织体积比显著下降，表明LSI在后期会导致椎骨流失。LSI 动物的细胞内细胞内真空也加速减少，LSI 末板中观察到的骨细胞数量增加。此模型可以通过连接不同数量的椎骨进行修改，例如仅附着第五个腰椎，或从第一个腰椎到第五个腰椎。

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

活体成像和治疗卵巢癌的原位小鼠模型

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

科研

生物学

Studying Age-dependent Genomic Instability using the S. cerevisiae Chronological Lifespan Model

Studying Age-dependent Genomic Instability using the S. cerevisiae Chronological Lifespan Model

研究年龄相关的基因组不稳定性使用 S。酵母年代的寿命模型

Studies using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae aging model have uncovered life span regulatory pathways that are partially conserved in higher eukaryotes1-2. ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

诱导多能干细胞来源于小鼠的生成

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Validation of a Mouse Model to Disrupt LINC Complexes in a Cell-specific Manner

小鼠模型的验证扰乱LINC配合物在细胞特异性的方式

Nuclear migration and anchorage within developing and adult tissues relies heavily upon large macromolecular protein assemblies called LInkers of the ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

胚胎干细胞的跨内细胞质量注射导致嵌合体率增高

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction

小肠部分梗阻的小鼠模型

Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including ...

Noninvasive Monitoring of Lesion Size in a Heterologous Mouse Model of Endometriosis

子宫内膜异位症异种小鼠病变大小的无创监测

Here, we describe a protocol for the implementation of a heterologous mouse model in which progression of endometriosis can be assessed in real time ...

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A (EYFP-CENP-A)

Mass Spectrometry Analysis to Identify Ubiquitylation of EYFP-tagged CENP-A EYFP-CENP-A

质谱分析，用于识别 EYFP 标记 CENP-A （EYFP-CENP-A） 的泛化

Studying the structure and the dynamics of kinetochores and centromeres is important in understanding chromosomal instability (CIN) and cancer ...

Skeletal Phenotype Analysis of a Conditional Stat3 Deletion Mouse Model

Skeletal Phenotype Analysis of a Conditional Stat3 Deletion Mouse Model

有条件 统计3 删除鼠标模型的骨骼表型分析

Transgenic mouse models are powerful for understanding the critical genes controlling osteoclast differentiation and activity, and for studying mechanisms ...

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

踝距下复杂关节不稳定的小鼠模型

Ankle sprains are perhaps the most common sports injuries in daily life, often resulting in instability of the ankle-subtalar complex joint (ASCJ), and ...