Name: an orthotopic resectional mouse model of pancreatic cancer
Uploaded: 2020-09-24T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Orthotopic Resectional Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer at JoVE.com

Os autores receberam apoio da Avner Pancreatic Cancer Foundation.

Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Cuidado e Ética Animal da Universidade de Nova Gales do Sul (17/109A). Camundongos nus atímicos fêmeas, com idade entre 8 e 10 semanas pesando 16-19 g, foram usados para este protocolo. Os ratos estavam alojados em gaiolas micro-isoladores e alimentados comercialmente com alimentos e ad libitumde água.
1. Implantação de câncer pancreático ortotópico
<ol><li>Prepare as células para implantação. Primeiro, calcule o nú...

<ol>
	<li>. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2015, National Cancer Institute Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2015/">https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2015/</a> (2018)</li><li>Sugiura, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Margin+status,+recurrence+pattern,+and+prognosis+after+resection+of+pancreatic+cancer.">Margin status, recurrence pattern, and prognosis after resection of pancreatic cancer.</a> Surgery. 154 (5), 1078-1086 (2013).</li><li>Hishinuma, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+recurrence+after+curative+resection+of+pancreatic+cancer,+based+on+autopsy+findings.">Patterns of recurrence after curative resection of pancreatic cancer, based on autopsy findings.</a> Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 10 (4), 511-518 (2006).</li><li>NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology - Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (Version 3.2019). National Comprehensive Cancer Network Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/pancreatic.pdf">https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/pancreatic.pdf</a> (2019)</li><li>Breslin, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neoadjuvant+chemoradiotherapy+for+adenocarcinoma+of+the+pancreas:+treatment+variables+and+survival+duration.">Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: treatment variables and survival duration.</a> Annals of Surgical Oncology. 8 (2), 123-132 (2001).</li><li>Mokdad, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neoadjuvant+Therapy+Followed+by+Resection+Versus+Upfront+Resection+for+Resectable+Pancreatic+Cancer:+A+Propensity+Score+Matched+Analysis.">Neoadjuvant Therapy Followed by Resection Versus Upfront Resection for Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis.</a> Journal of Clinical Oncology. 35 (5), 515-522 (2017).</li><li>Tachezy, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequential+neoadjuvant+chemoradiotherapy+(CRT)+followed+by+curative+surgery+vs.+primary+surgery+alone+for+resectable,+non-metastasized+pancreatic+adenocarcinoma:+NEOPA-+a+randomized+multicenter+phase+III+study+(NCT01900327,+DRKS00003893,+ISRCTN82191749).">Sequential neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by curative surgery vs. primary surgery alone for resectable, non-metastasized pancreatic adenocarcinoma: NEOPA- a randomized multicenter phase III study (NCT01900327, DRKS00003893, ISRCTN82191749).</a> BMC Cancer. 14, 411 (2014).</li><li>Barbour, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+AGITG+GAP+Study:+A+Phase+II+Study+of+Perioperative+Gemcitabine+and+Nab-Paclitaxel+for+Resectable+Pancreas+Cancer.">The AGITG GAP Study: A Phase II Study of Perioperative Gemcitabine and Nab-Paclitaxel for Resectable Pancreas Cancer.</a> Annals of Surgical Oncology. , (2020).</li><li>Fu, X., Guadagni, F., Hoffman, R. 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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthotopic+and+heterotopic+xenotransplantation+of+human+pancreatic+cancer+in+nude+mice.">Orthotopic and heterotopic xenotransplantation of human pancreatic cancer in nude mice.</a> Current Surgery. 44 (4), 294-297 (1987).</li><li>Vonlaufen, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreatic+stellate+cells:+partners+in+crime+with+pancreatic+cancer+cells.">Pancreatic stellate cells: partners in crime with pancreatic cancer cells.</a> Cancer Research. 68 (7), 2085-2093 (2008).</li><li>Xu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+pancreatic+stellate+cells+in+pancreatic+cancer+metastasis.">Role of pancreatic stellate cells in pancreatic cancer metastasis.</a> American Journal of Pathology. 177 (5), 2585-2596 (2010).</li><li>Tepel, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adjuvant+treatment+of+pancreatic+carcinoma+in+a+clinically+adapted+mouse+resection+model.">Adjuvant treatment of pancreatic carcinoma in a clinically adapted mouse resection model.</a> Pancreatology. 6 (3), 240-247 (2006).</li><li>Torgenson, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+history+of+pancreatic+cancer+recurrence+following+"curative"+resection+in+athymic+mice.">Natural history of pancreatic cancer recurrence following "curative" resection in athymic mice.</a> Journal Surgical Research. 149 (1), 57-61 (2008).</li><li>Metildi, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence-guided+surgery+allows+for+more+complete+resection+of+pancreatic+cancer,+resulting+in+longer+disease-free+survival+compared+with+standard+surgery+in+orthotopic+mouse+models.">Fluorescence-guided surgery allows for more complete resection of pancreatic cancer, resulting in longer disease-free survival compared with standard surgery in orthotopic mouse models.</a> Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 215 (1), 126-135 (2012).</li><li>Ni, X., Yang, J., Li, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging-guided+curative+surgical+resection+of+pancreatic+cancer+in+a+xenograft+mouse+model.">Imaging-guided curative surgical resection of pancreatic cancer in a xenograft mouse model.</a> Cancer Letters. 324 (2), 179-185 (2012).</li><li>Hiroshima, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hand-held+high-resolution+fluorescence+imaging+system+for+fluorescence-guided+surgery+of+patient+and+cell-line+pancreatic+tumors+growing+orthotopically+in+nude+mice.">Hand-held high-resolution fluorescence imaging system for fluorescence-guided surgery of patient and cell-line pancreatic tumors growing orthotopically in nude mice.</a> Journal of Surgical Research. 187 (2), 510-517 (2014).</li><li>Hiroshima, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metastatic+recurrence+in+a+pancreatic+cancer+patient+derived+orthotopic+xenograft+(PDOX)+nude+mouse+model+is+inhibited+by+neoadjuvant+chemotherapy+in+combination+with+fluorescence-guided+surgery+with+an+anti-CA+19-9-conjugated+fluorophore.">Metastatic recurrence in a pancreatic cancer patient derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) nude mouse model is inhibited by neoadjuvant chemotherapy in combination with fluorescence-guided surgery with an anti-CA 19-9-conjugated fluorophore.</a> PLoS One. 9 (12), 114310 (2014).</li><li>Hiroshima, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence-guided+surgery+in+combination+with+UVC+irradiation+cures+metastatic+human+pancreatic+cancer+in+orthotopic+mouse+models.">Fluorescence-guided surgery in combination with UVC irradiation cures metastatic human pancreatic cancer in orthotopic mouse models.</a> PLoS One. 9 (6), 99977 (2014).</li><li>Metildi, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ratiometric+activatable+cell-penetrating+peptides+label+pancreatic+cancer,+enabling+fluorescence-guided+surgery,+which+reduces+metastases+and+recurrence+in+orthotopic+mouse+models.">Ratiometric activatable cell-penetrating peptides label pancreatic cancer, enabling fluorescence-guided surgery, which reduces metastases and recurrence in orthotopic mouse models.</a> Annals of Surgical Oncology. 22 (6), 2082-2087 (2015).</li><li>Metildi, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence-guided+surgery+with+a+fluorophore-conjugated+antibody+to+carcinoembryonic+antigen+(CEA),+that+highlights+the+tumor,+improves+surgical+resection+and+increases+survival+in+orthotopic+mouse+models+of+human+pancreatic+cancer.">Fluorescence-guided surgery with a fluorophore-conjugated antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), that highlights the tumor, improves surgical resection and increases survival in orthotopic mouse models of human pancreatic cancer.</a> Annals of Surgical Oncology. 21 (4), 1405-1411 (2014).</li><li>NCCN Guidelines: Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. National Comprehensive Cancer Network Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/pancreatic.pdf">https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/pancreatic.pdf</a> (2019)</li><li>Maithel, S. K., Allen, P. J., Jarnagin, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Blumgart's Surgery of the Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas, 2-Volume Set (Sixth Edition). , 1007-1023 (2017).</li><li>Egberts, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dexamethasone+reduces+tumor+recurrence+and+metastasis+after+pancreatic+tumor+resection+in+SCID+mice.">Dexamethasone reduces tumor recurrence and metastasis after pancreatic tumor resection in SCID mice.</a> Cancer Biology &amp; Therapy. 7 (7), 1044-1050 (2008).</li><li>Xu, Z. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+the+HGF/c-MET+pathway+in+advanced+pancreatic+cancer:+a+key+element+of+treatment+that+limits+primary+tumor+growth+and+eliminates+metastasis.">Targeting the HGF/c-MET pathway in advanced pancreatic cancer: a key element of treatment that limits primary tumor growth and eliminates metastasis.</a> British Journal of Cancer. , (2020).</li><li>Pothula, S. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+the+HGF/c-MET+pathway:+stromal+remodelling+in+pancreatic+cancer.">Targeting the HGF/c-MET pathway: stromal remodelling in pancreatic cancer.</a> Oncotarget. 8 (44), 76722-76739 (2017).</li><li>Pothula, S. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatocyte+growth+factor+inhibition:+a+novel+therapeutic+approach+in+pancreatic+cancer.">Hepatocyte growth factor inhibition: a novel therapeutic approach in pancreatic cancer.</a> British Journal of Cancer. 114 (3), 269-280 (2016).</li><li>Giri, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Immunocompetent+Model+of+Pancreatic+Cancer+Resection+and+Recurrence.">An Immunocompetent Model of Pancreatic Cancer Resection and Recurrence.</a> Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. , (2020).</li><li>Allen, V. B., Gurusamy, K. S., Takwoingi, Y., Kalia, A., Davidson, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+accuracy+of+laparoscopy+following+computed+tomography+(CT)+scanning+for+assessing+the+resectability+with+curative+intent+in+pancreatic+and+periampullary+cancer.">Diagnostic accuracy of laparoscopy following computed tomography (CT) scanning for assessing the resectability with curative intent in pancreatic and periampullary cancer.</a> Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. (11), 009323 (2013).</li><li>Vaillant, F., Lindeman, G. J., Visvader, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Jekyll+or+Hyde:+does+Matrigel+provide+a+more+or+less+physiological+environment+in+mammary+repopulating+assays.">Jekyll or Hyde: does Matrigel provide a more or less physiological environment in mammary repopulating assays.</a> Breast Cancer Research. 13 (3), 108 (2011).</li><li>Jesnowski, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immortalization+of+pancreatic+stellate+cells+as+an+in+vitro+model+of+pancreatic+fibrosis:+deactivation+is+induced+by+matrigel+and+N-acetylcysteine.">Immortalization of pancreatic stellate cells as an in vitro model of pancreatic fibrosis: deactivation is induced by matrigel and N-acetylcysteine.</a> Laboratory Investigation. 85 (10), 1276-1291 (2005).</li><li>Phillips, P. 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Um modelo de camundongo ortotópico resectional de câncer de pâncreas é importante porque permite o teste de tratamentos adjuvantes e neoadjuvantes. Isso é particularmente importante no câncer de pâncreas, onde a cirurgia continua sendo o tratamento mais eficaz, mas está associada ao alto risco de recidiva. Este artigo descreve um método que produzirá de forma confiável um câncer pancreático potencialmente curável com ressecção, replicando o cenário clínico onde a terapia neoadjuvante/adjuvante é necess...

O adenocarcinoma ductal pancreático (câncer de pâncreas [PC]) está associado a um prognóstico ruim1. A ressecção cirúrgica continua sendo o único tratamento potencialmente curativo para PC e deve ser considerada para pacientes que apresentam doença em estágio inicial. Infelizmente, mesmo com ressecção de R0 (ou seja, margens de ressecção livres de tumor), a taxa de recidiva (doença metastática local ou não detectada) é alta2,3. Portanto, a terapia adjuvante sistêmica é indicada em quase todos os pacientes submetidos à ressecção4. Além disso, enquanto a terapia neoadjuvante é agora recomendada apenas para cânceres limítrofes ressecáveis, suas indicações estão se expandindo de modo que seu uso rotineiro é o foco de muita pesquisa clínica5,6,7,8. Para desenvolver novas abordagens terapêuticas para PC envolvendo ressecção, essas abordagens precisam ser primeiramente avaliadas em modelos pré-clínicos que recapitulem com precisão os cenários clínicos.
Modelos ortotópicos de camundongos de PC têm sido frequentemente usados no passado para testar tratamentos medicamentosos9,10. Muitas delas foram produzidas apenas pela injeção de células cancerígenas no pâncreas do rato, resultando em tumores que não tinham o estroma proeminente característico do PC. Mais recentemente, modelos ortotópicos co-injetores, como o que desenvolvemos pela primeira vez injetando uma mistura de PC humano e células estelares pancreáticas humanas (PSCs, os principais produtores do estroma colágeno em PC), entraram em uso regular11,12. Os tumores produzidos por essa co-injeção de câncer e células estrômicas exibem (i) tanto os elementos cancerígenos quanto o componente escrogórico característico (desmoplástico) do PC, e (ii) maior proliferação celular cancerígeno e metástase11. Assim, este modelo se assemelha muito ao PC humano. Embora uma série de modelos resseccionais de PC ortotópico tenham sido descritos13,14,15,16, nenhum refletiu as realidades clínicas da ressecção pancreática em humanos tão precisa quanto este modelo, e, portanto, têm sido subótimais para testar tratamentos adjuvante ou neoadjuvante.
Os objetivos do modelo de camundongos apresentados foram demonstrar como: (i) implantar com sucesso câncer de pâncreas ortotópico, minimizando a disseminação peritoneal inadvertida e (ii) posteriormente resseccionar completamente o câncer. O trabalho destaca dicas e potenciais armadilhas dessa técnica.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Animals, Materials and Equipment for Implantation Procedure</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AsPC-1 human pancreatic cancer cell line, luciferase tagged (luc+ gene from Promega PGL3 Basic plasmid)</td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>supplied by Professor Takashi Murakami, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclip wound clips, 9 mm</td>
			<td>Becton Dickson Pty Ltd, North Ryde, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td>500346</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basic Dressing Pack</td>
			<td>Multigate Medical Products Pty Ltd, Villawood, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cancer associated human pancreatic stellate cells</td>
			<td>Pancreatic Research Group cell bank</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>In house cell bank</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryogenic tubes, 1.0 mL</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific Australia Pty Ltd, Scoresby, VIC, Australia</td>
			<td>366656</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable stainless-steel scalpel blade with handle, size 15</td>
			<td>Livingstone International, Mascot, NSW,</td>
			<td>SCP15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies Corporation, Tullamarine, VIC, Australia</td>
			<td>16000044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gilles fine tooth forceps 12 cm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Generic stainless steel microsurgical instrument set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heated mats to maintain body temperature during surgery and postoperative recovery</td>
			<td>Generic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homozygous athymic nude mice: Strain BALB/c-Fox1nu/Ausb, female</td>
			<td>Australian Bioresources, Moss Vale, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iscove&#39;s modified Dulbecco&#39;s medium (IMDM) with 4mM L-glutamine and no phenol red</td>
			<td>Life Technologies Corporation, Tullamarine, VIC, Australia</td>
			<td>21056023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jewellers forceps 11.5 cm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Generic stainless steel microsurgical instrument set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro needle holder (round handle) 15 cm straight</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Generic stainless steel microsurgical instrument set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro scissors (round handle) 15 cm straight</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Generic stainless steel microsurgical instrument set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin 10,000 U/mL, streptomycin 10,000 &#956;g/mL</td>
			<td>Life Technologies Corporation, Tullamarine, VIC, Australia</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyglycolic acid suture, size USP 5/0 on 13mm half-circle round-bodied needle</td>
			<td>Braun Australia Pty Ltd, Bella Vista, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td>C1049407</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Portable weighing scale</td>
			<td>Precision balances, Bradford, MA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reflex clip applier and clip remover</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL, USA</td>
			<td>500345</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 with phenol red and 300 mg/L Lglutamine</td>
			<td>Life Technologies Corporation, Tullamarine, VIC, Australia</td>
			<td>11875085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round bodied vessel dilator 15 cm, 0.1 mm tip</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Generic stainless steel microsurgical instrument set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin 0.05%, EDTA 0.02%</td>
			<td>Life Technologies Corporation, Tullamarine, VIC, Australia</td>
			<td>25300054</td>
			<td>For pancreatic stellate cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin 0.25%, EDTA 0.02%</td>
			<td>Life Technologies Corporation, Tullamarine, VIC, Australia</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td>For ASPC-1 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U-100 insulin syringes, 0.5 mL with 29 G (0.33 mm) &#215; 13 mm needle</td>
			<td>Terumo Medical Corporation, Elkton, MD, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment for Resection Procedure</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alm self-retaining retractor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Generic stainless steel microsurgical instrument set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclip wound clips 9 mm</td>
			<td>Becton Dickson Pty Ltd, North Ryde, NSW</td>
			<td>500346</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basic Dressing Pack</td>
			<td>Multigate Medical Products Pty Ltd, Villawood, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td>08-559NP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable stainless-steel scalpel blade with handle, size 15</td>
			<td>Livingstone International, Mascot, NSW,</td>
			<td>SCP15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gilles fine tooth forceps 12 cm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Generic stainless steel microsurgical instrument set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hand-held high temperature fine tip cautery</td>
			<td>Bovie Medical Corporation, Melville, NY, USA</td>
			<td>AA01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heated mats to maintain body temperature during surgery and postoperative recovery</td>
			<td>Generic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS Lumina II Bioluminescent Imaging Device</td>
			<td>Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, MA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jewellers forceps 11.5 cm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Generic stainless steel microsurgical instrument set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro needle holder (round handle) 15 cm straight</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Generic stainless steel microsurgical instrument set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro scissors (round handle) 15 cm straight</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Generic stainless steel microsurgical instrument set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyglycolic acid suture, size USP 5/0 on 13mm half-circle round-bodied needle</td>
			<td>Braun Australia Pty Ltd, Bella Vista, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td>C1049407</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Portable weighing scale</td>
			<td>Precision balances, Bradford, MA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reflex wound clip applier and clip remover</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL, USA</td>
			<td>500345</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round bodied vessel dilator 15 cm, 0.1 mm tip</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Generic stainless steel microsurgical instrument set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titanium &#8220;Weck style&#8221; Ligaclip, small</td>
			<td>HZMIM, Hangzhou, China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titanium Ligaclip applier for open surgery, small</td>
			<td>HZMIM, Hangzhou, China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Volatile anaesthetic machine, including vapouriser and induction chamber</td>
			<td>Generic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Generic vapouriser and induction chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drugs for Procedures</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% w/w ethanol solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Pty Ltd, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Applied topically as surgical skin preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine 0.3 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Troy Laboratories Pty Ltd, Glendenning, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dose: 0.05 mg/kg s.c.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Luciferin (1 U/g)</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>122799</td>
			<td>diluted in PBS to 15 mg/mL. Dose: 150 mg/kg i.p</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enrofloxacin 50 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Troy Laboratories Pty Ltd, Glendenning, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dose: 5 mg/kg s.c.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flunixin 50 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Norbrook Laboratories Australia, Tullamarine, VIC, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dose: 2.5 mg/kg s.c.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Zoetis Australia Pty Ltd., Rhodes, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dose (vapourised with oxygen): 4% induction, 3% maintenance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine 100 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Maylab, Slacks Creek, QLD, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dose: 80 mg/kg i.p.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone-Iodine 10% w/v solution</td>
			<td>Perrigo Australia, Balcatta, WA, Australia</td>
			<td>RIO00802F</td>
			<td>Applied topically to the anterior abdomen as surgical skin preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refresh eye ointment (liquid paraffin 42.5% w/w, soft white paraffin 57.3% w/w)</td>
			<td>Allergan Australia Pty Ltd, Gordon, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Applied to both eyes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride 0.9% w/v</td>
			<td>Braun Australia Pty Ltd, Bella Vista, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td>9481P</td>
			<td>Dose: 900 &#956;L s.c.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water for injections BP</td>
			<td>Pfizer Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For dilution of drugs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine 20 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Troy Laboratories Pty Ltd, Glendenning, NSW, Australia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dose: 10 mg/kg i.p.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an orthotopic resectional mouse model of pancreatic cancer

Faltam modelos animais satisfatórios para estudar terapia adjuvante e/ou neoadjuvante em pacientes que estão sendo considerados para cirurgia de câncer de pâncreas (PC). Para suprir essa deficiência, descrevemos um modelo de camundongos envolvendo implantação ortotópica de PC seguido de pancreatectomia distal e esplenectomia. O modelo demonstrou ser seguro e adequadamente flexível para o estudo de diversas abordagens terapêuticas em ambientes adjuvante e neo adjuvante.
Neste modelo, um tumor pancreático é gerado pela primeira vez pela implantação de uma mistura de células cancerígenas pancreáticas humanas (luciferase-tagged AsPC-1) e células estelares pancreáticas associadas ao câncer humano no pâncreas distal de ratos nus atímicos Balb/c. Após três semanas, o câncer é ressecado por re-laparotomia, pancreatectomia distal e esplenectomia. Neste modelo, a bioluminescência pode ser usada para acompanhar o progresso do desenvolvimento do câncer e os efeitos da ressecção/tratamentos. Após a ressecção, a terapia adjuvante pode ser dada. Alternativamente, o tratamento neoadjuvante pode ser dado antes da ressecção.
Dados representativos de 45 ratos são apresentados. Todos os camundongos foram submetidos a pancreatectomia distal bem sucedida/esplenectomia sem problemas de hemostasia. Uma margem pancreática proximal macroscópica maior que 5 mm foi alcançada em 43 (96%) mouses. A taxa de sucesso técnico da ressecção pancreática foi de 100%, com mortalidade e morbidade precoce de 0%. Nenhum dos animais morreu durante a semana após a ressecção.
Em resumo, descrevemos uma técnica robusta e reprodutível para um modelo de ressecção cirúrgica de câncer de pâncreas em camundongos que imita o cenário clínico. O modelo pode ser útil para o teste de tratamentos adjuvante e neoadjuvante.

Cinquenta e nove camundongos consecutivos foram submetidos a cirurgia de implantação. Vazamento bruto ocorreu em oito (14%) mouses. O grau de vazamento no momento da injeção é estimado como descrito acima na seção de protocolo. Após três semanas para permitir que esses tumores implantados crescessem, a imagem de bioluminescência pré-ressecção foi realizada para excluir camundongos com doença metastática bruta antes da ressecção. Quarenta e cinco (76%) camundongos submetidos à ressecção cirúrgica....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Orthotopic Resectional Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer at JoVE.com

An Orthotopic Resectional Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer

No contexto clínico, pacientes com câncer pancreático localizado serão submetidos à pancreatectomia seguida de tratamento adjuvante. Este protocolo aqui relatado visa estabelecer um método seguro e eficaz de modelagem deste cenário clínico em camundongos nus, através da implantação ortotópica de câncer pancreático seguido de pancreatectomia distal e esplenectomia.

Um modelo de rato resemcional ortotópico de câncer pancreático

There is a lack of satisfactory animal models to study adjuvant and/or neoadjuvant therapy in patients being considered for surgery of pancreatic cancer ...

This protocol describes a robust and reproducible surgical resection model of pancreatic cancer in mice, which may be used for testing adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy. This technique combines a co-infection orthotopic model, which is effective at recapitulating human pancreatic cancer with a safe and effective pancreatic resection technique. While an immunodeficient model is described in this protocol, an alternative immunocompetent model, using KPC tumor cells implanted into C57 black six mice may be performed.This alternative would be useful for testing immune therapies. To begin, place the anesthetized mouse on a sterile field in a supine position and apply povidone iodine, followed by 70%ethanol for skin preparation. Dissect the skin by making a longitudinal incision on the left cranial quadrant of the abdomen and incise the muscular layers between forceps.After mounting the syringe with the cell suspension on the injection device, place the purse string swab over the laparotomy incision and exteriorize the spleen and pancreatic tail through the swab's opening. Tighten the purse strings swab gently and expose the pancreatic tail for injection, making sure that the gauze contacts the pancreas circumferentially, but does not constrict it. Grasp the tail of the pancreas, using forceps and gently place lateral tension on it.Puncture the pancreas with the needle, bevel up and advance it while the needle tip is lifted slightly upward until the bevel has completely entered the peritoneum. Inject the parenchyma of the pancreas with the cell suspension in a slow and controlled fashion. After injection, hold the needle in place for a few seconds before withdrawing to minimize leakage.Use a povidone iodine soaked swab to carefully dab the site to absorb any inadvertently leaked cell suspension. Replace the spleen and pancreas back to its orthotopic position and close the abdominal wall with 5-0 polyglycolic acid suture. Close the skin with clips.Make a longitudinal incision in the skin of the left cranial quadrant of the abdomen. Preferably through the previous incision site. Bluntly dissect the skin off the underlying, muscular abdominal wall and place an all self retaining retractor to hold the wound open.Incise the muscular layer between forceps, just to one side of the suture line of the previous operation. And then extend the incision to excise the entire previous suture line. Exteriorize the spleen and pancreas by retracting it cranially.In this case, some adhesions were found attached to the inferior aspect of the tumor. This was divided by cautery. The colon may be found attached to the caudal aspect of the pancreas by filmy adhesions.If this is found, bluntly dissect the colon off. Expose the segment of pancreas for ligation by carefully passing a pair of forceps dorsal to the splenic vessels at the body of the pancreas. Ligate the pancreas proximal to the tumor with a titanium legation clip and then transect the pancreas distal to this with cautery.Alternatively, ligate the pancreas in continuity with 5-0 polyglycolic acid suture before transection, in order to control the pancreatic stump. Carefully retract the pancreas caudally and cauterize the gastro splenic vessels between the cranial pole of the spleen and the stomach. Keeping in mind that the vessels are small and may easily bleed if avulse or inadequately cauterized.Such vessels may retract into the abdominal cavity and cause bleeding, which may be difficult to control. Remove the specimen and examine the surgical site to confirm hemostasis. Close the abdominal wall with a 5-0 polyglycolic acid suture in a continuous fashion and close the skin with clips.Out of 59 consecutive mice who underwent implantation surgery, gross leakage occurred in eight mice. After three weeks of tumor growth, the pre-resection bioluminescence imaging allowed the exclusion of mice with gross metastatic disease from surgical resection. This left 45 mice that proceeded to pancreatectomy.The procedure was successfully carried out in 100%of mice. A macroscopic proximal pancreatic margin, greater than five millimeters was achieved in 43 of these mice. At the time of resection, local metastasis was found in nine out of 45 mice.In addition to metastasis to the suture line, isolated metastatic nodules on the greater curve of the stomach were observed in three mice and a subcapsular nodule on the liver in one mouse. Local extra pancreatic invasion occurred in six mice with direct invasion into the suture line in five mice and into the liver in one mouse. One week post-resection, 32 mice had a maximum radiance ratio of less than 10, indicating minimal or no residual disease.The mean surgery time from induction of anesthesia to closure was 22 minutes. The key step in the resection procedure is recognizing the bloodless embryological plane dorsal to the splenic vessels and pancreas. Dissecting this plane frees up a segment of the pancreas for subsequent ligation.After resection, the mice may be treated with adjuvant therapies. Progression of disease may then be assessed, using bioluminescence imaging in combination with necropsy findings and animal survival, depending on the local animal ethics protocols.

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Fluorescent Orthotopic Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer

Fluorescente modelo de camundongo ortotópico de câncer de pâncreas

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the cancers for which survival has not improved substantially in the last few decades. Only 7% of diagnosed patients will ...

Pesquisa do câncer

Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Colorectal Cancer

Isolamento de células tumorais circulantes em um modelo de rato ortotópico de câncer colorretal

Despite the advantages of easy applicability and cost-effectiveness, subcutaneous mouse models have severe limitations and do not accurately simulate ...

A Syngeneic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model to Study the Effects of Irreversible Electroporation

Um modelo de Mouse Syngeneic câncer pancreático para estudar os efeitos da eletroporação irreversível

Pancreatic cancer (PC), a disease which kills approximately 40,000 patients each year in the US, has successfully evaded several therapeutic approaches ...

Immunophenotyping of Orthotopic Homograft (Syngeneic) of Murine Primary KPC Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Flow Cytometry

Immunophenotyping of Orthotopic Homograft Syngeneic of Murine Primary KPC Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Flow Cytometry

Immunophenotyping de ortotópico Homograft (Syngeneic) de murino KPC primário de Adenocarcinoma Ductal do pâncreas por citometria de fluxo

Homograft (syngeneic) tumors are the workhorse of today&#39;s immuno-oncology (I/O) preclinical research. The tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly ...

An Orthotopic Endometrial Cancer Model with Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy Made From In Vivo Propagated and Cultured VX2 Cells

Um modelo de câncer endometrial ortotópico com linfadenopatia retroperitoneal feita a partir de in vivo propagadas e cultivadas VX2 células

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in North America and the incidence is rising worldwide. Treatment consists of surgery with or ...

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

Um modelo de camundongo de câncer hepatocelular induzido por hepatócitos oncogênico, decorrente do ajuste da inflamação e fibrose hepática

The absence of a clinically relevant animal model addressing the typical immune characteristics of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has significantly impeded ...

Patient-derived Heterogeneous Xenograft Model of Pancreatic Cancer Using Zebrafish Larvae as Hosts for Comparative Drug Assessment

Modelo de Xenoenxerto heterogêneo derivado do paciente do câncer pancreático usando larvas de zebrafish como hospedeiros para avaliação comparativa de fármacos

Patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) and cell-derived tumor xenograft (CDX) are important techniques for preclinical assessment, medication guidance and ...

Studying Triple Negative Breast Cancer Using Orthotopic Breast Cancer Model

Estudando o câncer de mama triplo negativo usando modelo de câncer de mama ortotópico

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with limited therapeutic options. When compared to patients with less ...

Ultrasound-Guided Orthotopic Implantation of Murine Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Implantação ortotópica guiada por ultrassom do Adenocarcinoma Ductal Pancreático murine

The recent success of immune checkpoint blockade in melanoma and lung adenocarcinoma has galvanized the field of immuno-oncology as well as revealed the ...

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

Generation of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumors and Ex vivo Characterization of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cell Cytotoxicity

Geração de tumores pancreáticos ortotópicos e caracterização ex vivo da citotoxicidade de células T infiltrada tumoral

In vivo models of pancreatic cancer provide invaluable tools for studying disease dynamics, immune infiltration and new therapeutic strategies. The ...