Name: generation of human neurons and oligodendrocytes from pluripotent stem cells for modeling neuron-oligodendrocyte interactions
Uploaded: 2020-11-09T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Human Neurons and Oligodendrocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions at JoVE.com

この研究は、国立衛生研究所(R00 AG054616からYAHおよびT32 GM136566からK.C.)、スタンフォード大学医学部、およびシーベルフェローシップ(SCに授与)からの助成金によってサポートされました。Y.A.H.は、ブラウントランスレーショナルサイエンス研究所のトランスレーショナルニューロサイエンスセンターのGFLトランスレーショナル教授です。

1. ヒト多能性幹細胞からのヒトニューロン誘導
<ol><li>レンチウイルス調製(~5日、前述の詳細なプロトコル16)<ol><li>各T75フラスコに~100万個のHEK293T細胞をプレートし、トランスフェクションを行う際にそれらを~40%コンフルエントにさせる。テトラサイクリン誘導性Ngn2およびピューロマイシン耐性遺伝子(PuroR;同じTetOプロモーター制御下)、rtTA、および3つのヘルパープラスミド...

<ol>
	<li>Pelvig, D. P., Pakkenberg, H., Stark, A. K., Pakkenberg, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neocortical+glial+cell+numbers+in+human+brains.">Neocortical glial cell numbers in human brains.</a> Neurobiology of Aging. 29 (11), 1754-1762 (2008).</li><li>Barres, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mystery+and+magic+of+glia:+a+perspective+on+their+roles+in+health+and+disease.">The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease.</a> Neuron. 60 (3), 430-440 (2008).</li><li>De Strooper, B., Karran, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cellular+phase+of+Alzheimer's+disease.">The cellular phase of Alzheimer's disease.</a> Cell. 164 (4), 603-615 (2016).</li><li>Monje, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelin+plasticity+and+nervous+system+function.">Myelin plasticity and nervous system function.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 41, 61-76 (2018).</li><li>Hughes, E. G., Orthmann-Murphy, J. L., Langseth, A. J., Bergles, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelin+remodeling+through+experience-dependent+oligodendrogenesis+in+the+adult+somatosensory+cortex.">Myelin remodeling through experience-dependent oligodendrogenesis in the adult somatosensory cortex.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 21 (5), 696-706 (2018).</li><li>Gibson, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+activity+promotes+oligodendrogenesis+and+adaptive+myelination+in+the+mammalian+brain.">Neuronal activity promotes oligodendrogenesis and adaptive myelination in the mammalian brain.</a> Science. 344 (6183), 1252304 (2014).</li><li>Pan, S., Mayoral, S. R., Choi, H. S., Chan, J. R., Kheirbek, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preservation+of+a+remote+fear+memory+requires+new+myelin+formation.">Preservation of a remote fear memory requires new myelin formation.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 23 (4), 487-499 (2020).</li><li>Thornton, M. A., Hughes, E. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuron-oligodendroglia+interactions:+Activity-dependent+regulation+of+cellular+signaling.">Neuron-oligodendroglia interactions: Activity-dependent regulation of cellular signaling.</a> Neuroscience Letters. 727, 134916 (2020).</li><li>Ettle, B., Schlachetzki, J. C. M., Winkler, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oligodendroglia+and+myelin+in+neurodegenerative+diseases:+more+than+just+bystanders.">Oligodendroglia and myelin in neurodegenerative diseases: more than just bystanders.</a> Molecular Neurobiology. 53 (5), 3046-3062 (2016).</li><li>Essayan-Perez, S., Zhou, B., Nabet, A. M., Wernig, M., Huang, Y. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+Alzheimer's+disease+with+human+iPS+cells:+advancements,+lessons,+and+applications.">Modeling Alzheimer's disease with human iPS cells: advancements, lessons, and applications.</a> Neurobiology of Disease. 130, 104503 (2019).</li><li>Li, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GFAP+mutations+in+astrocytes+impair+oligodendrocyte+progenitor+proliferation+and+myelination+in+an+hiPSC+model+of+Alexander+disease.">GFAP mutations in astrocytes impair oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and myelination in an hiPSC model of Alexander disease.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 23 (2), 239-251 (2018).</li><li>Lin, Y. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=APOE4+causes+widespread+molecular+and+cellular+alterations+associated+with+Alzheimer's+disease+phenotypes+in+human+iPSC-derived+brain+cell+types.">APOE4 causes widespread molecular and cellular alterations associated with Alzheimer's disease phenotypes in human iPSC-derived brain cell types.</a> Neuron. 98 (6), 1294 (2018).</li><li>TCW, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cholesterol+and+matrisome+pathways+dysregulated+in+human+APOE+&#949;4+glia.">Cholesterol and matrisome pathways dysregulated in human APOE &#949;4 glia.</a> bioRxiv. , (2019).</li><li>Ang, C. E., Wernig, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induced+neuronal+reprogramming.">Induced neuronal reprogramming.</a> Journal of Comparitive Neurology. 522 (12), 2877-2886 (2014).</li><li>Penney, J., Ralvenius, W. T., Tsai, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+Alzheimer's+disease+with+iPSC-derived+brain+cells.">Modeling Alzheimer's disease with iPSC-derived brain cells.</a> Molecular Psychiatry. 25 (1), 148-167 (2020).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+single-step+induction+of+functional+neurons+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Rapid single-step induction of functional neurons from human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Neuron. 78 (5), 785-798 (2013).</li><li>Huang, Y. A., Zhou, B., Nabet, A. M., Wernig, M., Sudhof, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+signaling+mediated+by+ApoE2,+ApoE3,+and+ApoE4+in+human+neurons+parallels+Alzheimer's+Disease+risk.">Differential signaling mediated by ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4 in human neurons parallels Alzheimer's Disease risk.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 39 (37), 7408-7427 (2019).</li><li>Huang, Y. A., Zhou, B., Wernig, M., Sudhof, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ApoE2,+ApoE3,+and+ApoE4+Differentially+Stimulate+APP+Transcription+and+Abeta+Secretion.">ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4 Differentially Stimulate APP Transcription and Abeta Secretion.</a> Cell. 168 (3), 427-441 (2017).</li><li>Yang, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+oligodendroglial+cells+by+direct+lineage+conversion.">Generation of oligodendroglial cells by direct lineage conversion.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 31 (5), 434-439 (2013).</li><li>Douvaras, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+generation+of+myelinating+oligodendrocytes+from+primary+progressive+multiple+sclerosis+patients+by+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Efficient generation of myelinating oligodendrocytes from primary progressive multiple sclerosis patients by induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 3 (2), 250-259 (2014).</li><li>Lee, E. H., Park, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+reprogramming+methods+for+generation+of+induced-oligodendrocyte+precursor+cells.">Comparison of reprogramming methods for generation of induced-oligodendrocyte precursor cells.</a> Biomolecules &amp; Therapeutics (Seoul). 25 (4), 362-366 (2017).</li><li>Ehrlich, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+and+efficient+generation+of+oligodendrocytes+from+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+using+transcription+factors.">Rapid and efficient generation of oligodendrocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells using transcription factors.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (11), 2243-2252 (2017).</li><li>Rodrigues, G. M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defined+and+scalable+differentiation+of+human+oligodendrocyte+precursors+from+pluripotent+stem+cells+in+a+3D+culture+system.">Defined and scalable differentiation of human oligodendrocyte precursors from pluripotent stem cells in a 3D culture system.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 8 (6), 1770-1783 (2017).</li><li>Hu, B. Y., Du, Z. W., Li, X. J., Ayala, M., Zhang, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+oligodendrocytes+from+embryonic+stem+cells:+conserved+SHH+signaling+networks+and+divergent+FGF+effects.">Human oligodendrocytes from embryonic stem cells: conserved SHH signaling networks and divergent FGF effects.</a> Development. 136 (9), 1443-1452 (2009).</li><li>Izrael, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+oligodendrocytes+derived+from+embryonic+stem+cells:+Effect+of+noggin+on+phenotypic+differentiation+in+vitro+and+on+myelination+in+vivo.">Human oligodendrocytes derived from embryonic stem cells: Effect of noggin on phenotypic differentiation in vitro and on myelination in vivo.</a> Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 34 (3), 310-323 (2007).</li><li>Yamashita, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+oligodendrocyte+progenitor+cells+from+dissociated+monolayer+and+feeder-free+cultured+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from dissociated monolayer and feeder-free cultured pluripotent stem cells.</a> PLoS One. 12 (2), 0171947 (2017).</li><li>Wang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+iPSC-derived+oligodendrocyte+progenitor+cells+can+myelinate+and+rescue+a+mouse+model+of+congenital+hypomyelination.">Human iPSC-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells can myelinate and rescue a mouse model of congenital hypomyelination.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 12 (2), 252-264 (2013).</li><li>Chanoumidou, K., Mozafari, S., Baron-Van Evercooren, A., Kuhlmann, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell+derived+oligodendrocytes+to+study+myelin+diseases.">Stem cell derived oligodendrocytes to study myelin diseases.</a> Glia. 68 (4), 705-720 (2020).</li><li>Chetty, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+tool+to+improve+pluripotent+stem+cell+differentiation.">A simple tool to improve pluripotent stem cell differentiation.</a> Nature Methods. 10 (6), 553-556 (2013).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+transient+DMSO+treatment+increases+the+differentiation+potential+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+through+the+Rb+family.">A transient DMSO treatment increases the differentiation potential of human pluripotent stem cells through the Rb family.</a> PLoS One. 13 (12), 0208110 (2018).</li><li>Sambo, D., Li, J., Brickler, T., Chetty, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+treatment+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+with+DMSO+to+promote+differentiation.">Transient treatment of human pluripotent stem cells with DMSO to promote differentiation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (149), (2019).</li><li>Douvaras, P., Fossati, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+and+isolation+of+oligodendrocyte+progenitor+cells+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Generation and isolation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells from human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nature Protocols. 10 (8), 1143-1154 (2015).</li><li>Mei, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micropillar+arrays+as+a+high-throughput+screening+platform+for+therapeutics+in+multiple+sclerosis.">Micropillar arrays as a high-throughput screening platform for therapeutics in multiple sclerosis.</a> Nature Medicine. 20 (8), 954-960 (2014).</li><li>Madhavan, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+myelinating+oligodendrocytes+in+human+cortical+spheroids.">Induction of myelinating oligodendrocytes in human cortical spheroids.</a> Nature Methods. 15 (9), 700-706 (2018).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+characterization+of+progenitor+and+mature+human+astrocytes+reveals+transcriptional+and+functional+differences+with+mouse.">Purification and characterization of progenitor and mature human astrocytes reveals transcriptional and functional differences with mouse.</a> Neuron. 89 (1), 37-53 (2016).</li><li>Grubman, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single-cell+atlas+of+entorhinal+cortex+from+individuals+with+Alzheimer's+disease+reveals+cell-type-specific+gene+expression+regulation.">A single-cell atlas of entorhinal cortex from individuals with Alzheimer's disease reveals cell-type-specific gene expression regulation.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 22 (12), 2087-2097 (2019).</li><li>Goldman, S. A., Kuypers, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+make+an+oligodendrocyte.">How to make an oligodendrocyte.</a> Development. 142 (23), 3983-3995 (2015).</li><li>Behrendt, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+changes+in+myelin+aberrations+and+oligodendrocyte+generation+in+chronic+amyloidosis+in+mice+and+men.">Dynamic changes in myelin aberrations and oligodendrocyte generation in chronic amyloidosis in mice and men.</a> Glia. 61 (2), 273-286 (2013).</li><li>Patzke, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuromodulator+signaling+bidirectionally+controls+vesicle+numbers+in+human+synapses.">Neuromodulator signaling bidirectionally controls vesicle numbers in human synapses.</a> Cell. 179 (2), 498-513 (2019).</li><li>Piao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+oligodendrocyte+progenitors+remyelinate+the+brain+and+rescue+behavioral+deficits+following+radiation.">Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors remyelinate the brain and rescue behavioral deficits following radiation.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 16 (2), 198-210 (2015).</li><li>Keirstead, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+oligodendrocyte+progenitor+cell+transplants+remyelinate+and+restore+locomotion+after+spinal+cord+injury.">Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell transplants remyelinate and restore locomotion after spinal cord injury.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 25 (19), 4694-4705 (2005).</li><li>Kim, D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+generation+of+OPC-like+cells+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+for+treating+spinal+cord+injury.">Rapid generation of OPC-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells for treating spinal cord injury.</a> Experimental &amp; Molecular Medicine. 49 (7), 361 (2017).</li></ol>

希突起膠細胞系譜細胞は、シナプス構造を安定化させ、髄鞘形成による塩状シグナル伝導を促進するための物理的および代謝的サポートに加えて、ニューロンとの迅速かつ動的なクロストークを介してニューロン活動パターンを形成することができます5,6,7。AD病理学では、オリゴデンドログリア応答は当初、炎症と酸化?...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61778/generation-human-neurons-oligodendrocytes-from-pluripotent-stem-cells">Generation of Human Neurons and Oligodendrocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions</a>.&#160;The Representative Results section has been updated.
Figure 3 was updated from:
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61778/61778fig03.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Co-culture of iNs and iOPCs.&#160;(A) Representative bright field image of co-cultured iNs and iOPCs at Day 7, showing a proper density for further maturation. (B) Representative immunofluorescence image of iNs and iOPCs co-cultured for 28 days. Axonal marker neurofilament NF is shown in green and oligodendrocytic marker MBP in red. Right, a segment of iN axon ensheathed by iOL process (MBP+). (C) Synapse formation assayed in 4-week-old co-cultures. Cells were stained for Synapsin 1 (Syn1, green) and MAP2 (red), and synaptic puncta were quantified by confocal analysis of density along the dendritic segments as described17,18. (D) In our co-cultures of iNs and iOPCs (7 days of co-culturing), the expression of astrocyte markers, ALDHL1 and GFAP, is minimal (top), and the expression of microglia markers, TMEM119, TREM2, and CD33, is not detected (N.D.) by qPCR. The contamination from these two glial cell types is thus excluded. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61778/61778fig03large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
to:
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61778/61778fig3v2.png" /> 
Figure 3: Co-culture of iNs and iOPCs.&#160;(A) Representative bright field image of co-cultured iNs and iOPCs at Day 7, showing a proper density for further maturation. (B) Representative immunofluorescence image of iNs and iOPCs co-cultured for 28 days. Axonal marker neurofilament NF is shown in green and oligodendrocytic marker MBP in red. Right, a segment of iN axon ensheathed by iOL process (MBP+). (C) Synapse formation assayed in 4-week-old co-cultures. Cells were stained for Synapsin 1 (Syn1, green) and MAP2 (red), and synaptic puncta were quantified by confocal analysis of density along the dendritic segments as described17,18. (D) In our co-cultures of iNs and iOPCs (7 days of co-culturing), the expression of astrocyte markers, ALDHL1 and GFAP, is minimal (top), and the expression of microglia markers, TMEM119, TREM2, and CD33, is not detected (N.D.) by qPCR. The contamination from these two glial cell types is thus excluded.&#160;(E) Coculturing iOPC with iN leads to the formation of neuron-OPC synapses. The fluorescence-tagged post-synaptic marker PSD95-mCherry is expressed only in OPCs, and display a diffuse pattern in single cultures (left) but aggregate to form puncta in cocultures (right, indicated by arrows; Tuj1, neuronal marker). (F) The expression of well-characterized oligodendroglial genes that can sense and respond to neuronal activities in the pure cultures of iOPCs at Day 14.&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61778/61778fig3v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
The fourth&#160;paragraph was updated from:
Co-culturing of iNs and iOPCs 
This protocol is optimized specifically for co-culturing iNs and iOPCs and allow our real-time monitoring of the inter-cellular communications between these two cell types along the course of neural development. The ideal plating densities for both cell types need to be decided with a series of cell number titration to achieve proper differentiation (Figure 3A). After 4 weeks in co-cultures, the iOPCs are expected to be adequately differentiated into OLs that are positive for specific markers such as MBP and extend processes to ensheath axons (Figure 3B). The co-culture system can robustly boost up the number of synapses, indicating that the iOPCs provide a neuronal support through physical contacts or release of trophic factors (Figure 3C). We can maintain the co-cultures in acceptable health condition for up to 6 weeks and observe that the synapse number and other neuronal attributes plateau around the fifth week. Of note, astrocytes and microglia are not present in our preparations and their absence can be documented by checking the expression of specific markers (Figure 3D).
to:
Co-culturing of iNs and iOPCs 
This protocol is optimized specifically for co-culturing iNs and iOPCs and allow our real-time monitoring of the inter-cellular communications between these two cell types along the course of neural development. The ideal plating densities for both cell types need to be decided with a series of cell number titration to achieve proper differentiation (Figure 3A). After 4 weeks in co-cultures, the iOPCs are expected to be adequately differentiated into OLs that are positive for specific markers such as MBP and extend processes to ensheath axons (Figure 3B). The co-culture system can robustly boost up the number of synapses, indicating that the iOPCs provide a neuronal support through physical contacts or release of trophic factors (Figure 3C). We can maintain the co-cultures in acceptable health condition for up to 6 weeks and observe that the synapse number and other neuronal attributes plateau around the fifth week. Of note, astrocytes and microglia are not present in our preparations and their absence can be documented by checking the expression of specific markers (Figure 3D).&#160;The iOPCs express a good number of well-characterized genes that can potentially respond to and mediate the activity-dependent signals from neighboring neurons, in a paracrine (e.g. neurotrophins and metabolites) and/or a synaptic manner (Figure&#160;3E and 3F).&#160;

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61778/generation-human-neurons-oligodendrocytes-from-pluripotent-stem-cells">Generation of Human Neurons and Oligodendrocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions</a>.&#160;The Representative Results section has been updated.

Erratum: Generation of Human Neurons and Oligodendrocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions

希突起膠細胞前駆細胞(OPC)、有髄性希突起膠細胞、およびその間の移行型を含む希突起膠細胞系譜細胞は、ヒト脳細胞の主要なグループを構成しています1神経発達と老化を通して中枢神経系の適切な操作と維持のための多くの重要な機能に積極的に関与しています2,3,4.希突起膠細胞は、白質のニューロン活動伝達を促進し、軸索の健康をサポートするミエリンを産生することでよく知られていますが、OPCは髄鞘形成がほとんどない灰白質に豊富(~5%)存在し、学習行動と記憶形成を制御する活動依存性シグナル伝達機能を実行します5,6,7,8 .アルツハイマー病(AD)やその他の加齢に伴う神経変性状態の病因における希突起膠細胞がどのように機能し、機能不全になるかは十分に研究されていません9。適切なモデルシステムの不十分さと、実験の道を前進させるための一般的な知識の不足が、このギャップの主な理由です。
胚性幹(ES)および人工多能性幹(iPS)細胞を含む多能性幹細胞からヒト脳細胞を誘導する最新のブレークスルーに照らして、そのような細胞モデルは、最新の遺伝子編集ツールと組み合わせて、脳内の細胞相互作用の複雑なネクサスを処理するための堅牢なツールとして浮上しており、ヒト特異的な疾患症状を実証することができます10。11.個々の脳細胞タイプは、同じAD促進条件に直面しても明確で相反する効果を示す可能性があることを考慮すると12,13、この幹細胞方法論は、脳細胞タイプのコレクションからの集計読み取りのみを提供する確立されたin vivoまたはin vitroモデルを使用して以前に見逃されていた細胞タイプ固有の情報を独自に提供します。過去10年間で、ES/iPS細胞の分化形質転換または他の最終分化細胞タイプ(線維芽細胞など)からの直接変換からヒトニューロンを生成するために、多くの信頼性の高いプロトコルが開発されてきました14,15。特に、重要な神経原性転写因子(例えば、ニューロゲニン2、Ngn2)16をヒト多能性幹細胞に適用することで、グリア細胞との共培養を必要とせずに、純粋培養用の十分に特徴付けられた神経細胞タイプの均質な集団を生成することができます12、17、18。誘導されたヒト希突起膠細胞については、主要な対応物に非常に類似した機能細胞を生成できるいくつかの公開されたプロトコルがあり、時間とリソースにおいて幅広い効率と需要があります19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28 .今日まで、これらのプロトコルのいずれも、希突起膠細胞がどのように応答し、AD病因に影響を与えるかを調査するために適用されていません。
ここでは、ヒト誘導ニューロン(iN)およびOPC/希突起膠細胞(iOPC / iOL)の単一および混合培養のための改善されたプロトコルについて説明します。ここで説明するiNプロトコルは、広く使用されているNgn2アプローチ16に基づいており、グリアフリーであるという追加的な特徴を有する。得られたiNは均質で、皮質層の2/3興奮性ニューロンに非常に似ており、特徴的な錐体形態、遺伝子発現パターン、および電気生理学的特徴を備えています17,18(図1)。多能性幹細胞の指向性分化における基本的な障壁のいくつかを克服するために、我々は、低用量ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)前処理の簡単で効果的な方法を開発し29,30、そしてDouvarasとFossati 32によって広く適応されたプロトコルに基づいて、ヒトES/iPS細胞がiOPCとiOLに分化形質転換する傾向が高まったことを報告しました31。.プロトコルをさらに簡素化し、強力な分化促進化合物であるクレマスチン7,33,34を組み込んで、希突起膠の成熟プロセスを加速しました。その結果(図2)、iOPCは2週間で生成され(マーカーO4に対して~95%陽性)、iOLは4週間で生成されます(成熟マーカーMBPおよびPLP1を発現)。興味深いことに、iOPC単独では顕著な量のアミロイドβ(Aβ)を分泌し、希突起膠細胞系統細胞におけるアミロイド前駆体タンパク質(APP)およびプロセシングプロテアーゼβセクレターゼ(BACE1)の豊富な発現を示す独立したトランスクリプトームデータと一致しています35,36。さらに、当社のiN-iOPC共培養システムは、MBP陽性iOLプロセスによる軸索の被覆を促進し、シナプス形成を大いにサポートします(図3)。したがって、以下に詳述するプロトコルは、以前にカタログ化されたニューロン-オリゴデンドログリア共培養法に比べて技術的および生物学的利点があり、ADにおける神経変性をより適切にモデル化する上で有望です。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>7920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 supplement</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bFGF</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>PHG 0266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cAMP</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>A9501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clemastine</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>SML0445</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12 medium</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>36254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>D12345</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doxycycline</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>D3072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>ScienCell</td>
			<td>10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H1 human ES cells</td>
			<td>WiCell</td>
			<td>WA01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mTeSR plus</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>5825</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2 supplement</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>17502001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal A medium</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>10888-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non Essential Amino Acids</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11140-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDGF-AA</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>221-AA-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEI</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>71002-812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMDLg/pRRE</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polybrene</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>TR-1003-G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pRSV-REV</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12253</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puromycin</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A1113803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ROCK Inhibitor Y-27632</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>72302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SAG</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>4366</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STEMdiff Neural Progenitor Freezing Media</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>5838</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STEMdiff SMADi Neural Induction Kit</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>8581</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T3 triiodothyronine</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>T6397</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tempo-iOlogo: Human iPSC-derived OPCs</td>
			<td>Tempo BioScience</td>
			<td>SKU102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TetO-Ng2-Puro</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>52047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VSV-G</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12259</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of human neurons and oligodendrocytes from pluripotent stem cells for modeling neuron-oligodendrocyte interactions

アルツハイマー病(AD)やその他の神経変性疾患では、希突起膠障害は一般的な初期の病理学的特徴ですが、特に脳の灰白質において、それが疾患の発症と進行にどのように寄与するかはほとんど不明のままです。希突起膠細胞系譜細胞の機能不全は、髄鞘形成の欠損および希突起膠細胞前駆細胞(OPC)の自己複製障害によって特徴付けられる。これらの2つの欠陥は、病理学の蓄積に沿ったニューロンと希突起膠細胞の間の相互作用の混乱によって少なくとも部分的に引き起こされます。OPCは、CNSの発生中に有髄性希突起膠細胞を生じさせる。成熟した脳皮質では、OPCは主要な増殖細胞(全脳細胞の~5%を占める)であり、神経活動依存的に新しいミエリン形成を制御します。このようなニューロンから希突起膠細胞へのコミュニケーションは、適切なツールがないため、特にADなどの神経変性状態の状況では、かなり研究されていません。近年、私たちのグループなどは、ヒト多能性幹細胞から機能的なニューロンと希突起膠細胞を個別に生成するために、現在利用可能なプロトコルを改善するための大きな進歩を遂げました。本稿では、ニューロン-希突起膠細胞結合をモデル化するための共培養システムの確立など、最適化された手順について説明します。私たちの実例となる結果は、OPC /希突起膠細胞が脳アミロイドーシスとシナプスの完全性に予想外の寄与をしていることを示唆しており、AD研究におけるこの方法論の有用性を強調しています。この還元主義的アプローチは、脳内の固有の複雑さから特定のヘテロ細胞相互作用を分析するための強力なツールです。ここで説明するプロトコルは、神経変性の病因における希突起膠原欠陥に関する将来の研究を促進することが期待されます。

ヒト多能性幹細胞からのヒト誘導神経細胞の直接生成 出発ヒト多能性幹細胞がiNまたはiOPC / iOLの生成を成功させるために高度な多能性を示すことは非常に重要です。したがって、本稿に記載されている誘導プロトコルのいずれかを開始する前に、Oct4やSOX2などの特定のマーカーについて細胞を染色する必要があります(図1A)。ヒトH1細胞を用いて、Zhangらに...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Human Neurons and Oligodendrocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions at JoVE.com

Generation of Human Neurons and Oligodendrocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions

神経変性におけるニューロンとグリアの相互作用は、ツールや方法が不十分なため、よく理解されていません。ここでは、ヒト多能性幹細胞から誘導されたニューロン、希突起膠細胞前駆細胞、および希突起膠細胞を取得するための最適化されたプロトコルについて説明し、アルツハイマー病における細胞種特異的な寄与を理解する上でのこれらの方法の価値の例を提供します。

多能性幹細胞からのヒト神経細胞および希突起膠細胞の作製によるニューロン-希突起膠細胞相互作用のモデル化

In Alzheimer&#8217;s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders, oligodendroglial failure is a common early pathological feature, but how it ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Generation of Neural Stem Cells from Discarded Human Fetal Cortical Tissue

廃棄されたヒト胎児脳組織から神経幹細胞の生成

Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside along the ventricular zone neuroepithelium during the development of the cortical plate. These early progenitors ...

Efficient Derivation of Human Neuronal Progenitors and Neurons from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

小分子の誘導と多能性ヒト胚性幹細胞からヒト神経前駆細胞と神経細胞の効率的な導出

There is a large unfulfilled need for a clinically-suitable human neuronal cell source for repair or regeneration of the damaged central nervous system ...

The Specification of Telencephalic Glutamatergic Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

ヒト多能性幹細胞から終脳のグルタミン酸作動性ニューロンの仕様

Here, a stepwise procedure for efficiently generating telencephalic glutamatergic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) has been described. The ...

A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue

ヒト神経の集合体のためのcGMP適用可能な展開法は、幹細胞および前駆細胞は、多能性幹細胞や胎児の脳組織由来

A cell expansion technique to amass large numbers of cells from a single specimen for research experiments and clinical trials would greatly benefit the ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

ヒト多能性幹細胞からの神経堤前駆細胞のフィーダーフリー導出

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a ...

Directed Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

ヒト多能性幹細胞からドーパミン作動性ニューロンの分化を監督

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta  (also known as A9 DA neurons) are the specific cell type that is lost in ...

Simple Generation of a High Yield Culture of Induced Neurons from Human Adult Skin Fibroblasts

ひと成人皮膚線維芽細胞から誘導される神経細胞の高収率文化の生成の単純です

Induced neurons (iNs), the product of somatic cells directly converted to neurons, are a way to obtain patient-derived neurons from tissue that is easily ...

Post-differentiation Replating of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Neurons for High-content Screening of Neuritogenesis and Synapse Maturation

ニューウトジェネシスとシナプス成熟の高含有量スクリーニングに対するヒト多能性幹細胞由来ニューロンの分化後再形成

Neurons differentiated in two-dimensional culture from human pluripotent stem-cell-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) represent a powerful model ...

Conversion of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) into Functional Spinal and Cranial Motor Neurons Using PiggyBac Vectors

Conversion of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs into Functional Spinal and Cranial Motor Neurons Using PiggyBac Vectors

PiggyBac ベクターを用いたヒト誘導多能性幹細胞 (iPSCs) の機能的脊髄および頭蓋運動ニューロンへの変換

We describe here a method to obtain functional spinal and cranial motor neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Direct conversion into ...

Generation of Oligodendrocytes and Oligodendrocyte-Conditioned Medium for Co-Culture Experiments

共同培養実験のためのオリゴデンドロサイト及びオリゴデンドロサイト条件培地の生成

In the central nervous system, oligodendrocytes are well-known for their role in axon myelination, that accelerates the propagation of action potentials ...