Name: behavioral assessment of visual function via optomotor response and cognitive function via y-maze in diabetic rats
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这项工作得到了退伍军人事务部康复研发服务职业发展奖（CDA-1，RX002111;CDA-2;RX002928）到RSA和（CDA-2，RX002342）到AJF和美国国立卫生研究院（NIH-NICHD F31 HD097918到DACT和NIH-NIEHS T32 ES012870到DACT）和NEI核心授权P30EY006360。

所有程序均由亚特兰大退伍军人事务机构动物护理和使用委员会批准，并符合美国国立卫生研究院关于实验室动物护理和使用的指南（NIH出版物，第 8版，2011年更新）。
1. 光运动响应 （OMR）
<ol><li>设置 OMR 设备（材料表中有关设备和软件的详细信息）
	<ol>
<li>为啮齿动物选择适当大小的平台：小鼠，大鼠或大型/受损大鼠（图1A）。...

<ol>
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OMR和Y迷宫允许随着时间的推移对啮齿动物的视觉功能和认知功能缺陷进行非侵入性评估。在该协议中，OMR和Y迷宫被证明可以跟踪糖尿病啮齿动物模型中的视觉和认知缺陷。
协议中的关键步骤
奥姆雷
在执行OMR以评估视觉功能时要考虑的一些重要要点是使用的测试参数，实验设计和测试时间以及执行测量的研究人员的经验...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61806">Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats</a>. The author list was updated.
The author list was updated from:
Kaavya Gudapati*1,2, Anayesha Singh*1,3, Danielle Clarkson-Townsend1,4, Andrew J. Feola1,2, Rachael S. Allen1,2 
1Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 
2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 
3Department of Neuroscience, Emory University, 
4Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University 
* These authors contributed equally
to:
Kaavya Gudapati*1,2, Anayesha Singh*1,3, Danielle Clarkson-Townsend1,4, Stephen Q. Phillips1, Amber Douglass1, Andrew J. Feola1,2, Rachael S. Allen1,2 
1Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 
2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 
3Department of Neuroscience, Emory University, 
4Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University 
* These authors contributed equally

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61806">Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats</a>. The author list was updated.

Erratum: Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

超过 4.63 亿人患有糖尿病，使其成为全球最大的疾病流行之一1。糖尿病引起的严重并发症之一是糖尿病视网膜病变（DR），这是美国工作年龄成年人失明的主要原因2。在未来 30 年内，面临 DR 风险的人口比例预计将翻一番，因此在早期阶段找到诊断 DR 的新方法以预防和缓解 DR 发展至关重要3。DR通常被认为是一种血管疾病4，5，6。然而，现在有证据表明在血管病理学之前视网膜中存在神经元功能障碍和细胞凋亡，DR被定义为具有神经元和血管成分4，5，6，7，8，9。诊断DR的一种方法是检查视网膜中的神经异常，视网膜组织可能比其他神经组织更容易受到糖尿病的氧化应激和代谢应变的影响10。
认知和运动功能的下降也发生在糖尿病中，并且通常与视网膜变化有关。与对照组参与者相比，II型糖尿病患者的基线认知表现较差，认知能力下降程度更高11。此外，视网膜已被确定为中枢神经系统的延伸，病理可以表现在视网膜12中。临床上，视网膜与大脑之间的关系已经在阿尔茨海默氏症和其他疾病的背景下进行了研究，但糖尿病并不常见12，13，14，15，16。糖尿病进展过程中大脑和视网膜的变化可以使用动物模型进行探索，包括STZ大鼠（I型糖尿病的模型，其中毒素，链脲佐菌素或STZ用于损害胰腺β细胞）和Goto-Kakizaki大鼠（II型糖尿病的多基因模型，其中动物在3周龄左右自发地发展高血糖）。在该协议中，提供了Y迷宫和视运动反应的描述，以分别评估糖尿病啮齿动物的认知和视觉变化。视运动反应 （OMR） 通过监测特征反射性头部跟踪运动来评估空间频率（类似于视敏度）和对比度灵敏度，以测量每只眼睛的视觉阈值17。空间频率是指条形的厚度或细度，对比度灵敏度是指条形和背景之间的对比度（图1E）。同时，Y迷宫测试短期空间记忆和探索功能，通过自发的交替和通过迷宫的手臂进入观察到。
这两种测试都可以在清醒的非麻醉动物中进行，并且具有利用动物先天反应的优点，这意味着它们不需要训练。两者都是相对敏感的，因为它们可以用来检测啮齿动物糖尿病进展的早期缺陷，并且是可靠的，因为它们产生的结果与其他视觉，视网膜或行为测试相关。此外，将OMR和Y迷宫与视网膜电图和光学相干断层扫描等测试结合使用，可以提供关于视网膜，结构和认知变化何时在疾病模型中相对发展的信息。这些检查可能有助于识别由糖尿病引起的神经变性。最终，这可能导致新的诊断方法，在进展的早期阶段有效地识别DR。
用于开发该协议的OMR和Y迷宫系统在 材料表中进行了描述。Prusky等人先前对OMR的研究和Maurice等人对Y迷宫的研究被用作开发该协议的起点。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>OptoMotry HD</td>
			<td>CerebralMechanics Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OMR apparatus &#38; software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Timer</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>810029AR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-Maze apparatus</td>
			<td>San Diego Instruments</td>
			<td>7001-043</td>
			<td>Available specifically for rats</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

behavioral assessment of visual function via optomotor response and cognitive function via y-maze in diabetic rats

视运动反应和Y迷宫分别是用于评估视觉和认知功能的行为测试。视神经膜反应是一种有价值的工具，用于跟踪许多视网膜疾病模型（包括糖尿病视网膜病变）中空间频率（SF）和对比度敏感性（CS）阈值随时间的变化。同样，Y迷宫可用于监测影响中枢神经系统的许多疾病模型中的空间认知（通过自发交替测量）和探索性行为（由许多条目测量）。光运动反应和Y迷宫的优点包括灵敏度，测试速度，先天反应的使用（不需要训练），以及在清醒（非麻醉）动物身上进行的能力。在这里，描述了光运动反应和Y迷宫的协议，以及它们在I型和II型糖尿病模型中显示的使用示例。方法包括准备啮齿动物和设备，光运动响应和Y迷宫的性能以及测试后数据分析。

如果可以从啮齿动物获得空间频率和对比度灵敏度阈值，则OMR被认为是成功的。在这里，使用OMR评估空间频率在幼稚对照Brown-Norway和Long-Evans大鼠中得到了说明，它们都是年轻（3-6个月）和老年（9-12个月）。褐-挪威大鼠通常比长埃文斯大鼠表现出更高的基线空间频率。此外，在Long-Evans大鼠中观察到对空间频率的老化影响（图3A）。使用单因素方差分析分析数据，然后进行Holm...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats at JoVE.com

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

糖尿病导致的眼睛和大脑的神经变性可以通过对啮齿动物进行的行为测试来观察。Y迷宫（空间认知的量度）和光运动反应（视觉功能的度量）都提供了对潜在诊断和治疗的洞察。

通过视运动反应进行视觉功能的行为评估，通过Y迷宫对糖尿病大鼠的认知功能进行行为评估

The optomotor response and the Y-maze are behavioral tests useful for assessing visual and cognitive function, respectively. The optomotor response is a ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Assessment of Sensorimotor Function in Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease

帕金森氏症小鼠模型的感觉功能评估

Sensitive and  reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of  potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many  ...

科研

行为学

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

不相干的刺激和动作控制：通过分心 - 响应绑定范式忽略刺激的影响分析

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

旋钮旋任务: 一种半自动评估大鼠前肢功能的方法

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials and Electrocorticograms in Response to Nociceptive Laser Stimuli from Freely Moving Rats

在自由运动大鼠的反应中, 皮质局部电位和电皮质图谱的同时记录

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and ...

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

小鼠低血压运动的下位强度及血管功能评估

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by ...

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

通过视觉跟踪和视觉灵敏度评估, 探讨准确、平均的视频前视觉注意的部署

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we ...

Integrating Visual Psychophysical Assays within a Y-Maze to Isolate the Role that Visual Features Play in Navigational Decisions

在 Y-Maze 中集成视觉心理物理分析,以隔离视觉特征在导航决策中扮演的角色

Collective animal behavior arises from individual motivations and social interactions that are critical for individual fitness. Fish have long inspired ...

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

帕金森病中运动与认知功能的动态数字生物标志物

As Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disorder, personalized medicine is truly required to optimize care. In their current form, standard ...