Name: behavioral assessment of visual function via optomotor response and cognitive function via y-maze in diabetic rats
Uploaded: 2020-10-23T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af Department of Veterans Affairs Rehab R &D Service Career Development Awards (CDA-1, RX002111; CDA-2; RX002928) til RSA og (CDA-2, RX002342) til AJF og National Institutes of Health (NIH-NICHD F31 HD097918 til DACT og NIH-NIEHS T32 ES012870 til DACT) og NEI Core Grant P30EY006360.

Alle procedurer blev godkendt af Atlanta Veterans Affairs Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee og i overensstemmelse med National Institutes of Health guide til pleje og brug af laboratoriedyr (NIH Publications, 8. udgave, opdateret 2011).
1. Den optomotoriske respons (OMR)
<ol><li>Opsætning af OMR-apparatet (oplysninger om apparater og software i materialetabellen)
	<ol>
<li>Vælg den passende størrelse platform til gnaveren: mus, rotte eller stor / neds...

<ol>
	<li>. International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edn Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAfinal-web.pdf">https://diabetesatlas.org/upload/resources/material/20200302_133351_IDFATLAfinal-web.pdf</a> (2019)</li><li>Wang, W., Lo, A. C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetic+retinopathy:+pathophysiology+and+treatments.">Diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiology and treatments.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 19 (6), (2018).</li><li>Akpek, E. K., Smith, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+age-related+ocular+conditions.">Overview of age-related ocular conditions.</a> The American Journal of Managed Care. 19 (5), 67-75 (2013).</li><li>Urano, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wolfram+syndrome:+diagnosis,+management,+and+treatment.">Wolfram syndrome: diagnosis, management, and treatment.</a> Current Diabetes Reports. 16 (1), 6 (2016).</li><li>Adeva-Andany, M. M., Funcasta-Calder&#243;n, R., Fern&#225;ndez-Fern&#225;ndez, C., Ameneiros-Rodr&#237;guez, E., Dom&#237;nguez-Montero, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subclinical+vascular+disease+in+patients+with+diabetes+is+associated+with+insulin+resistance.">Subclinical vascular disease in patients with diabetes is associated with insulin resistance.</a> Diabetes &amp; Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research &amp; Reviews. 13 (3), 2198-2206 (2019).</li><li>Chin, J. A., Sumpio, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetes+mellitus+and+peripheral+vascular+disease:+diagnosis+and+management.">Diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease: diagnosis and management.</a> Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery. 31 (1), 11-26 (2014).</li><li>Barber, A. J., Gardner, T. W., Abcouwer, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+significance+of+vascular+and+neural+apoptosis+to+the+pathology+of+diabetic+retinopathy.">The significance of vascular and neural apoptosis to the pathology of diabetic retinopathy.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 52 (2), 1156-1163 (2011).</li><li>Pardue, M. T., Allen, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroprotective+strategies+for+retinal+disease.">Neuroprotective strategies for retinal disease.</a> Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 65, 50-76 (2018).</li><li>Aung, M. H., Kim, M. K., Olson, D. E., Thule, P. M., Pardue, M. 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H., Grodstein, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prospective+study+of+type+2+diabetes+and+cognitive+decline+in+women+aged+70-81+years.">Prospective study of type 2 diabetes and cognitive decline in women aged 70-81 years.</a> BMJ. 328 (7439), 548 (2004).</li><li>London, A., Benhar, I., Schwartz, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+retina+as+a+window+to+the+brain-from+eye+research+to+CNS+disorders.">The retina as a window to the brain-from eye research to CNS disorders.</a> Nature Reviews Neurology. 9 (1), 44-53 (2013).</li><li>Archibald, N. K., Clarke, M. P., Mosimann, U. P., Burn, D. 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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+microvascular+abnormalities+and+incident+stroke:+the+Atherosclerosis+Risk+in+Communities+Study.">Retinal microvascular abnormalities and incident stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.</a> The Lancet. 358 (9288), 1134-1140 (2001).</li><li>Marqui&#233;, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+between+retinal+thickness+and+&#946;-amyloid+brain+accumulation+in+individuals+with+subjective+cognitive+decline:+Fundaci&#243;+ACE+Healthy+Brain+Initiative.">Association between retinal thickness and &#946;-amyloid brain accumulation in individuals with subjective cognitive decline: Fundaci&#243; ACE Healthy Brain Initiative.</a> Alzheimer's Research &amp; Therapy. 12 (1), 37 (2020).</li><li>Thomas, B. B., Seiler, M. J., Sadda, S. R., Coffey, P. J., Aramant, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optokinetic+test+to+evaluate+visual+acuity+of+each+eye+independently.">Optokinetic test to evaluate visual acuity of each eye independently.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 138 (1-2), 7-13 (2004).</li><li>Prusky, G. T., Alam, N. M., Beekman, S., Douglas, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+quantification+of+adult+and+developing+mouse+spatial+vision+using+a+virtual+optomotor+system.">Rapid quantification of adult and developing mouse spatial vision using a virtual optomotor system.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Vision Science. 45 (12), 4611-4616 (2004).</li><li>Maurice, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+evidence+for+a+modulating+role+of+&#963;+ligands+in+memory+processes.+I.+Attenuation+of+dizocilpine+(MK-801)-induced+amnesia.">Behavioral evidence for a modulating role of &#963; ligands in memory processes. I. Attenuation of dizocilpine (MK-801)-induced amnesia.</a> Brain Research. 647 (1), 44-56 (1994).</li><li>Douglas, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Independent+visual+threshold+measurements+in+the+two+eyes+of+freely+moving+rats+and+mice+using+a+virtual-reality+optokinetic+system.">Independent visual threshold measurements in the two eyes of freely moving rats and mice using a virtual-reality optokinetic system.</a> Visual Neuroscience. 22 (5), 677-684 (2005).</li><li>Feola, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Menopause+exacerbates+visual+dysfunction+in+experimental+glaucoma.">Menopause exacerbates visual dysfunction in experimental glaucoma.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 186, 107706 (2019).</li><li>Allen, R. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TrkB+signalling+pathway+mediates+the+protective+effects+of+exercise+in+the+diabetic+rat+retina.">TrkB signalling pathway mediates the protective effects of exercise in the diabetic rat retina.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 47 (10), 1254-1265 (2018).</li><li>Allen, R. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+deficits+precede+cognitive+and+motor+deficits+in+a+rat+model+of+type+II+diabetes.">Retinal deficits precede cognitive and motor deficits in a rat model of type II diabetes.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 60 (1), 123-133 (2019).</li><li>Prusky, G. T., Harker, K. T., Douglas, R. M., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+in+visual+acuity+within+pigmented,+and+between+pigmented+and+albino+rat+strains.">Variation in visual acuity within pigmented, and between pigmented and albino rat strains.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 136 (2), 339-348 (2002).</li><li>Hwang, C. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circadian+rhythm+of+contrast+sensitivity+is+regulated+by+a+dopamine-neuronal+PAS-domain+protein+2-adenylyl+cyclase+1+signaling+pathway+in+retinal+ganglion+cells.">Circadian rhythm of contrast sensitivity is regulated by a dopamine-neuronal PAS-domain protein 2-adenylyl cyclase 1 signaling pathway in retinal ganglion cells.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 33 (38), 14989-14997 (2013).</li><li>Mui, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Daily+visual+stimulation+in+the+critical+period+enhances+multiple+aspects+of+vision+through+BDNF-mediated+pathways+in+the+mouse+retina.">Daily visual stimulation in the critical period enhances multiple aspects of vision through BDNF-mediated pathways in the mouse retina.</a> PLoS One. 13 (2), 0192435 (2018).</li><li>Feola, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Menopause+exacerbates+visual+dysfunction+in+experimental+glaucoma.">Menopause exacerbates visual dysfunction in experimental glaucoma.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 186, 107706 (2019).</li><li>Allen, R. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+functional+and+structural+consequences+of+primary+blast+overpressure+to+the+eye.">Long-term functional and structural consequences of primary blast overpressure to the eye.</a> Journal of Neurotrauma. 35 (17), 2104-2116 (2018).</li><li>Maaswinkel, H., Li, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatio-temporal+frequency+characteristics+of+the+optomotor+response+in+zebrafish.">Spatio-temporal frequency characteristics of the optomotor response in zebrafish.</a> Vision Research. 43 (1), 21-30 (2003).</li><li>Benkner, B., Mutter, M., Ecke, G., M&#252;nch, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+visual+performance+in+mice:+an+objective+and+automated+system+based+on+the+optokinetic+reflex.">Characterizing visual performance in mice: an objective and automated system based on the optokinetic reflex.</a> Behavioral Neuroscience. 127 (5), 788-796 (2013).</li><li>Lehmann, K., Schmidt, K. F., L&#246;wel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vision+and+visual+plasticity+in+ageing+mice.">Vision and visual plasticity in ageing mice.</a> Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience. 30, 161-178 (2012).</li><li>Leinonen, H., Tanila, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vision+in+laboratory+rodents-tools+to+measure+it+and+implications+for+behavioral+research.">Vision in laboratory rodents-tools to measure it and implications for behavioral research.</a> Behavioral Brain Research. 352, 172-182 (2018).</li><li>Spielmann, M., Schr&#246;ger, E., Kotz, S. A., Pechmann, T., Bendixen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+a+staircase+procedure+for+the+objective+measurement+of+auditory+stream+integration+and+segregation+thresholds.">Using a staircase procedure for the objective measurement of auditory stream integration and segregation thresholds.</a> Frontiers in Psychology. 4, 534 (2013).</li><li>Shi, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+optomotor+response-based+visual+function+assessment+in+mice.">Optimization of optomotor response-based visual function assessment in mice.</a> Scientific Reports. 8 (1), 9708 (2018).</li><li>You, M., Yamane, T., Tomita, H., Sugano, E., Akashi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+rat+head+gaze+determination+system+based+on+optomotor+responses.">A novel rat head gaze determination system based on optomotor responses.</a> PLoS One. 12 (4), 0176633 (2017).</li><li>Whyte, A. 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OMR og Y-labyrinten giver mulighed for ikke-invasiv vurdering af visuel funktion og kognitive funktionsunderskud hos gnavere over tid. I denne protokol blev OMR og Y-labyrinten demonstreret for at spore visuelle og kognitive underskud i gnavermodeller af diabetes.
Kritiske trin i protokollen
The OMR
Nogle vigtige punkter at overveje, når du udfører OMR at vurdere visuel funktion er de anvendte testparametre, eksperiment...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61806">Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats</a>. The author list was updated.
The author list was updated from:
Kaavya Gudapati*1,2, Anayesha Singh*1,3, Danielle Clarkson-Townsend1,4, Andrew J. Feola1,2, Rachael S. Allen1,2 
1Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 
2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 
3Department of Neuroscience, Emory University, 
4Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University 
* These authors contributed equally
to:
Kaavya Gudapati*1,2, Anayesha Singh*1,3, Danielle Clarkson-Townsend1,4, Stephen Q. Phillips1, Amber Douglass1, Andrew J. Feola1,2, Rachael S. Allen1,2 
1Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 
2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 
3Department of Neuroscience, Emory University, 
4Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University 
* These authors contributed equally

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61806">Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats</a>. The author list was updated.

Erratum: Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

Over 463 millioner mennesker lever med diabetes, hvilket gør det til en af de største globale sygdomsepidemier1. En af de alvorlige komplikationer, der opstår som følge af diabetes er diabetisk retinopati (DR), en førende årsag til blindhed for erhvervsaktive amerikanske voksne2. I de næste 30 år forventes andelen af udsatte for DR at blive fordoblet, så det er afgørende at finde nye måder at diagnosticere DR på i de tidligere faser for at forebygge og afbøde DR-udviklingen3. DR har traditionelt været anset for at være en vaskulær sygdom4,5,6. Men nu med tegn på neuronal dysfunktion og apoptose i nethinden, der går forud for vaskulær patologi, DR er defineret til at have neuronale og vaskulære komponenter4,5,6,7,8,9. En måde at diagnosticere DR ville være at undersøge neurale abnormiteter i nethinden, et væv, der kan være mere sårbare over for oxidativ stress og metabolisk stamme fra diabetes end andre neurale væv10.
Fald i kognitive og motoriske funktion også forekomme med diabetes og er ofte korreleret med retinale ændringer. Ældre personer med type II diabetes skildre dårligere baseline kognitive præstationer og viser mere forværret kognitiv tilbagegang end kontrol deltagere11. Derudover er nethinden blevet etableret som en forlængelse af centralnervesystemet og patologier kan manifestere sig i nethinden12. Klinisk, forholdet mellem nethinden og hjernen er blevet undersøgt i forbindelse med Alzheimers og andre sygdomme, men er ikke almindeligt undersøgt med diabetes12,13,14,15,16. Ændringer i hjernen og nethinden under udviklingen af diabetes kan udforskes ved hjælp af dyremodeller, herunder STZ rotte (en model af type I diabetes, hvor toksinet, streptozotocin eller STZ, bruges til at beskadige bugspytkirtel betaceller) og Goto-Kakizaki rotte (en polygen model af type II diabetes, hvor dyr udvikler hyperglykæmi spontant på omkring 3 uger). I denne protokol gives en beskrivelse af Y-labyrinten og den optomotoriske reaktion for at vurdere henholdsvis kognitive og visuelle ændringer hos diabetiske gnavere. Den optomotoriske respons (OMR) vurderer rumlig frekvens (svarende til synsskarphed) og kontrastfølsomhed ved at overvåge karakteristiske refleksive hovedsporingsbevægelser for at måle visuelle tærskler for hvert øje17. Rumlig frekvens refererer til tykkelsen eller finheden af søjlerne, og kontrastfølsomhed refererer til, hvor meget kontrast der er mellem søjlerne og baggrunden (figur 1E). I mellemtiden tester Y-labyrinten kortsigtet rumlig hukommelse og sonderende funktion, observeret gennem spontane vekslen og indgange gennem labyrintens arme.
Begge forsøg kan udføres hos vågne, ikke-bedøvede dyr og har den fordel at udnytte dyrs medfødte reaktioner, hvilket betyder, at de ikke kræver træning. Begge er relativt følsomme, idet de kan bruges til at opdage underskud tidligt i udviklingen af diabetes hos gnavere og pålidelige, idet de producerer resultater, der korrelerer med andre visuelle, retinale eller adfærdsmæssige tests. Derudover kan brug af OMR og Y-labyrinten i forbindelse med tests som elektroretinogram og optisk sammenhængstomografiscanninger give oplysninger om, hvornår retinale, strukturelle og kognitive ændringer udvikler sig i forhold til hinanden i sygdomsmodeller. Disse undersøgelser kan være nyttige til at identificere neurale degenerationer, der opstår på grund af diabetes. I sidste ende kan dette føre til nye diagnostiske metoder, der effektivt identificerer DR i de tidlige stadier af progression.
OMR og Y-labyrintsystemerne, der bruges til at udvikle denne protokol, er beskrevet i materialetabellen. Tidligere forskning om OMR, af Prusky et al.18, og Y-labyrinten, af Maurice et al.19, blev brugt som udgangspunkt for at udvikle denne protokol.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>OptoMotry HD</td>
			<td>CerebralMechanics Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OMR apparatus &#38; software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Timer</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>810029AR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-Maze apparatus</td>
			<td>San Diego Instruments</td>
			<td>7001-043</td>
			<td>Available specifically for rats</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

behavioral assessment of visual function via optomotor response and cognitive function via y-maze in diabetic rats

Den optomotoriske respons og Y-labyrinten er adfærdstest, der er nyttige til vurdering af henholdsvis visuel og kognitiv funktion. Den optomotoriske respons er et værdifuldt værktøj til at spore ændringer i rumlig frekvens (SF) og kontrast følsomhed (CS) tærskler over tid i en række retinale sygdom modeller, herunder diabetisk retinopati. På samme måde kan Y-labyrinten bruges til at overvåge rumlig kognition (målt ved spontan vekslen) og sonderende adfærd (målt ved en række indgange) i en række sygdomsmodeller, der påvirker centralnervesystemet. Fordelene ved den optomotoriske respons og Y-labyrinten omfatter følsomhed, testhastighed, brug af medfødte reaktioner (træning er ikke nødvendig) og evnen til at blive udført på vågne (ikke-bedøvede) dyr. Her er protokoller beskrevet for både optomotorisk respons og Y-labyrinten og eksempler på deres anvendelse vist i modeller af type I og type II diabetes. Metoder omfatter forberedelse af gnavere og udstyr, udførelsen af optomotorisk respons og Y-labyrinten og dataanalyse efter testen.

OMR betragtes som vellykket, hvis rumlige frekvens- og kontrastfølsomhedstærskler kan opnås fra en gnaver. Her illustreres brugen af OMR til at vurdere rumlig frekvens i naiv kontrol Brown-Norway og Long-Evans rotter, både unge (3-6 måneder) og alderen (9-12 måneder). Brown-Norway rotter viser typisk en højere baseline rumlig frekvens end Long-Evans rotter. Derudover blev der observeret en aldrende effekt på rumlig frekvens hos Long-Evans rotterne (figur 3A). Data blev analyseret ved...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats at JoVE.com

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

Neural degeneration i både øjne og hjerne som følge af diabetes kan observeres gennem adfærdsmæssige tests udført på gnavere. Y-labyrinten, et mål for rumlig kognition, og den optomotoriske respons, et mål for visuel funktion, giver begge indsigt i potentielle diagnoser og behandlinger.

Adfærdsmæssig vurdering af visuel funktion via optomotorisk respons og kognitiv funktion via Y-Maze hos diabetiske rotter

The optomotor response and the Y-maze are behavioral tests useful for assessing visual and cognitive function, respectively. The optomotor response is a ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Assessment of Sensorimotor Function in Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease

Vurdering af sensorimotorisk Funktion i musemodeller af Parkinsons sygdom

Sensitive and  reliable behavioral outcome measures are essential to the evaluation of  potential therapeutic treatments in preclinical trials for many  ...

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

Den Crossmodal Congruency opgave som middel til at opnå et mål Behavioral måling på Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Irrelevante stimuli fra og Action Control: Analysere Indflydelse Ignorerede Stimuli via distraktoren-respons Bindende Paradigm

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

En procedure til at Overhold Kontekst-induceret Fornyelse af Pavlov-condition Alkohol-søger adfærd i rotter

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Knop Supination opgave: En halvautomatisk metode til vurdering af Forelimb funktion i rotter

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials and Electrocorticograms in Response to Nociceptive Laser Stimuli from Freely Moving Rats

Samtidige optagelser af kortikale lokale felt potentialer og Electrocorticograms svar på Nociceptive Laser Stimuli fra frit flytte rotter

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and ...

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Supramaximal intensitet hypoksiske øvelse og vaskulære funktion vurdering i mus

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by ...

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

Undersøge udbredelsen af visuelle opmærksomhed før nøjagtige og gennemsnit Saccades via eyetracking og vurdering af visuelle følsomhed

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we ...

Integrating Visual Psychophysical Assays within a Y-Maze to Isolate the Role that Visual Features Play in Navigational Decisions

Integrering af visuelle psykofysiske assays i en Y-labyrint for at isolere den rolle, som visuelle funktioner spiller i navigationsbeslutninger

Collective animal behavior arises from individual motivations and social interactions that are critical for individual fitness. Fish have long inspired ...

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

Dynamiske digitale biomarkører af motorisk og kognitiv funktion i Parkinsons sygdom

As Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disorder, personalized medicine is truly required to optimize care. In their current form, standard ...