Name: qualitative and comparative cortical activity data analyses from a functional near-infrared spectroscopy experiment applying block design
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这项工作部分得到了日本科学促进会（JSPS）科研资助（C）18K08956和福冈大学中央研究所（第201045号）的资助。

这项研究得到了日本福冈大学机构审查委员会（IRB）的批准（IRB No. 2017M017）。在参与之前，所有患者都提供书面知情同意。
1. 准备 fNIRS 实验
注：本实验使用了多通道连续波激光基NIRS系统。近红外光的波长为780纳米、805纳米和830纳米，采样率为7.8赫兹。时间和空间分辨率（发射光器和探测器探测器之间的距离）分别为0.13 s和3.0厘米。
<ol><li>将 fNIRS 设备...

<ol>
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在我们的 fNIRS 小组分析方法中，除了通过定性 t统计映射执行成像分析方法外，我们还使用比较多通道分析比较干预前与干预后（机器人辅助练习）。在定性分析方面，我们使用 NIRS-SPM 软件作为基于通用线性模型的大规模不变方法。NIRS-SPM 分析通过在任务期间可视化激活区域来显示每个会话的定性结果。此外，非侵入性 3D 数字化器的信息能够估计 fNIRS 通道相对于大脑的位置。使用NIRS-SPM?...

神经康复在感官运动障碍后的功能恢复中起着重要作用。为了澄清神经可塑性相关功能恢复的机制，我们使用了各种神经成像技术，如功能磁共振成像 （fMRI）、负电子发射断层扫描 （PET）、脑电图 （EEG） 和功能近红外光谱 （fNIRS）。不同的成像模式有不同的优点和缺点。虽然fMRI是最典型的设备，它受磁场的影响，具有高成本，高物理限制，和有限的感官运动任务1，2，3，4。fNIRS 设备是一种非侵入性光学神经成像，空间分辨率相对较低，但与 fMRI4相比，它具有更好的时间分辨率。fNIRS在验证治疗效果时是合适的，因为它比较了干预前和干预后的效果，具有动态运动任务，便携，在自然环境中比fMRI1、2、4功能更显著。据报道，NIRS在脑血管疾病、癫痫病、严重脑损伤、帕金森病和认知障碍等领域更为适用。在感官运动任务方面，它广泛应用于步态和站立平衡6、7、8、上肢功能（抓手、手指敲击）8、9、复杂运动技能训练10、11、机器人12、13、14、15和脑-计算机界面16、17、18。fNIRS基于光学神经成像和神经血管耦合原理，测量皮质代谢活动，增加血液流动，从而皮质活性作为次要信号19。据报道，fNIRS信号与血氧水平依赖性fMRI20信号有很强的相关性。连续波 fNIRS 使用修改后的啤酒-兰伯特定律，根据宽带近红外光衰减21、22的测量变化，确定含氧血红蛋白 （HbO2）和脱氧血红蛋白 （HHb） 皮质浓度水平的变化。由于无法使用连续波 NIRS 系统测量微分路径长度因子 （DPF），因此我们假设 DPF 是恒定的，血红蛋白信号变化表示为任意单位毫米 （mM x mm）2，18。
fNIRS 实验需要选择最充分的方法，包括探针设置、实验设计和分析方法。在探针设置方面，EEG测量中采用的国际10-20方法是许多研究人员在神经成像中使用的设定标准。近年来，根据蒙特利尔神经学研究所（MNI）坐标，基于标准大脑的坐标设置被使用。该实验使用块设计，通常用于感官运动任务，以及事件相关设计。这是比较休息和任务期间血红蛋白浓度变化的方法：HbO2 浓度水平增加，HHb 浓度水平随着与任务依赖皮质活动相关的脑血流量变化而降低。虽然有各种分析方法，但 NIRS-SPM 免费软件能够进行类似于 fMRI 统计参数映射 （SPM） 的分析。NIRS 数据的处理使用基于一般线性模型 （GLM） 的大规模不变方法。在执行任务依赖性大脑活动分析时，fNIRS 测量可受脑部和脑外隔间23中唤起或非唤起的神经元活动和全身生理干扰（心率、血压、呼吸速率和自主神经系统活动）的影响。因此，预分析处理、过滤、波转换和主要组件分析是有用的。关于使用 NIRS-SPM 进行数据处理的过滤和人工制品，使用低通滤9 和波段最小描述长度 （Wavelet-MDL）24 去趋势来克服运动或其他噪声/神器来源。有关此分析方法的详细信息，请参阅 Ye 等人25 的报告。虽然只有使用 SPM 的报告，但它只是图像分析的定性指标，由于 NIRS 的空间分辨率较低，因此组分析需要极其谨慎。此外，当 DPF 是恒定的时，不应执行通道和个人之间的数字比较，但可以验证每个通道的变化差异。基于上述条件，为了补充NIRS-SPM组分析结果，在提高空间注册精度后，采用了原有的多通道分析分析方法。这种多渠道分析比较了治疗前后每个通道的 HbO2 和 HHb 水平变化幅度，使用具有固定干预（之前或之后）、固定周期（休息或任务）和随机单个效果的分层混合模型。
这样，有几个fNIRS测量和分析方法：但是，尚未确定标准方法。本文介绍了基于GLM的定性统计参数映射和比较多层次的分层混合模型，利用具有感官运动任务的块设计，分析多通道fNIRS干预前与干预后实验获得的数据。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3D-digitizer software</td>
			<td>TOPCON</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>NS-1000 software ver.1.50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIRS system</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>FOIRE-3000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Robot</td>
			<td>CYBERDYNE</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Single-joint type Hybrid Assitive Limb (HAL-SJ)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

qualitative and comparative cortical activity data analyses from a functional near-infrared spectroscopy experiment applying block design

神经成像研究在评估介入前神经系统疾病（如康复和手术治疗）方面起着关键作用。在用于测量大脑活动的众多神经成像技术中，功能近红外光谱 （fNIRS） 通过测量类似于功能磁共振成像 （fMRI） 的局部血红蛋白水平，能够评估动态皮质活动。此外，由于 fNIRS 中的物理限制较小，可以评估感官运动任务的多个变体。许多实验室已经开发出几种用于fNIRS数据分析的方法：然而，尽管一般原则是相同的，但没有普遍标准化的方法。在这里，我们介绍了使用块设计从多通道 fNIRS 实验中获得的数据的定性和比较分析方法。在定性分析方面，我们使用 NIRS 软件作为基于通用线性模型的大规模不变方法。NIRS-SPM 分析通过在任务期间可视化激活区域来显示每个会话的定性结果。此外，非侵入性三维数字化器可用于估计 fNIRS 通道相对于大脑的位置。为了证实NIRS-SPM的发现，可以通过比较使用多通道分层混合模型从同一研究对象的两个不同会话（干预前后）获得的数据进行统计分析。我们的方法可用于测量各种神经系统疾病（如运动障碍、脑血管疾病和神经精神病）的干预前与干预后分析。

在此，我们介绍了我们团队目前正在研究的机器人辅助康复：急性中风患者上肢运动缺陷的生物反馈效应。我们包括10名同意中风患者（平均年龄：66.8岁±12.0岁;两名妇女和8名男子）住进我们医院。在下肢中风阶段，在发病后2周多，我们使用fNIRS系统评估了这些患者在同一天上肢机器人辅助康复前后与运动相关的皮质活动。关于块设计任务，他们在每个任务周期中在 15s 内...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design at JoVE.com

Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design

我们使用具有感官运动任务的块设计描述连续波功能近红外光谱实验的分析。为提高数据分析的可靠性，我们采用了基于定性的一般线性模型统计参数映射和多通道比较分层混合模型。

功能近红外光谱实验应用块设计的定性和比较皮质活动数据分析

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

使用近红外光谱MazeSuite和功能研究学习空间导航

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments1. MazeSuite can be used to design and edit adapted ...

科研

神经科学

Functional Calcium Imaging in Developing Cortical Networks

在开发皮层网络功能钙成像

A hallmark pattern of activity in developing nervous systems is spontaneous, synchronized network activity. Synchronized activity has been observed in ...

Recording Human Electrocorticographic (ECoG) Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

神经科学的研究和实时功能皮层映射记录人力Electrocorticographic（ECOG）信号

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), ...

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex

同时脑电图，实时测量的啮齿动物的大脑皮质中的神经元活动的乳酸浓度与Optogenetic的操作

Although the brain represents less than 5% of the body  by mass, it utilizes approximately one quarter of the glucose used by the body  at rest1. The ...

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

利用功能近红外光谱成像技术研究全球儿童发展: 农村撒哈拉以南非洲地区的神经影像场方法

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in ...

Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

利用功能近红外光谱进行超扫描实验

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding ...

Using Near-infrared Fluorescence and High-resolution Scanning to Measure Protein Expression in the Rodent Brain

近红外荧光和高分辨率扫描测量啮齿类动物大脑中蛋白质的表达

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study ...

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task

使用 Flanker 任务进行并发脑电图和功能近红外光谱记录

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by ...

Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus

在河马区文特尔区谷氨酸终端的 Vivo 解剖和功能跟踪组合

Optogenetic modulation of neuron sub-populations in the brain has allowed researchers to dissect neural circuits in vivo and ex vivo. This provides a ...

Reliable Acquisition of Electroencephalography Data during Simultaneous Electroencephalography and Functional MRI

同时脑电图和功能 MRI 期间的可靠脑成像数据获取

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), EEG-fMRI, combines the complementary properties of scalp EEG ...