Name: pcr mutagenesis, cloning, expression, fast protein purification protocols and crystallization of the wild type and mutant forms of tryptophan synthase
Uploaded: 2020-09-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about PCR Mutagenesis, Cloning, Expression, Fast Protein Purification Protocols and Crystallization of the Wild Type and Mutant Forms of Tryptophan Synthase at JoVE

Dette arbeidet ble støttet av US National Institute of Health (GM097569).

1. Rask protokoll for å rense α- og β-underenhet og rekombinert α2β2StTS-komplekset
<ol><li>DNA-subkluering i pETSUMO-uttrykksvektor<ol><li>Få oversettelsesbindende gen (trpA og trpB) som koder α- og β-underenheter av tryptofansyntase fra bakterien Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium klonet i pEBA-10 uttrykksvektor22. Bruk pEBA-10 vektor som en DNA-mal. MERK: Alternativt kan de oppførte primerne nedenfor brukes ti...

<ol>
	<li>Miles, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tryptophan+synthase:+a+multienzyme+complex+with+an+intramolecular+tunnel.">Tryptophan synthase: a multienzyme complex with an intramolecular tunnel.</a> Chemical Record. 1 (2), 140-151 (2001).</li><li>Raboni, S., Bettati, S., Mozzarelli, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tryptophan+synthase:+a+mine+for+enzymologists.">Tryptophan synthase: a mine for enzymologists.</a> Cellular and Molecular Life. 66 (14), 2391-2403 (2009).</li><li>Dunn, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allosteric+regulation+of+substrate+channeling+and+catalysis+in+the+tryptophan+synthase+bienzyme+complex.">Allosteric regulation of substrate channeling and catalysis in the tryptophan synthase bienzyme complex.</a> Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 519 (2), 154-166 (2012).</li><li>Chaudhary, K., Roos, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protozoan+genomics+for+drug+discovery.">Protozoan genomics for drug discovery.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 23 (9), 1089-1091 (2005).</li><li>Caldwell, H. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymorphisms+in+Chlamydia+trachomatis+tryptophan+synthase+genes+differentiate+between+genital+and+ocular+isolates.">Polymorphisms in Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase genes differentiate between genital and ocular isolates.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 111 (11), 1757-1769 (2003).</li><li>Kulik, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+structural+basis+of+the+catalytic+mechanism+and+the+regulation+of+the+alpha+subunit+of+tryptophan+synthase+from+Salmonella+typhimurium+and+BX1+from+maize,+two+evolutionarily+related+enzymes.">On the structural basis of the catalytic mechanism and the regulation of the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase from Salmonella typhimurium and BX1 from maize, two evolutionarily related enzymes.</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 352 (3), 608-620 (2005).</li><li>Barends, T. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+mechanistic+implications+of+a+tryptophan+synthase+quinonoid+intermediate.">Structure and mechanistic implications of a tryptophan synthase quinonoid intermediate.</a> Chembiochem. 9 (7), 1024-1028 (2008).</li><li>Hatanaka, M., White, E. A., Horibata, K., Crawford, I. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+study+of+the+catalytic+properties+of+Escherichia+coli+tryptophan+synthetase,+a+two-component+enzyme.">A study of the catalytic properties of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase, a two-component enzyme.</a> Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 97, 596-606 (1962).</li><li>Henning, U., Helinski, D. R., Chao, F. C., Yanofsky, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+A+protein+of+the+tryptophan+synthetase+of+Escherichia+coli.+Purification,+crystallization,+and+composition+studies.">The A protein of the tryptophan synthetase of Escherichia coli. Purification, crystallization, and composition studies.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 237, 1523-1530 (1962).</li><li>Wilson, D. A., Crawford, I. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+properties+of+the+B+component+of+Escherichia+coli+tryptophan+synthetase.">Purification and properties of the B component of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 240 (12), 4801-4808 (1965).</li><li>Adachi, O., Miles, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+method+for+preparing+crystalline+beta+2+subunit+of+tryptophan+synthetase+of+Escherichia+coli+in+high+yield.">A rapid method for preparing crystalline beta 2 subunit of tryptophan synthetase of Escherichia coli in high yield.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 249 (17), 5430-5434 (1974).</li><li>Adachi, O., Kohn, L. D., Miles, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystalline+alpha2+beta2+complexes+of+tryptophan+synthetase+of+Escherichia+coli.+A+comparison+between+the+native+complex+and+the+reconstituted+complex.">Crystalline alpha2 beta2 complexes of tryptophan synthetase of Escherichia coli. A comparison between the native complex and the reconstituted complex.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 249 (24), 7756-7763 (1974).</li><li>Higgins, W., Fairwell, T., Miles, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+active+proteolytic+derivative+of+the+alpha+subunit+of+tryptophan+synthase.+Identification+of+the+site+of+cleavage+and+characterization+of+the+fragments.">An active proteolytic derivative of the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase. Identification of the site of cleavage and characterization of the fragments.</a> Biochemistry. 18 (22), 4827-4835 (1979).</li><li>Ahmed, S. A., Miles, E. W., Davies, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystallization+and+preliminary+X-ray+crystallographic+data+of+the+tryptophan+synthase+alpha+2+beta+2+complex+from+Salmonella+typhimurium.">Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic data of the tryptophan synthase alpha 2 beta 2 complex from Salmonella typhimurium.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 260 (6), 3716-3718 (1985).</li><li>Miles, E. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+beta+subunit+of+tryptophan+synthase.+Clarification+of+the+roles+of+histidine+86,+lysine+87,+arginine+148,+cysteine+170,+and+cysteine+230.">The beta subunit of tryptophan synthase. Clarification of the roles of histidine 86, lysine 87, arginine 148, cysteine 170, and cysteine 230.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (11), 6280-6287 (1989).</li><li>Rhee, S., Parris, K. D., Ahmed, S. A., Miles, E. W., Davies, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exchange+of+K++or+Cs++for+Na++induces+local+and+long-range+changes+in+the+three-dimensional+structure+of+the+tryptophan+synthase+alpha2beta2+complex.">Exchange of K+ or Cs+ for Na+ induces local and long-range changes in the three-dimensional structure of the tryptophan synthase alpha2beta2 complex.</a> Biochemistry. 35 (13), 4211-4221 (1996).</li><li>Rhee, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystal+structures+of+a+mutant+(betaK87T)+tryptophan+synthase+alpha2beta2+complex+with+ligands+bound+to+the+active+sites+of+the+alpha-+and+beta-subunits+reveal+ligand-induced+conformational+changes.">Crystal structures of a mutant (betaK87T) tryptophan synthase alpha2beta2 complex with ligands bound to the active sites of the alpha- and beta-subunits reveal ligand-induced conformational changes.</a> Biochemistry. 36 (25), 7664-7680 (1997).</li><li>Schneider, T. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loop+closure+and+intersubunit+communication+in+tryptophan+synthase.">Loop closure and intersubunit communication in tryptophan synthase.</a> Biochemistry. 37 (16), 5394-5406 (1998).</li><li>Rhee, S., Miles, E. W., Davies, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryo-crystallography+of+a+true+substrate,+indole-3-glycerol+phosphate,+bound+to+a+mutant+(alphaD60N)+tryptophan+synthase+alpha2beta2+complex+reveals+the+correct+orientation+of+active+site+alphaGlu49.">Cryo-crystallography of a true substrate, indole-3-glycerol phosphate, bound to a mutant (alphaD60N) tryptophan synthase alpha2beta2 complex reveals the correct orientation of active site alphaGlu49.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (15), 8553-8555 (1998).</li><li>Weyand, M., Schlichting, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystal+structure+of+wild-type+tryptophan+synthase+complexed+with+the+natural+substrate+indole-3-glycerol+phosphate.">Crystal structure of wild-type tryptophan synthase complexed with the natural substrate indole-3-glycerol phosphate.</a> Biochemistry. 38 (50), 16469-16480 (1999).</li><li>Sachpatzidis, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystallographic+studies+of+phosphonate-based+alpha-reaction+transition-state+analogues+complexed+to+tryptophan+synthase.">Crystallographic studies of phosphonate-based alpha-reaction transition-state analogues complexed to tryptophan synthase.</a> Biochemistry. 38 (39), 12665-12674 (1999).</li><li>Yang, L. H., Ahmed, S. A., Miles, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PCR+mutagenesis+and+overexpression+of+tryptophan+synthase+from+Salmonella+typhimurium:+On+the+roles+of+beta+(2)+subunit+Lys-382.">PCR mutagenesis and overexpression of tryptophan synthase from Salmonella typhimurium: On the roles of beta (2) subunit Lys-382.</a> Protein Expression and Purification. 8 (2), 126-136 (1996).</li><li>Green, M. R., Sambrook, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. , (2012).</li><li>Lowry, O. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+Measurement+with+the+Folin+Phenol+Reagent.">Protein Measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 193 (1), 265-275 (1951).</li><li>Laemmli, U. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cleavage+of+structural+proteins+during+the+assembly+of+the+head+of+bacteriophage+T4.">Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4.</a> Nature. 227 (5259), 680-685 (1970).</li><li>Kawasaki, H., Bauerle, R., Zon, G., Ahmed, S. A., Miles, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Site-specific+mutagenesis+of+the+alpha+subunit+of+tryptophan+synthase+from+Salmonella+typhimurium.+Changing+arginine+179+to+leucine+alters+the+reciprocal+transmission+of+substrate-induced+conformational+changes+between+the+alpha+and+beta+2+subunits.">Site-specific mutagenesis of the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase from Salmonella typhimurium. Changing arginine 179 to leucine alters the reciprocal transmission of substrate-induced conformational changes between the alpha and beta 2 subunits.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 262 (22), 10678-10683 (1987).</li><li>Battye, T. G., Kontogiannis, L., Johnson, O., Powell, H. R., Leslie, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=iMOSFLM:+a+new+graphical+interface+for+diffraction-image+processing+with+MOSFLM.">iMOSFLM: a new graphical interface for diffraction-image processing with MOSFLM.</a> Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology. 67, 271-281 (2011).</li><li>Evans, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scaling+and+Assessment+of+Data+Quality.">Scaling and Assessment of Data Quality.</a> Acta Crystallographica Section D-Biological Crystallography. 62, 72-82 (2006).</li><li>Winn, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+the+CCP4+suite+and+current+developments.">Overview of the CCP4 suite and current developments.</a> Acta Crystallographica Section D-Biological Crystallography. 67, 235-242 (2011).</li><li>Vagin, A., Teplyakov, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+replacement+with+MOLREP.">Molecular replacement with MOLREP.</a> Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology. 66, 22-25 (2010).</li><li>Adams, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PHENIX:+a+comprehensive+Python-based+system+for+macromolecular+structure+solution.">PHENIX: a comprehensive Python-based system for macromolecular structure solution.</a> Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology. 66, 213-221 (2010).</li><li>Emsley, P., Lohkamp, B., Scott, W. G., Cowtan, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Features+and+development+of+Coot.">Features and development of Coot.</a> Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology. 66, 486-501 (2010).</li><li>Murshudov, G. N., Vagin, A. A., Dodson, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Refinement+of+macromolecular+structures+by+the+maximum-likelihood+method.">Refinement of macromolecular structures by the maximum-likelihood method.</a> Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology. 53, 240-255 (1997).</li><li>Afonine, P. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+automated+crystallographic+structure+refinement+with+phenix.refine.">Towards automated crystallographic structure refinement with phenix.refine.</a> Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology. 68, 352-367 (2012).</li><li>Matthews, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solvent+content+of+protein+crystals.">Solvent content of protein crystals.</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 33 (2), 491-497 (1968).</li><li>Kantardjieff, K. A., Matthews Rupp, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=coefficient+probabilities:+Improved+estimates+for+unit+cell+contents+of+proteins,+DNA,+and+protein-nucleic+acid+complex+crystals.">coefficient probabilities: Improved estimates for unit cell contents of proteins, DNA, and protein-nucleic acid complex crystals.</a> Protein Science. 12 (9), 1865-1871 (2003).</li></ol>

Vi har vellykket konstruert mutantform α2β2 βQ114A, α2β2 βK167T, og α2β2 βS377A StTS-komplekser for strukturfunksjonskorrelasjonsstudier. I utgangspunktet har vi forsøkt å rense mutantene ved hjelp av en tidligere renselsesprotokoll22, som krever α2β2StTS kompleks krystallisering med PEG 8000 og spermin under rensing. Selv om krystalliseringshastigheten avhenger av mutantformen og...

Tryptofan syntase (TS) bienzymekomplekset (α2β2) er et allosterisk enzym, katalyserer de to siste trinnene i biosyntesen av aminosyren L-Tryptofan i bakterier, planter og sopp1,2,3. Bakterie Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (St) forårsaker en alvorlig gastrointestinal infeksjon hos mennesker og andre dyr. Siden mennesker og høyere dyr ikke har TS (EC 4.2.1.20), hemming av S. typhimurium α2β2 TS-kompleks (α2β2StTS) har blitt utforsket som et potensielt legemiddelmål for behandling av kryptosporidiose og tuberkulose4, kjønns- og okulære infeksjoner5, og for potensiell herbicidutnyttelse ilandbruket 6. Den α-subenhet katalyserer den aldolytiske spaltingen av indole-3-glyserol-fosfat (IGP) til glyseraldehyd-3-fosfat (GAP) og indole, gjennom dannelsen av en indolenin tautomer mellomliggende og deretter karbonkarbonbinding spalting for å produsere GAP og indole3,6. Det β-katalytiske stedet inneholder et pyridoksalt 5′-fosfat (PLP) kofaktormolekyl bundet til β-Lys87 via en Schiff-base, som fungerer som en elektron vask i løpet av reaksjonene ved enzymet β-subenhet3,7. Det β stedet katalyserer utskifting av L-Serine sidekjedehydroksyl med indole for å gi L-Tryptophan og et vannmolekyl i en PLP-avhengig reaksjon. St TS fungerer som en langvarig modell for undersøkelse av substratkanal og allosterisk kommunikasjon innen multienzymkomplekser2,3. Toveis allosterisk kommunikasjon mellom α- og β-underenheter av TS er nødvendig for å synkronisere katalytiske trinn og forhindre indole-frigjøring under L-Tryptophan syntese3. For å utvide denne innsatsen har vi forberedt flere mutanter (β-Gln114Ala, β-Lys167Thr og β-Ser377Ala) ved enkeltpunktmutasjon som skal brukes i videre undersøkelser av forholdet mellom enzymstruktur, mekanisme og funksjon på det katalytiske stedet til StTS-β-underenheten.
Detaljert forskning på den katalytiske mekanismen til α2β2StTS ble initiert av forskningsgruppen Edith W. Miles. Tidlige studier med innfødt Escherichia coli α2β2 TS-komplekset har fokusert på rensing og karakterisering av den isolerte α-subenhet8,9, isolert β-subenhet10,11 og rekonstituering av α2β2 TS-komplekset fra de isolerte underenhetene12. Rensing ble utført av ammoniumsulfatutfelling, prøvedialyse, DEAE-Sephadex-kromatografi, dialyse og en andre kromatografisk runde på en DEAE-Sephadex kolonne12. I en annen protokoll ble rensingen av det samme komplekset forbedret ved å laste inn det avklarte cellelysatet på en DEAE-Sephadex-kolonne etterfulgt av et kromatografisk trinn på en Sepharose 4B-kolonne, ammoniumsulfatutfelling og dialyse13. Begge renseprotokollene varer i 4-5 dager. Escherichia coli α2β2 TS kompleks krystallisert, men krystaller var ikke egnet for røntgendiffraksjon på den tiden.
I en ny studie ble rekombinante og ville type former for S. typhimurium α2β2 TS-komplekset renset og krystallisert14,15. Det rekombinante α2β2StTS-komplekset ble overekspressert i E. coli-stammen CB149 med pEBA-10-uttrykksvektoren. Innledende krystallisering og røntgendiffraksjonsdatainnsamling og analyse av α2β2StTS-komplekset ble rapportert14. Men lang og tynn nål som α2β2StTS krystaller svekket strukturelle studier. I et forsøk på å samle inn bedre røntgendiffraksjonsdata, ble en annen renselsesprotokoll beskrevet for å rense den ville typen og mutantformene til α2β2StTS-komplekset15. Rensing ble utført med en innledende nedbør ved hjelp av spermin og PEG 8000 i den avklarte cellelysen og et stort klumpete bunnfall ble fjernet ved sentrifugering. Den supernatante fraksjonen som inneholder høye mengder α2β2StTS-komplekset ble lagret i 16-48 timer ved 4 °C til gule krystaller ble utfelt. Krystaller ble vasket og omfattende dialysert mot forskjellige buffere. Proteinkomplekset ble rekrystallisert i buffer som inneholder ammoniumsulfat og dialysert15. Selv om proteinkrystallisering avhenger av protein- og utfellingskonsentrasjoner i oppløsning, er det vanskelig å overvåke, forutsi og reprodusere rensing for andre mutante former for α2β2StTS-kompleks i løsningen. Denne protokollen har fordelen at den ikke bruker noen kromatografiske metoder; Ulempene er imidlertid den lange rensetiden som er nødvendig for å krystallisere, dialyze og rekrystallisere, som vanligvis krever 5-7 dager. For å få krystaller som er egnet for innsamling av røntgendata, mer enn 600 krystalliseringsbetingelser ble evaluert ved hjelp av en kombinasjon og variasjon av proteinkonsentrasjon, temperatur, utfellingsmidler (PEG 4000, 6000 og 8000) og tilsetningsstoffer (CaCl2, MnCl2, ZnCl2, kadaverin, putrescin, spermin eller spermidin)15. Krystaller hadde en bedre krystallinsk form og vokste raskere under forhold som inneholder 12% PEG 8000 og 2 mM spermin. Krystallisering var gunstigere ved 25 °C i stedet for ved 4, 30 eller 42 °C og vokste til maksimale dimensjoner innen 3 dager15. Flere α2β2StTS krystallstrukturer ble rapportert på den tiden (1996-1999)16,17,18,19,20,21 og mange andre strukturer har blitt publisert til dags dato.
Her er hovedformålet å presentere alternative protokoller for å rense tryptofan syntase og optimalisere proteinkrystallisering. Det nåværende arbeidet viser betydelige forbedringer for å rense den ville typen isolert α-subenhet (αStTS), isolert β-underenhet (βStTS), rekonstituert α2β2StTS-kompleks fra de isolerte underenhetene, og villtype og mutantformer av α2β2StTS-komplekset. Fordelene i forhold til tidligere protokoller er betydelige siden rensetiden ble redusert betydelig og krystallisering og kryobeskyttelse ble optimalisert. Mutante former for α2β2StTS-kompleks konstruert i dette arbeidet har krystallisert nær samme tilstand som brukes til villtypeformen. Imidlertid var fin krystalliseringsoptimalisering nødvendig for å oppnå store enkeltkrystaller av tilstrekkelig kvalitet for strukturbestemmelse ved nær atomoppløsning. Til dags dato er det 134 tryptofan synthase krystallstrukturer deponert i Protein Data Bank (PDB), regnskap 101, 31 og 2 krystallstrukturer, henholdsvis for bakterier, arkaea og eukaryote. Pent tilhører 73 strukturer S. enterica serovar typhimurium og 5 krystallstrukturer av α2β2StTS-komplekset har oppløsningsgrenser høyere enn 1,50 Angstroms. Ikke overraskende ble det utarbeidet 4 av 5 i vår forskningsgruppe (PDB IDs:5CGQ at 1.18 Å, 4HT3 at 1.30 Å, 4HPJ at 1.45 Å, 6DZ4 at 1.45 Å resolution). De raffinerte krystallstrukturene til mutantformen av α2β2StTS-komplekset forventes å gi ny innsikt i mekanismen og rollene som spilles av essensielle aminosyrerester involvert i L-Tryptofan syntese.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL 10 kDa filter</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>UFC901024</td>
			<td>centrifugal filter unit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL 100 kDa filter</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>UFC910024</td>
			<td>centrifugal filter unit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL cryogenic vials</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS430489</td>
			<td>Cryogenic vials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-408-141</td>
			<td>microcentrifuge tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well Cryschem Plate</td>
			<td>Hampton Research</td>
			<td>HR3-158</td>
			<td>24-well sitting drop plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>O3446I-100</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL centrifuge conical tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>12-565-270</td>
			<td>centrifuge conical tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AB15 ACCUMET Basic</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-636-AB15</td>
			<td>pH meter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1356-100</td>
			<td>Agarose gel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ammonium sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A702-500</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1760-5</td>
			<td>Antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacterial incubator</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S35836</td>
			<td>incubator.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BamHI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0136S</td>
			<td>Restriction enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bicine</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP2646100</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Branson 450 Digital Sonifier</td>
			<td>Brason</td>
			<td>B450</td>
			<td>Cell disruptor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cesium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP210-100</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cesium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>AC213601000</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloramphenicol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP904-100</td>
			<td>Antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D1391</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dithiothreitol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP172-5</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>F530S</td>
			<td>HF polymerase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTP Set</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10-297-018</td>
			<td>dNTPs set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EcoRI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0101S</td>
			<td>Restriction enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S311-100</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td height="42">Excella E25R Orbital Shaker</td>
			<td>Eppendorf New Brunswick</td>
			<td>M1353-0004</td>
			<td>Orbital incubator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GE AKTA Prime Plus</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>8149-30-0004</td>
			<td>FPLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel Extraction Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>K210012</td>
			<td>DNA purification kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>G33-500</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HindIII</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0104S</td>
			<td>Restriction enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>His-Trap columns</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>GE17-5255-01</td>
			<td>5 mL Histrap column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>imidazole</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>O3196-500</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IPTG</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>R0392</td>
			<td>Inducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kanamycin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP906-5</td>
			<td>Antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kelvinator Series-100</td>
			<td>Kelvinator</td>
			<td>discontinued</td>
			<td>Ultra low freezer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB broth</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1426-500</td>
			<td>Liquid broth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luria Bertani agar</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1425-2</td>
			<td>Solid broth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S271-500</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NcoI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0193S</td>
			<td>Restriction enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ni-NTA affinity beads</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>R90115</td>
			<td>Ni-NTA agarose beads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEG 8000</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP233-100</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>44-865-0</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pyridoxal phosphate</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>AC228170010</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S-200 HR</td>
			<td>Cytiva</td>
			<td>45-000-196</td>
			<td>Size exclusion column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SacI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0156S</td>
			<td>Restriction enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S318-100</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorvall RC-5B centrifuge</td>
			<td>Sorvall</td>
			<td>8327-30-1004</td>
			<td>Floor cetrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spermine</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>AC132750010</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superdex 200 prep grade</td>
			<td>Cytiva</td>
			<td>45-002-491</td>
			<td>Size exclusion column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA ligase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0202S</td>
			<td>DNA liagse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP152-500</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ubl-specific protease 1</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>12588018</td>
			<td>SUMO Protease</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

pcr mutagenesis, cloning, expression, fast protein purification protocols and crystallization of the wild type and mutant forms of tryptophan synthase

Strukturelle studier med tryptofan synthase (TS) bienzymekompleks (α2β2 TS) fra Salmonella typhimurium har blitt utført for å bedre forstå sin katalytiske mekanisme, allosterisk oppførsel og detaljer om den enzymatiske transformasjonen av substrat til produkt i PLP-avhengige enzymer. I dette arbeidet tillot et nytt uttrykkssystem for å produsere de isolerte α- og isolerte β-underenhet rensing av høye mengder rene underenheter og α2β2StTS-komplekset fra de isolerte underenhetene innen 2 dager. Rensing ble utført av affinitetskromatografi etterfulgt av spalting av affinitetstaggen, ammoniumsulfatutfelling og størrelseseksklusjonskromatografi (SEC). For bedre å forstå rollen som viktige rester ved enzymet β stedet, ble steds-direkte mutagenese utført i tidligere strukturelle studier. En annen protokoll ble opprettet for å rense den ville typen og mutanten α2β2StTS-komplekser. En enkel, rask og effektiv protokoll ved hjelp av ammoniumsulfatfraksjonering og SEC tillot rensing av α2β2StTS-kompleks på en enkelt dag. Begge renseprotokollene beskrevet i dette arbeidet har betydelige fordeler sammenlignet med tidligere protokoller for å rense det samme komplekset ved hjelp av PEG 8000 og spermin for å krystallisere α2β2StTS-komplekset langs renselsesprotokollen. Krystallisering av vill type og noen mutante former skjer under litt forskjellige forhold, svekker rensingen av noen mutanter ved hjelp av PEG 8000 og spermin. For å forberede krystaller egnet for røntgenkrystallografiske studier ble det gjort flere anstrengelser for å optimalisere krystallisering, krystallkvalitet og kryoproteksjon. Metodene som presenteres her bør generelt gjelde for rensing av tryptofan synthase underenheter og vill type og mutant α2β2StTS komplekser.

Rensing av α- og β-underenheter av tryptofansyntase Den α-underenheten (αStTS) og β-subenheten (βStTS) av Salmonella typhimurium tryptofan synthase ble subklonert i den modifiserte pET SUMO-vektoren. Figur 1A viser representative SDS-PAGE-resultater av to sterke bånd som tilsvarer fusjonsproteinet His6-SUMO-αStTS (lane αON) og His6-SU...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about PCR Mutagenesis, Cloning, Expression, Fast Protein Purification Protocols and Crystallization of the Wild Type and Mutant Forms of Tryptophan Synthase at JoVE

PCR Mutagenesis, Cloning, Expression, Fast Protein Purification Protocols and Crystallization of the Wild Type and Mutant Forms of Tryptophan Synthase

Denne artikkelen presenterer en rekke påfølgende metoder for uttrykk og rensing av Salmonella typhimurium tryptofan synthase comp denne protokollen et raskt system for å rense proteinkomplekset på en dag. Dekkede metoder er stedsstyrt mutagenese, proteinuttrykk i Escherichia coli, affinitetskromatografi, gelfiltreringskromatografi og krystallisering.

PCR Mutagenesis, Kloning, Uttrykk, Rask Protein Rensing Protokoller og Krystallisering av Wild Type og Mutant Former for Tryptophan Synthase

Structural studies with tryptophan synthase (TS) bienzyme complex (&#945;2&#946;2 TS) from Salmonella typhimurium have been performed to better understand ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Thermostabilization, Expression, Purification, and Crystallization of the Human Serotonin Transporter Bound to S-citalopram

Thermostabilization, Expression, Purification, and Crystallization of the Human Serotonin Transporter Bound to S-citalopram

Thermostabilization, Expression, Rensing, og Krystallisering av Human Serotonin Transporter Bound til<em&gt; S</em&gt; -citalopram

The serotonin transporter is a sodium and chloride-coupled transporter that &#34;pumps&#34; extracellular serotonin into cells. S-citalopram is a drug ...

Expression, Purification, and Antimicrobial Activity of S100A12

Ekspresjon, rensing og antimikrobiell aktivitet av S100A12

Calgranulin proteins are important mediators of innate immunity and are members of the S100 class of the EF-hand family of calcium binding proteins. Some ...

Recombinant Protein Expression, Crystallization, and Biophysical Studies of a Bacillus-conserved Nucleotide Pyrophosphorylase, BcMazG

Recombinant Protein Expression, Crystallization, and Biophysical Studies of a Bacillus-conserved Nucleotide Pyrophosphorylase, BcMazG

Rekombinant Proteinuttrykk, Krystallisering og Biofysiske Studier av a<em&gt; Bacillus</em&gt; -konserverte nukleotidpyrofosforylase, BcMazG

To overcome safety restrictions and regulations when studying genes and proteins from true pathogens, their homologues can be studied. Bacillus anthracis ...

Automated Protocols for Macromolecular Crystallization at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology

Automatisert protokoller for Macromolecular krystallisering ved MRC molekylærbiologi

When high quality crystals are obtained that diffract X-rays, the crystal structure may be solved at near atomic resolution. The conditions to crystallize ...

Expression and Purification of Mammalian Bestrophin Ion Channels

Uttrykk og rensing av pattedyr Bestrophin Ion kanaler

The human genome encodes four bestrophin paralogs, namely BEST1, BEST2, BEST3, and BEST4. BEST1, encoded by the BEST1 gene, is a Ca2+-activated Cl- ...

Caffeine Extraction, Enzymatic Activity and Gene Expression of Caffeine Synthase from Plant Cell Suspensions

Koffein utvinning, enzymatisk aktivitet og genuttrykk av koffein syntase fra anlegget celle suspensjoner

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a purine alkaloid present in popular drinks such as coffee and tea. This secondary metabolite is regarded as a ...

Expression, Solubilization, and Purification of Eukaryotic Borate Transporters

Uttrykk, Solubilization og rensing av eukaryote Borate transportører

The Solute Carrier 4 (SLC4) family of proteins is called the bicarbonate transporters and includes the archetypal protein Anion Exchanger 1 (AE1, also ...

Expression and Purification of Nuclease-Free Oxygen Scavenger Protocatechuate 3,4-Dioxygenase

Uttrykk og rensing av Nuklease-gratis Oxygen renovasjons Protocatechuate 3, 4-Dioxygenase

Single molecule (SM) microscopy is used in the study of dynamic molecular interactions of fluorophore labeled biomolecules in real time. However, ...

Expression, Purification, Crystallization, and Enzyme Assays of Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase Domain-Containing Proteins

Uttrykk, rensing, krystallisering, og enzym analyser av Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase domene-inneholdende proteiner

Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) domain-containing proteins (FAHD) are identified members of the FAH superfamily in eukaryotes. Enzymes of this ...

High-Throughput Screening for Protein Crystallization

High-Throughput Screening to Obtain Crystal Hits for Protein Crystallography

High-Throughput Screening to Obtain Crystal Hits for Protein Crystallography (Video) | JoVE 

Høy gjennomstrømningsscreening for å oppnå krystalltreff for proteinkrystallografi

X-ray crystallography is the most commonly employed technique to discern macromolecular structures, but the crucial step of crystallizing a protein into ...