Name: coculture of axotomized rat retinal ganglion neurons with olfactory ensheathing glia, as an in vitro model of adult axonal regeneration
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Coculture of Axotomized Rat Retinal Ganglion Neurons with Olfactory Ensheathing Glia, as an In Vitro Model of Adult Axonal Regeneration at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet økonomisk af projektet SAF2017-82736-C2-1-R fra Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación til MTM-F og af Fundación Universidad Francisco de Vitoria til JS.

BEMÆRK: Dyreforsøg blev godkendt af nationale og institutionelle bioetiske komitéer.
1. ihOEG (Ts12 og Ts14) kultur
BEMÆRK: Denne procedure udføres under sterile forhold i et biosikkerhedsskab til vævskultur.
<ol><li>Forbered 50 mL ME10 OEG-kulturmedium som angivet i tabel 1.</li>
	<li>Der fremstilles 5 mL DMEM/F12-FBS, som anført i tabel 1,i et konisk rør på 15 mL.</li>
	<li>Varm begge medier ved 37 °C i et rent vandbad...

<ol>
	<li>Kanno, H., Pearse, D. D., Ozawa, H., Itoi, E., Bunge, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Schwann+cell+transplantation+for+spinal+cord+injury+repair:+Its+significant+therapeutic+potential+and+prospectus.">Schwann cell transplantation for spinal cord injury repair: Its significant therapeutic potential and prospectus.</a> Reviews in the Neurosciences. 26 (2), 121-128 (2015).</li><li>Assinck, P., Duncan, G. J., Hilton, B. J., Plemel, J. R., Tetzlaff, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+transplantation+therapy+for+spinal+cord+injury.">Cell transplantation therapy for spinal cord injury.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 20 (5), 637-647 (2017).</li><li>Lindsay, S. L., Toft, A., Griffin, J., Emraja, A. M. M., Barnett, S. C., Riddell, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+olfactory+mesenchymal+stromal+cell+transplants+promote+remyelination+and+earlier+improvement+in+gait+coordination+after+spinal+cord+injury.">Human olfactory mesenchymal stromal cell transplants promote remyelination and earlier improvement in gait coordination after spinal cord injury.</a> Glia. 65 (4), 639-656 (2017).</li><li>Moreno-Flores, M. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+clonal+cell+line+from+immortalized+olfactory+ensheathing+glia+promotes+functional+recovery+in+the+injured+spinal+cord.">A clonal cell line from immortalized olfactory ensheathing glia promotes functional recovery in the injured spinal cord.</a> Molecular Therapy. 13 (3), 598-608 (2006).</li><li>Gilmour, A. D., Reshamwala, R., Wright, A. A., Ekberg, J. A. K., St. John, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimizing+olfactory+ensheathing+cell+transplantation+for+spinal+cord+injury+repair.">Optimizing olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation for spinal cord injury repair.</a> Journal of Neurotrauma. 37 (5), 817-829 (2020).</li><li>Barraud, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+crest+origin+of+olfactory+ensheathing+glia.">Neural crest origin of olfactory ensheathing glia.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107, 21040-21045 (2010).</li><li>Su, Z., He, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+ensheathing+cells:+biology+in+neural+development+and+regeneration.">Olfactory ensheathing cells: biology in neural development and regeneration.</a> Progress in Neurobiology. 92 (4), 517-532 (2010).</li><li>Yao, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+ensheathing+cells+for+spinal+cord+injury:+sniffing+out+the+issues.">Olfactory ensheathing cells for spinal cord injury: sniffing out the issues.</a> Cell Transplant. 27 (6), 879-889 (2018).</li><li>G&#243;mez, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+therapy+for+spinal+cord+injury+with+olfactory+ensheathing+glia+cells+(OECs).">Cell therapy for spinal cord injury with olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs).</a> Glia. 66 (7), 1267-1301 (2018).</li><li>Plant, G. W., Harvey, A. R., Leaver, S. G., Lee, S. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+ensheathing+glia:+repairing+injury+to+the+mammalian+visual+system.">Olfactory ensheathing glia: repairing injury to the mammalian visual system.</a> Experimental Neurology. 229 (1), 99-108 (2011).</li><li>Xue, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplanted+olfactory+ensheathing+cells+restore+retinal+function+in+a+rat+model+of+light-induced+retinal+damage+by+inhibiting+oxidative+stress.">Transplanted olfactory ensheathing cells restore retinal function in a rat model of light-induced retinal damage by inhibiting oxidative stress.</a> Oncotarget. 8 (54), 93087-93102 (2017).</li><li>Pastrana, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes+associated+with+adult+axon+regeneration+promoted+by+olfactory+ensheathing+cells:+a+new+role+for+matrix+metalloproteinase+2.">Genes associated with adult axon regeneration promoted by olfactory ensheathing cells: a new role for matrix metalloproteinase 2.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 26, 5347-5359 (2006).</li><li>Pastrana, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BDNF+production+by+olfactory+ensheathing+cells+contributes+to+axonal+regeneration+of+cultured+adult+CNS+neurons.">BDNF production by olfactory ensheathing cells contributes to axonal regeneration of cultured adult CNS neurons.</a> Neurochemistry International. 50, 491-498 (2007).</li><li>Sim&#243;n, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+plasminogen+activator+inhibitor-1+by+olfactory+ensheathing+glia+promotes+axonal+regeneration.">Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by olfactory ensheathing glia promotes axonal regeneration.</a> Glia. 59, 1458-1471 (2011).</li><li>Lim, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversibly+immortalized+human+olfactory+ensheathing+glia+from+an+elderly+donor+maintain+neuroregenerative+capacity.">Reversibly immortalized human olfactory ensheathing glia from an elderly donor maintain neuroregenerative capacity.</a> Glia. 58, 546-558 (2010).</li><li>Garc&#237;a-Escudero, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevention+of+senescence+progression+in+reversibly+immortalized+human+ensheathing+glia+permits+their+survival+after+deimmortalization.">Prevention of senescence progression in reversibly immortalized human ensheathing glia permits their survival after deimmortalization.</a> Molecular Therapy. 18, 394-403 (2010).</li><li>Garc&#237;a-Escudero, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+neuroregenerative+human+ensheathing+glia+cell+line+with+conditional+rapid+growth.">A neuroregenerative human ensheathing glia cell line with conditional rapid growth.</a> Cell Transplant. 20, 153-166 (2011).</li><li>Plaza, N., Sim&#243;n, D., Sierra, J., Moreno-Flores, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transduction+of+an+immortalized+olfactory+ensheathing+glia+cell+line+with+the+green+fluorescent+protein+(GFP)+gene:+Evaluation+of+its+neuroregenerative+capacity+as+a+proof+of+concept.">Transduction of an immortalized olfactory ensheathing glia cell line with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene: Evaluation of its neuroregenerative capacity as a proof of concept.</a> Neuroscience Letters. 612, 25-31 (2016).</li><li>Deumens, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alignment+of+glial+cells+stimulates+directional+neurite+growth+of+CNS+neurons+in+vitro.">Alignment of glial cells stimulates directional neurite growth of CNS neurons in vitro.</a> Neuroscience. 125 (3), 591-604 (2004).</li><li>Chung, R. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+ensheathing+cells+promote+neurite+sprouting+of+injured+axons+in+vitro+by+direct+cellular+contact+and+secretion+of+soluble+factors.">Olfactory ensheathing cells promote neurite sprouting of injured axons in vitro by direct cellular contact and secretion of soluble factors.</a> Cell and Molecular Life Sciences. 61 (10), 1238-1245 (2004).</li><li>Leaver, S. G., Harvey, A. R., Plant, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+olfactory+ensheathing+glia+promote+the+long-distance+growth+of+adult+retinal+ganglion+cell+neurites+in+vitro.">Adult olfactory ensheathing glia promote the long-distance growth of adult retinal ganglion cell neurites in vitro.</a> Glia. 53 (5), 467-476 (2006).</li><li>Pellitteri, R., Spatuzza, M., Russo, A., Stanzani, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+ensheathing+cells+exert+a+trophic+effect+on+the+hypothalamic+neurons+in+vitro.">Olfactory ensheathing cells exert a trophic effect on the hypothalamic neurons in vitro.</a> Neuroscience Letters. 417 (1), 24-29 (2007).</li><li>Pellitteri, R., Spatuzza, M., Russo, A., Zaccheo, D., Stanzani, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+ensheathing+cells+represent+an+optimal+substrate+for+hippocampal+neurons:+an+in+vitro+study.">Olfactory ensheathing cells represent an optimal substrate for hippocampal neurons: an in vitro study.</a> International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 27 (5), 453-458 (2009).</li><li>Runyan, S. A., Phelps, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+olfactory+ensheathing+glia+enhance+axon+outgrowth+on+a+myelin+substrate+in+vitro.">Mouse olfactory ensheathing glia enhance axon outgrowth on a myelin substrate in vitro.</a> Experimental Neurology. 216 (1), 95-104 (2009).</li><li>Witheford, M., Westendorf, K., Roskams, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+ensheathing+cells+promote+corticospinal+axonal+outgrowth+by+a+L1+CAM-dependent+mechanism.">Olfactory ensheathing cells promote corticospinal axonal outgrowth by a L1 CAM-dependent mechanism.</a> Glia. 61 (11), 1873-1889 (2013).</li><li>Roloff, F., Ziege, S., Baumg&#228;rtner, W., Wewetzer, K., Bicker, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Schwann+cell-free+adult+canine+olfactory+ensheathing+cell+preparations+from+olfactory+bulb+and+mucosa+display+differential+migratory+and+neurite+growth-promoting+properties+in+vitro.">Schwann cell-free adult canine olfactory ensheathing cell preparations from olfactory bulb and mucosa display differential migratory and neurite growth-promoting properties in vitro.</a> BMC Neuroscience. 14, 141 (2013).</li><li>Khankan, R. R., Wanner, I. B., Phelps, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olfactory+ensheathing+cell-neurite+alignment+enhances+neurite+outgrowth+in+scar-like+cultures.">Olfactory ensheathing cell-neurite alignment enhances neurite outgrowth in scar-like cultures.</a> Experimental Neurology. 269, 93-101 (2015).</li><li>Wigley, C. B., Berry, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+adult+rat+retinal+ganglion+cell+processes+in+monolayer+culture:+comparisons+between+cultures+of+adult+and+neonatal+neurons.">Regeneration of adult rat retinal ganglion cell processes in monolayer culture: comparisons between cultures of adult and neonatal neurons.</a> Brain Research. 470 (1), 85-98 (1988).</li><li>Sonigra, R. J., Brighton, P. C., Jacoby, J., Hall, S., Wigley, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+rat+olfactory+nerve+ensheathing+cells+are+effective+promoters+of+adult+central+nervous+system+neurite+outgrowth+in+coculture.">Adult rat olfactory nerve ensheathing cells are effective promoters of adult central nervous system neurite outgrowth in coculture.</a> Glia. 25 (3), 256-269 (1999).</li><li>Hayat, S., Thomas, A., Afshar, F., Sonigra, R., Wigley, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manipulation+of+olfactory+ensheathing+cell+signaling+mechanisms:+effects+on+their+support+for+neurite+regrowth+from+adult+CNS+neurons+in+coculture.">Manipulation of olfactory ensheathing cell signaling mechanisms: effects on their support for neurite regrowth from adult CNS neurons in coculture.</a> Glia. 44 (3), 232-241 (2003).</li><li>Kumar, R., Hayat, S., Felts, P., Bunting, S., Wigley, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+differences+and+interactions+between+phenotypic+subpopulations+of+olfactory+ensheathing+cells+in+promoting+CNS+axonal+regeneration.">Functional differences and interactions between phenotypic subpopulations of olfactory ensheathing cells in promoting CNS axonal regeneration.</a> Glia. 50 (1), 12-20 (2005).</li><li>Moreno-Flores, M. T., Lim, F., Mart&#237;n-Bermejo, M. J., D&#237;az-Nido, J., Avila, J., Wandosell, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immortalized+olfactory+ensheathing+glia+promote+axonal+regeneration+of+rat+retinal+ganglion+neurons.">Immortalized olfactory ensheathing glia promote axonal regeneration of rat retinal ganglion neurons.</a> Journal of Neurochemistry. 85 (4), 861-871 (2003).</li><li>Garc&#237;a-Escudero, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patient-derived+olfactory+mucosa+cells+but+not+lung+or+skin+fibroblasts+mediate+axonal+regeneration+of+retinal+ganglion+neurons.">Patient-derived olfactory mucosa cells but not lung or skin fibroblasts mediate axonal regeneration of retinal ganglion neurons.</a> Neuroscience Letters. 509 (1), 27-32 (2012).</li><li>Sternberger, L. A., Sternberger, N. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies+distinguish+phosphorylated+and+nonphosphorylated+forms+of+neurofilaments+in+situ.">Monoclonal antibodies distinguish phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of neurofilaments in situ.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 (19), 6126-6130 (1983).</li><li>S&#225;nchez Martin, C., D&#237;az-Nido, J., Avila, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+a+site-specific+phosphorylation+of+the+microtubule-associated+protein+2+during+the+development+of+cultured+neurons.">Regulation of a site-specific phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein 2 during the development of cultured neurons.</a> Neuroscience. 87 (4), 861-870 (1998).</li><li>Reshamwala, R., Shah, M., Belt, L., Ekberg, J. A. K., St. John, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliable+cell+purification+and+determination+of+cell+purity:+crucial+aspects+of+olfactory+ensheathing+cell+transplantation+for+spinal+cord+repair.">Reliable cell purification and determination of cell purity: crucial aspects of olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation for spinal cord repair.</a> Neural Regeneration Research. 15 (11), 2016-2026 (2020).</li></ol>

OEG-transplantation på CNS-skadesteder betragtes som en lovende behandling for CNS-skade på grund af dens konstituerende pro-neuroregenerative egenskaber7,8,9. Afhængigt af vævskilden - olfaktorisk slimhinde (OM-OEG) versus olfaktorisk pære (OB-OEG) - eller donorens alder findes der imidlertid betydelige variationer i en sådan kapacitet26,31,<sup class="...

Voksne centralnervesystemet (CNS) neuroner har begrænset regenerativ kapacitet efter skade eller sygdom. En fælles strategi til fremme af CNS-regenerering er transplantation på skadestedet af celletyper, der fremkalder axonal vækst, såsom stamceller, Schwann-celler, astrocytter eller olfaktoriske ensheathing glia (OEG) celler1,2,3,4,5.
OEG stammer fra den neurale crest6 og lokaliserer i olfaktorisk slimhinde og i olfaktoriske pære. Hos den voksne dør olfaktoriske sensoriske neuroner regelmæssigt som følge af miljøeksponering, og de erstattes af nyligt differentierede neuroner. OEG omgiver og guider disse nye olfaktoriske axoner til at komme ind i den olfaktoriske pære og til at etablere nye synapser med deres mål i CNS7. På grund af disse fysiologiske egenskaber er OEG blevet brugt i modeller af CNS-skade som rygmarv eller synsnerveskade, og dens neuroregenerative og neurobeskyttende egenskaber bliver bevist8,9,10,11. Flere faktorer er blevet identificeret som ansvarlige for disse cellers pro-regenerative egenskaber, herunder ekstracellulær matrixproteases produktion eller sekretion af neurotrofiske og axonale vækstfaktorer12,13,14.
I betragtning af de tekniske begrænsninger for at udvide primære OEG-celler har vi tidligere etableret og karakteriseret reversible udødeliggjorte menneskelige OEG (ihOEG) klonlinjer, som giver et ubegrænset udbud af homogen OEG. Disse ihOEG-celler stammer fra primærkulturer, der er fremstillet af olfaktoriske pærer opnået i obduktioner. De blev udødeliggjort ved transduktion af telomerase katalytisk underenhed (TERT) og oncogene Bmi-1 og modificeret med SV40 virus store T antigen15,16,17,18. To af disse ihOEG-cellelinjer er Ts14, som bevarer den regenerative kapacitet i de oprindelige kulturer og Ts12, en lav regenerativ linje, der bruges som en lav regenereringskontrol i disse eksperimenter18.
For at vurdere OEG-kapaciteten til at fremme axonal regenerering efter neural skade er flere in vitro-modeller blevet implementeret. I disse modeller anvendes OEG på kulturer af forskellig neuronal oprindelse, og neuritdannelse og forlængelse - som reaktion på glial cokultur - analyseres. Eksempler på sådanne neuronale kilder er neonatal rotte kortikale neuroner19, ridser sår udført på rotte embryonale neuroner fra kortikalt væv20, rotte nethinde explants21, rotte hypothalamic eller hippocampal postnatal neuroner22,23, postnatal rotte dorsal rod ganglion neuroner24, postnatal mus corticospinal tarmkanalen neuroner25, humane NT2 neuroner26, eller postnatal cerebral kortikale neuroner på reaktive astrocyt ar-lignende kulturer27.
I disse modeller, dog regenerering assay bygger på embryonale eller postnatal neuroner, som har en iboende plasticitet, der er fraværende i sårede voksne neuroner. For at overvinde denne ulempe vi præsenterer en model af voksne axonal regenerering i samkulturer af OEG linjer med voksne nethinde ganglion neuroner (RGNs), baseret på den oprindeligt udviklet af Wigley et al.28,29,30,31 og modificeret og brugt af vores gruppe12,13,14,15,16,17,18,32,33. Kort, nethindevæv udvindes fra voksne rotter og fordøjes med papain. Nethindecelleaffjedring belægges derefter på enten polylysinebehandlede coverslips eller på Ts14- og Ts12-monolag. Kulturer opretholdes i 96 timer, før de fastsættes, og derefter immunofluorescens for axonale (MAP1B og NF-H proteiner)34 og somatodendritic (MAP2A og B)35 markører udføres. Axonal regenerering kvantificeres som en procentdel af neuroner med axon, med hensyn til den samlede population af RGNs og axonal regenerering indeks beregnes som den gennemsnitlige axonal længde pr neuron. Denne protokol er ikke kun nyttig til vurdering af ihOEG's neuroregenerative potentiale, men kan udvides til forskellige kilder til OEG eller andre gliaceller.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>antibody 514</td>
			<td>Reference 34</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal antiserum, which recognizes MAP2A and B.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>antibody SMI-31</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>801601</td>
			<td>Monoclonal antibody against MAP1B and NF-H proteins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488 antibody</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A-21202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 594 antibody</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A-21207</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 Supplement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>283967</td>
			<td>NMDA receptor inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D9542</td>
			<td>Nuclei fluorescent stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM-F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11320033</td>
			<td>Cell culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11573397</td>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS-Hyclone</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>16291082</td>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoromount</td>
			<td>Southern Biotech</td>
			<td>0100-01</td>
			<td>Mounting medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>National Institutes of Health (NIH-USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Image software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE17-605F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td>Neuronal cells culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Papain Dissociation System</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical Corporation</td>
			<td>LK003150</td>
			<td>For use in neural cell isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Home made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS-EDTA</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>H3BE02-017F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin/Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-745E</td>
			<td>Bacteriostatic and bactericidal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pituitary extract</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>13028014</td>
			<td>Bovine pituitary extract</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly -L- lysine (PLL)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A-003-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

coculture of axotomized rat retinal ganglion neurons with olfactory ensheathing glia, as an in vitro model of adult axonal regeneration

Olfaktoriske ensheathing glia (OEG) celler er lokaliseret hele vejen fra olfaktorisk slimhinde til og ind i olfaktoriske nervelag (ONL) af olfaktoriske pære. Gennem hele voksenlivet er de nøglen til axonal dyrkning af nygenererede olfaktoriske neuroner, fra lamina propria til ONL. På grund af deres pro-regenerative egenskaber, disse celler er blevet brugt til at fremme axonal regenerering i rygmarven eller synsnerve skade modeller.
Vi præsenterer en in vitro model til at analysere og måle OEG neuroregenerativ kapacitet efter neural skade. I denne model dyrkes reversibilisk udødeliggjort human OEG (ihOEG) som monolag, nethinder udvindes fra voksne rotter, og nethindeganglion neuroner (RGN) er cocultured på OEG monolayer. Efter 96 timer analyseres axonale og somatodendritiske markører i RGN'er ved immunfluorescens, og antallet af RGN'er med axon og den gennemsnitlige axonale længde / neuron kvantificeres.
Denne protokol har den fordel i forhold til andre in vitro-assays, der er afhængige af embryonale eller postnatale neuroner, at den vurderer OEG neuroregenerative egenskaber i voksent væv. Det er heller ikke kun nyttigt til vurdering af ihOEG's neuroregenerative potentiale, men kan udvides til forskellige kilder til OEG eller andre gliaceller.

I denne protokol præsenterer vi en in vitro-model for at analysere OEG neuroregenerativ kapacitet efter neuronal skade. Som vist i figur 1er OEG-kilden en reversibel udødeliggjort human OEG-kloncellelinje -Ts14 og Ts12-, som stammer fra primærkulturer, fremstillet af olfaktoriske pærer opnået i obduktioner15,17,18. Nethindevæv udvindes fra voksne rotter, fordøjes, og nethinde ganglion neurone...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Coculture of Axotomized Rat Retinal Ganglion Neurons with Olfactory Ensheathing Glia, as an In Vitro Model of Adult Axonal Regeneration at JoVE.com

Coculture of Axotomized Rat Retinal Ganglion Neurons with Olfactory Ensheathing Glia, as an In Vitro Model of Adult Axonal Regeneration

Vi præsenterer en in vitro-model til vurdering af olfaktorisk ensheathing glia (OEG) neuroregenerativ kapacitet efter neural skade. Den er baseret på en cokultur af axotomiserede voksne retinale ganglion neuroner (RGN) på OEG monolag og efterfølgende undersøgelse af axonal regenerering, ved at analysere RGN axonale og somatodendritic markører.

Cokultur af Axotomized Rat Retinal Ganglion Neuroner med Olfactory Ensheathing Glia, som en In Vitro Model af Voksen Axonal Regeneration

Olfactory ensheathing glia (OEG) cells are localized all the way from the olfactory mucosa to and into the olfactory nerve layer (ONL) of the olfactory ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural ...

Bilaminar Co-culture of Primary Rat Cortical Neurons and Glia

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This video will guide you through the process of culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer, a system known as a bilaminar or ...

Genetic Study of Axon Regeneration with Cultured Adult Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

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It is well known that mature neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate their axons after injuries due to diminished intrinsic ability ...

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Transplantation af olfaktoriske Ensheathing Cells at evaluere Funktionel Recovery efter perifer nerveskade

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest cells which allow growth and regrowth of the primary olfactory neurons. Indeed, the primary olfactory ...

An In-vitro Preparation of Isolated Enteric Neurons and Glia from the Myenteric Plexus of the Adult Mouse

An In-vitro Preparation of Isolated Enteric Neurons and Glia from the Myenteric Plexus of the Adult Mouse

En<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Udarbejdelse af Isolerede Enteriske neuroner og glia fra plexus myentericus af Voksen Mouse

The enteric nervous system is a vast network of neurons and glia running the length of the gastrointestinal tract that functionally controls ...

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Retrograd Mærkning af retina-ganglieceller i Voksen Zebrafisk med fluorescerende farvestoffer

As retrograde labeling retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can isolate RGCs somata from dying sites, it has become the gold standard for counting RGCs in RGCs ...

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

Det olfaktoriske system som en model til at studere axonal vækstmønstre og morfologi<em&gt; In Vivo</em

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of ...

The Indirect Neuron-astrocyte Coculture Assay: An In Vitro Set-up for the Detailed Investigation of Neuron-glia Interactions

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Den Indirekte Neuron-astrocyt cokultur assay: En<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Opsætning for detaljeret undersøgelse af Neuron-glia Interaktioner

Proper neuronal development and function is the prerequisite of the developing and the adult brain. However, the mechanisms underlying the highly ...

M&#252;ller Glia Cell Activation in a Laser-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration Model in Zebrafish

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Müller Glia celle aktivering i en Laser-induceret Retinal Degeneration og Regeneration Model i zebrafisk

A fascinating difference between teleost and mammals is the lifelong potential of the teleost retina for retinal neurogenesis and regeneration after ...

Investigating Mammalian Axon Regeneration: In Vivo Electroporation of Adult Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion

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Behandlende pattedyr Axon regenerering: In Vivo elektroporation af voksen mus dorsalrods Ganglion

Electroporation is an essential non-viral gene transfection approach to introduce DNA plasmids or small RNA molecules into cells. A sensory neuron in the ...