Name: a metric test for assessing spatial working memory in adult rats following traumatic brain injury
Uploaded: 2021-05-07T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Metric Test for Assessing Spatial Working Memory in Adult Rats Following Traumatic Brain Injury at JoVE.com

我们感谢奥莱娜·塞韦里诺夫斯卡教授;玛丽娜·库舍里亚瓦 M.Sc;马克西姆·克里沃诺索夫 M.Sc：达里娜·亚库门科 M.Sc：叶夫根尼亚·贡查里克 M.Sc：和奥尔哈·沙波瓦尔，生理学系，生物，生态学和医学系的博士候选人，奥尔斯·洪查尔·德尼普罗大学，第尼普罗，乌克兰的支持和有用的贡献。这些数据是作为德米特里·弗兰克博士论文的一部分获得的。

这些实验是根据《赫尔辛基宣言》和《东京宣言》以及《欧洲共同体实验动物使用准则》的建议进行的。这些实验得到了内盖夫本-古里安大学动物护理委员会的批准。协议时间表在 图1中说明。
1. 外科手术和液体打击TBI
<ol><li>选择雄性及雌性成年斯普拉格-道利大鼠，其室温为22±1°C，湿度为40%-60%，光黑周期为12-12小时。</li>
	<li>提供食物作为周和水 <em...

<ol>
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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T-maze+alternation+in+the+rodent.">T-maze alternation in the rodent.</a> Nature Protocols. 1 (1), 7 (2006).</li><li>Penley, S. C., Gaudet, C. M., Threlkeld, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+an+eight-arm+radial+water+maze+to+assess+working+and+reference+memory+following+neonatal+brain+injury.">Use of an eight-arm radial water maze to assess working and reference memory following neonatal brain injury.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments:JoVE. (82), e50940 (2013).</li><li>Davis, A. R., Shear, D. A., Chen, Z., Lu, X. -. C. M., Tortella, F. 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(159), e61198 (2020).</li><li>Hunter, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+assessments+in+mice+and+rats+after+focal+stroke.">Functional assessments in mice and rats after focal stroke.</a> Neuropharmacology. 39 (5), 806-816 (2000).</li><li>Yarnell, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+revised+neurobehavioral+severity+scale+(NSS-R)+for+rodents.">The revised neurobehavioral severity scale (NSS-R) for rodents.</a> Current Protocols in Neuroscience. 75, 1-16 (2016).</li><li>Fujimoto, S. T., Longhi, L., Saatman, K. E., McIntosh, T. 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(131), e56044 (2018).</li><li>Ma, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+differences+in+traumatic+brain+injury:+a+multi-dimensional+exploration+in+genes,+hormones,+cells,+individuals,+and+society.">Sex differences in traumatic brain injury: a multi-dimensional exploration in genes, hormones, cells, individuals, and society.</a> Chinese Neurosurgical Journal. 5 (1), 1-9 (2019).</li><li>Shahrokhi, N., Khaksari, M., Soltani, Z., Mahmoodi, M., Nakhaee, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+sex+steroid+hormones+on+brain+edema,+intracranial+pressure,+and+neurologic+outcomes+after+traumatic+brain+injury.">Effect of sex steroid hormones on brain edema, intracranial pressure, and neurologic outcomes after traumatic brain injury.</a> Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 88 (4), 414-421 (2010).</li><li>Farace, E., Alves, W. 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通过专门针对公制空间信息过程，此指标测试为了解 TBI 之后的记忆缺陷提供了必要的工具。本文提出的协议是对先前描述的行为任务11的修改。先前描述的一个指标任务使用了两种不同的范式，每个范式包括三个习惯会话和一个测试会话。第一个范式包括习惯后将熟悉的物体移近在一起，第二个范式将物体移得更远。
与巴恩斯迷宫相比，?...

中度创伤性脑损伤（TBI）后，注意力、执行功能和某些记忆缺陷等神经缺陷的患病率超过50%，1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8。TBI 可导致空间短期、长期和工作记忆9的严重损伤。这些记忆障碍在TBI的啮齿动物模型中已经观察到。Rodent 模型使测试记忆的技术得以发展，从而能够更深入地检查 TBI 对神经记忆系统内存处理的影响。
两项测试分别与拓扑和公制空间信息处理有关，有助于测量空间工作记忆 （SWM）。拓扑测试取决于改变环境空间的大小或相关空间的连接或围绕一个物体，而公制测试评估在角度或距离对象10，11之间的变化。古德里奇-亨萨克等人首先对大鼠10号进行了人体拓扑测试，并应用了指标任务，将腹膜皮层（PC）和背海马在空间信息处理中的作用分离。同样，古尔科夫和他的同事评估了横向液体打击伤害9后的指标、拓扑和时间顺序记忆任务。大脑某些区域的损伤与公制或拓扑记忆的损伤之间存在相关性。有人提出，公制记忆损伤与海马的双侧牙周收缩陀螺和角膜氨基（CA）亚区域CA3的病变有关，拓扑记忆损伤与双侧皮质病变10、12有关。
此协议的目的是通过公制任务评估大鼠群体的空间记忆缺陷。该方法是脑损伤后SWM研究机制的合适替代方案，其优点包括实施相对容易、灵敏度高、可重复性低、动态观察的可能性大、应力环境低等。与其他行为任务，如巴恩斯迷宫13，14，莫里斯水导航任务15，16，17，或空间迷宫任务18，19，这个指标测试是不那么复杂。由于其易于实施，指标测试需要更短和压力较小的训练时间，只进行2天9：1天的习惯和1天的任务。此外，我们建议的测试比其他低压力测试更容易执行，如新颖的对象识别 （NOR） 任务，并且不需要额外的一天习惯20。
本文为脑损伤后SWM的评价提供了一个简单的模型。这种对TBI后SWM的评估可能有助于对其病理生理学进行更全面的调查。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol solution</td>
			<td>SIGMA - ALDRICH</td>
			<td>500 cc</td>
			<td>For general antisepsis of the skin in the operatory field</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Bupivacaine 0.1 %</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="3">4 boards of different thicknesses (1.5cm, 2.5cm, 5cm and 8.5cm)</td>
			<td>This is to evaluate neurological defect</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 Nylon suture</td>
			<td>4-00</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottles</td>
			<td>Techniplast</td>
			<td>ACBT0262SU</td>
			<td>150 ml bottles filled with 100 ml of water and 100 ml 1%(w/v) sucrose solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottlses (four) for topological an metric tasks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For objects used two little bottles, first round (height 13.5 cm) and second faceted (height 20 cm) shape and two big faceted bottles, first 9x6 cm (height 21 cm) and second 7x7 cm (height 21 cm).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond Hole Saw Drill 3mm diameter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Glass Hole Saw Kit</td>
			<td>Optional.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Weighing Scale</td>
			<td>SIGMA - ALDRICH</td>
			<td>Rs 4,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting scissors</td>
			<td>SIGMA - ALDRICH</td>
			<td>Z265969</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol 99.9 %</td>
			<td>&#160;Pharmacy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5%-10% solution used to clean equipment and remove odors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EthoVision XT (Video software)</td>
			<td>Noldus, Wageningen, Netherlands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluid-percussion device</td>
			<td>custom-made at the university workshop</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#160;&#160; No specific brand is recommended.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze Sponges</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>22-362-178</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gloves (thin laboratory gloves)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heater with thermometer</td>
			<td>Heatingpad-1</td>
			<td>Model: HEATINGPAD-1/2</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160; No specific brand is recommended.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horizon-XL</td>
			<td>Mennen Medical Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isofluran, USP 100%</td>
			<td>Piramamal Critical Care, Inc</td>
			<td>NDC 66794-017</td>
			<td>Anesthetic liquid for inhalation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Office 365 ProPlus</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Microsoft Office Excel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus BX 40 microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operating&#160; forceps</td>
			<td>SIGMA - ALDRICH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operating&#160; Scissors</td>
			<td>SIGMA - ALDRICH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC Computer for USV recording and data analyses</td>
			<td>Intel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Intel&#174; core i5-6500 CPU @ 3.2GHz, 16 GB RAM, 64-bit operating system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexiglass boxes linked by a narrow passage</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Two transparent 30 cm &#215; 20 cm &#215; 20 cm plexiglass boxes linked by a narrow 15 cm &#215; 15 cm &#215; 60 cm passage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purina Chow</td>
			<td>Purina</td>
			<td>5001</td>
			<td>Rodent laboratory chow given to rats, mice and hamster is a life-cycle nutrition that has been used in biomedical researc for over 5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat cages&#160; (rat home cage or another enclosure)</td>
			<td>Techniplast</td>
			<td>2000P</td>
			<td>No specific brand is recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blades 11</td>
			<td>SIGMA - ALDRICH</td>
			<td>S2771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS</td>
			<td>SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA</td>
			<td>&#160;20 package</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic Instrument</td>
			<td>custom-made at the university workshop</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#160;&#160; No specific brand is recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Timing device</td>
			<td>Interval Timer:Timing for recording USV&#39;s</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional. Any timer will do, although it is convenient to use an interval timer if you are tickling multiple rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Topological and metric tasks device</td>
			<td>Self made in Ben Gurion University of Negev</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>White circular platform 200 cm in diameter and 1 cm thick on table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video camera</td>
			<td>Logitech</td>
			<td>C920 HD PRO WEBCAM</td>
			<td>Digital video camera for high definition recording of rat behavior under plus maze test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Windows 10</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a metric test for assessing spatial working memory in adult rats following traumatic brain injury

感觉、短期和长期记忆损伤是创伤性脑损伤 （TBI） 后常见的副作用。由于人类研究的伦理局限性，动物模型为测试治疗方法和研究该病的机理和相关并发症提供了合适的替代方案。实验啮齿动物模型历来是使用最广泛的，因为它的可访问性，低成本，可重复性和经过验证的方法。公制测试是一种技术，可以测试在TBI之后研究空间工作记忆 （SWM） 损伤的技术，它测试了在彼此之间不同距离和角度上回忆两个物体放置的能力。公制任务的主要优点包括动态观察的可能性、低成本、可重复性、相对易于实施和低应力环境。在这里，我们提出了一个公制测试协议，以测量TBI后成年大鼠SWM的损伤。该测试为更有效地评估大脑功能的生理学和病理生理学提供了可行的方法。

使用曼-惠特尼测试确定组之间的比较的重要性。研究结果的统计意义在P<0.05，而统计高度相关性在P<0.01。
结果显示，在干预前和TBI之后的28天，所有群体在NSS上没有差异。每组由12只雌性或12只雄性大鼠组成。在 TBI出现在表1中后，NSS分数获得48小时。TBI组的老鼠在受伤后第28天表现出明显的神经缺陷，被排除在实验之外。数据按计数进行测量，并显示为中位数±范...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Metric Test for Assessing Spatial Working Memory in Adult Rats Following Traumatic Brain Injury at JoVE.com

A Metric Test for Assessing Spatial Working Memory in Adult Rats Following Traumatic Brain Injury

创伤性脑损伤 （TBI） 通常与记忆障碍相关。在此，我们提出一个协议，通过公制任务评估 TBI 之后的空间工作内存。公制测试是研究 TBI 后空间工作记忆障碍的有用工具。

创伤性脑损伤后评估成年大鼠空间工作记忆的指标测试

Impairments to sensory, short-term, and long-term memory are common side effects after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Due to the ethical limitations of ...

创伤性脑损伤通常与记忆障碍有关。在这里，我们提出了一个协议，通过一个指标任务来评估创伤性脑损伤后的空间工作记忆。公制任务的主要优点包括动态观测的可能性、低成本的可重复性、相对易于实施和低应力环境。为了评估寄生液体打击乐损伤后的神经严重程度评分，将成年斯普拉格道利大鼠置于直径50厘米的圆的中心，三次并监测其退出圆的能力。要测试右反射的丧失，将动物放在手掌上，如果老鼠能够纠正自己，就给一个分数。要测试六肢瘫痪，评估大鼠抵抗强迫定位的能力。要测试后肢的反射弯曲，将动物的尾巴抬起来。为了测试直走的能力，把老鼠放在地板上。要测试针刺反射，执行轻，触觉刺激观察耳朵缩回。要测试角膜反射，请轻轻将软棒涂在眼睛上，并测量眨眼反应。要测试惊人的反射，将一支笔拖过铁丝网笼顶部，记录动物的反应。为了分级在假肢中寻找行为的损失，将大鼠置于一个新的环境中，并观察大鼠是移动其胡须、嗅觉还是奔跑。然后测试肢体反射，以放置在左右前肢，然后是左后肢和右后肢。为了测试平衡，通过将鼠子放置在1.5厘米宽的光束上执行光束平衡任务，其时间为20、40和大于第二节。然后使用三个不同宽度的光束进行光束行走测试。在执行公制任务之前，将一个直径为 200 厘米、厚 1 厘米的黑色圆形平台放置在 80 厘米高的桌子上，并将两个物体放置在平台中心，相距 68 厘米。在距离地面 290 厘米的高度安装带有所需计算机软件的摄像机，用于捕获、保存和处理数据。在分析前一天，将大鼠放在平台上10分钟，使动物适应新的环境。在任务当天，将鼠放在平台的末端，与物体等距15分钟的习惯期，并开始记录。在实验习惯期结束时，将老鼠转移到单独的笼子里五分钟，用百分之五到百分之十的酒精清洁平台。将物体之间的距离缩小到34厘米，然后将老鼠放在平台上5分钟，同时记录其探索活动。再次清洁平台，然后继续下一个动物。在分析视频文件之前，插入软件硬件密钥，然后启动视频跟踪软件并打开预设模板。在主视场验证、复制和重命名竞技场试用控制和检测设置后，右键单击鼠标以选择抓取背景。在浏览菜单中选择视频文件的位置作为背景图像。捕获图像并标记被调查的区域和区域以校准图像以进行分析。对试用控制和检测设置执行相同的设置。下载视频文件列表以供从试用列表中分析后，添加视频并指示具有所需设置的位置。然后选择获取并开始试用，并将所有数据导出到电子表格中。对照组没有显示任何神经缺陷，在假伤48小时后。TBI之后，雄性及雌性受伤动物的神经缺陷显著增加。在指标任务期间，雄性 TBI 大鼠的对象探索时间明显短于雄性假操作鼠。雌性TBI和雌性假操作鼠也观察到同样的模式。按照公制任务，我们可以执行其他记忆评估方法，如巴恩斯迷宫和拓扑和水迷宫任务。该指标任务还允许进一步研究神经损伤的可比模型中的记忆损伤，如弥漫性轴心损伤和中风模型。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Dorsal Root Ganglia Tissue following Axonal Injury

染色质免疫沉淀从以下轴索损伤的背根神经节组织

Axons in the central nervous system (CNS) do not regenerate while those in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) do regenerate 
to a limited extent after ...

科研

神经科学

Morris Water Maze Test for Learning and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer&#39;s Disease Model Mice

Morris Water Maze Test for Learning and Memory Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice

在阿尔茨海默氏病模型小鼠学习和记忆障碍的Morris水迷宫测试

The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was first established by neuroscientist Richard G. Morris in 1981 in order to test hippocampal-dependent learning, including ...

Lateral Fluid Percussion: Model of Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

侧向液压冲击：创伤性脑损伤小鼠模型

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research has attained renewed momentum due to the increasing awareness of head injuries, which result in morbidity and ...

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice

T-迷宫强迫交替和评估工作，并参考在小鼠记忆的左，右的歧视任务

Forced alternation and left-right discrimination tasks using the T-maze have been widely used to assess working and reference memory, respectively, in ...

Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

调查轻度创伤性脑损伤海马电路功能的改变

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) afflicts more than 1.7 million people in the United States each year and even mild TBI can lead to persistent neurological ...

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

方法对敌人造成闭合性颅脑创伤性脑损伤<em&gt;果蝇</em

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies ...

Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles

评估空间学习记忆小鳞类爬行动物

Clinical research has leveraged a variety of paradigms to assess cognitive decline, commonly targeting spatial learning and memory abilities. However, ...

Stereotactic Atlas-Guided Laser Capture Microdissection of Brain Regions Affected by Traumatic Injury

立体定向激光捕获创伤性脑区显微解剖

The ability to isolate specific brain regions of interest can be impeded in tissue disassociation techniques that do not preserve their spatial ...

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

一种新的脑外伤体损伤模型

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the ...

Effects of Blast-induced Neurotrauma on Pressurized Rodent Middle Cerebral Arteries

爆炸性神经损伤对压生啮鼠中脑动脉的影响

Though there have been studies on the histopathological and behavioral effects of blast exposure, fewer have been dedicated to blast&#39;s cerebral ...