Name: ion-exchange membranes for the fabrication of reverse electrodialysis device
Uploaded: 2021-07-20T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了韩国国家研究基金会（NRF）资助的支持，该赠款由韩国政府资助（MEST）（ No.NRF-2017R1A2A2A05001329）。手稿的作者感谢大韩民国汉城的索冈大学。

1. 实验要求
<ol><li>购买离子交换离子聚合物、E-550 硫化-PEEK 聚合物纤维，以准备 CEM 和 FAA-3 来准备 AEM。使用前，请确保所有离子聚合物都存储在清洁、干燥和无尘环境中。</li>
	<li>使用高纯度（>99%）溶剂，包括分子量为99.13克摩尔-1 的N-甲基丙酮和N-二甲基乙酰胺分子量为87.12，用于制备同质离子体溶液。确保所有分析级化学品和溶剂都用于膜制备，无需进一步净化。</li>
	<li>膜激活过程?...

<ol>
	<li>Dlugolecki, P., Gambier, A., Nijmeijer, K., Wessling, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Practical+potential+of+reverse+electrodialysis+as+process+for+sustainable+energy+generation.">Practical potential of reverse electrodialysis as process for sustainable energy generation.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 43, 6888-6894 (2009).</li><li>Kim, D., Kwon, K., Kim, D. H., Li, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Energy Generation Using Reverse Electrodialysis: Principles, Implementation, and Applications. , (2019).</li><li>Mei, Y., Tang, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+developments+and+future+perspectives+of+reverse+electrodialysis+technology:+A+review.">Recent developments and future perspectives of reverse electrodialysis technology: A review.</a> Desalination. 425, 156-174 (2018).</li><li>Yip, N. Y., Brogioli, D., Hamelers, H. V. M., Nijmeijer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salinity+gradients+for+sustainable+energy:+primer,+progress,+and+prospects.">Salinity gradients for sustainable energy: primer, progress, and prospects.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 50, 12072-12094 (2016).</li><li>Li, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+hybrid+process+of+reverse+electrodialysis+and+reverse+osmosis+for+low+energy+seawater+desalination+and+brine+management.">A novel hybrid process of reverse electrodialysis and reverse osmosis for low energy seawater desalination and brine management.</a> Applied Energy. 104, 592-602 (2013).</li><li>Brauns, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salinity+gradient+power+by+reverse+electrodialysis:+effect+of+model+parameters+on+electrical+power+output.">Salinity gradient power by reverse electrodialysis: effect of model parameters on electrical power output.</a> Desalination. 237, 378-391 (2009).</li><li>Cusick, R. D., Kim, Y., Logan, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+capture+from+thermolytic+solutions+in+microbial+reverse-electrodialysis+cells.">Energy capture from thermolytic solutions in microbial reverse-electrodialysis cells.</a> Science. 335, 1474-1477 (2012).</li><li>Kim, D. H., Park, B. H., Kwon, K., Li, L., Kim, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+of+power+generation+with+thermolytic+reverse+electrodialysis+for+low-grade+waste+heat+recovery.">Modeling of power generation with thermolytic reverse electrodialysis for low-grade waste heat recovery.</a> Applied Energy. 189, 201-210 (2017).</li><li>Hong, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+ion+exchange+membranes+and+system+performance+in+reverse+electrodialysis+for+power+generation:+A+review.">Potential ion exchange membranes and system performance in reverse electrodialysis for power generation: A review.</a> Journal of Membrane Science. 486, 71-88 (2015).</li><li>Choi, S. -. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+fuel+crossover+in+open+electrochemical+cells+by+tuning+the+water+nanochannel+for+power+generation.">Controlling fuel crossover in open electrochemical cells by tuning the water nanochannel for power generation.</a> ACS Sustainable Chemistry &amp; Engineering. 8, 8613-8623 (2020).</li><li>Shah, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+single-wall+carbon+nanotube+for+reducing+fouling+in+perfluorinated+membrane-based+reverse+electrodialysis.">Modified single-wall carbon nanotube for reducing fouling in perfluorinated membrane-based reverse electrodialysis.</a> International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 45, 30703-30719 (2020).</li><li>Kwon, K., Han, J., Park, B. H., Shin, Y., Kim, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brine+recovery+using+reverse+electrodialysis+in+membrane-based+desalination+processes.">Brine recovery using reverse electrodialysis in membrane-based desalination processes.</a> Desalination. 362, 1-10 (2015).</li><li>Kwon, K., Park, B. H., Kim, D. H., Kim, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parametric+study+of+reverse+electrodialysis+using+ammonium+bicarbonate+solution+for+low-grade+waste+heat+recovery.">Parametric study of reverse electrodialysis using ammonium bicarbonate solution for low-grade waste heat recovery.</a> Energy Conversion and Management. 103, 104-110 (2015).</li><li>Hatzell, M. C., Ivanov, I., Cusick, R. D., Zhu, X., Logan, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+hydrogen+production+and+electrical+power+generation+for+energy+capture+in+closed-loop+ammonium+bicarbonate+reverse+electrodialysis+systems.">Comparison of hydrogen production and electrical power generation for energy capture in closed-loop ammonium bicarbonate reverse electrodialysis systems.</a> Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 16, 1632-1638 (2014).</li><li>Zhu, X. P., He, W. H., Logan, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reducing+pumping+energy+by+using+different+flow+rates+of+high+and+low+concentration+solutions+in+reverse+electrodialysis+cells.">Reducing pumping energy by using different flow rates of high and low concentration solutions in reverse electrodialysis cells.</a> Journal of Membrane Science. 486, 215-221 (2015).</li><li>Vermaas, D. A., Saakes, M., Nijmeijer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doubled+power+density+from+salinity+gradients+at+reduced+intermembrane+distance.">Doubled power density from salinity gradients at reduced intermembrane distance.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 45, 7089-7095 (2011).</li><li>Veerman, J., Saakes, M., Metz, S. J., Harmsen, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reverse+electrodialysis:+Performance+of+a+stack+with+50+cells+on+the+mixing+of+sea+and+river+water.">Reverse electrodialysis: Performance of a stack with 50 cells on the mixing of sea and river water.</a> Journal of Membrane Science. 327, 136-144 (2009).</li><li>Veerman, J., Saakes, M., Metz, S. J., Harmsen, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+power+from+sea+and+river+water+by+reverse+electrodialysis:+a+first+step+from+the+laboratory+to+a+real+power+plant.">Electrical power from sea and river water by reverse electrodialysis: a first step from the laboratory to a real power plant.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 44, 9207-9212 (2010).</li><li>Batchelor, C. K., Batchelor, G. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. , (2000).</li><li>Schock, G., Miquel, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+transfer+and+pressure+loss+in+spiral+wound+modules.">Mass transfer and pressure loss in spiral wound modules.</a> Desalination. 64, 339-352 (1987).</li><li>Da Costa, A. R., Fane, A. G., Wiley, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spacer+characterization+and+pressure+drop+modelling+in+spacer-filled+channels+for+ultrafiltration.">Spacer characterization and pressure drop modelling in spacer-filled channels for ultrafiltration.</a> Journal of Membrane Science. 87, 79-98 (1994).</li><li>Vermaas, D. A., Veerman, J., Saakes, M., Nijmeijer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+multivalent+ions+on+renewable+energy+generation+in+reverse+electrodialysis.">Influence of multivalent ions on renewable energy generation in reverse electrodialysis.</a> Energy &amp; Environmental Science. 7, 1434-1445 (2014).</li><li>Vermaas, D. A., Saakes, M., Nijmeijer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+mixing+in+the+diffusive+boundary+layer+for+energy+generation+in+reverse+electrodialysis.">Enhanced mixing in the diffusive boundary layer for energy generation in reverse electrodialysis.</a> Journal of Membrane Science. 453, 312-319 (2014).</li><li>Moreno, J., Grasman, S., van Engelen, R., Nijmeijer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upscaling+reverse+electrodialysis.">Upscaling reverse electrodialysis.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 52, 10856-10863 (2018).</li><li>Sarkar, S., SenGupta, A. K., Prakash, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+donnan+membrane+principle:+opportunities+for+sustainable+engineered+processes+and+materials.">The donnan membrane principle: opportunities for sustainable engineered processes and materials.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 44, 1161-1166 (2010).</li><li>Kim, H. -. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+power+density+of+reverse+electrodialysis+with+pore-filling+ion+exchange+membranes+and+a+high-open-area+spacer.">High power density of reverse electrodialysis with pore-filling ion exchange membranes and a high-open-area spacer.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 3, 16302-16306 (2015).</li><li>D&#322;ugo&#322;&#281;cki, P., Nymeijer, K., Metz, S., Wessling, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+status+of+ion+exchange+membranes+for+power+generation+from+salinity+gradients.">Current status of ion exchange membranes for power generation from salinity gradients.</a> Journal of Membrane Science. 319, 214-222 (2008).</li><li>Geise, G. M., Curtis, A. J., Hatzell, M. C., Hickner, M. A., Logan, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salt+concentration+differences+alter+membrane+resistance+in+reverse+electrodialysis+stacks.">Salt concentration differences alter membrane resistance in reverse electrodialysis stacks.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology Letters. 1, 36-39 (2014).</li></ol>

RED 的工作原理主要由膜的物理化学特性主导，这是 RED 系统的重要组成部分， 如图 3所示。在这里，我们描述了膜的基本特征，以提供高性能的红色系统。膜的特异性离子渗透性使其通过聚合物纳米通道传递一种离子。顾名思义，CEM 可以将离子从一侧传递到另一侧并限制离子，而 AEM 可以传递 anion 并限制离子。如图 2所示，所有膜都被塑造成红色堆栈?...

从自然资源中获取能源是一种经济的方法，是环保的，从而使我们的星球绿色和清洁。到目前为止，已经提出了几个提取能量的过程，但反向电透析（RED）具有巨大的潜力来克服能源危机问题1。逆向电透析发电是全球能源脱碳的技术突破。顾名思义，RED是一个反向过程，其中备用细胞室充满了高浓度盐溶液和低浓缩盐溶液2。从隔间末端的电极收集的离子交换膜上的盐浓度差产生的化学潜力。
自2000年以来，发表了许多研究文章，从理论和实验上深入了解了红色3、4。对应力条件下的操作条件和可靠性研究进行系统研究，改进了堆栈结构，提高了整体单元格性能。一些研究小组已经将注意力转移到RED的混合应用上，如红与海水淡化工艺5，红色与太阳能6，红色与反渗透（RO）过程5，RED与微生物燃料电池7，红色与辐射冷却过程8。如前所述，在实施RED的混合应用以解决能源和清洁水问题方面有很大的空间。
采用了几种方法来提高红细胞的性能和膜的离子交换能力。使用硫酸组（-SO3H）、磷酸组（-PO3H2）和碳酸组（-COOH）定制不同类型的离子的cation交换膜是改变膜物理化学特性的有效方法之一。离子交换膜是用铵组 <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/62309/62209eq1.jpg"> （）9量身定做的。AEM 和 CEM 的高离子电导率而不降低膜的机械强度，是选择合适的膜进行设备应用的关键参数。应力条件下的坚固膜为膜提供机械稳定性，并增强设备的耐久性。在这里，高性能独立硫化聚（乙醚醚酮）（sPEEK）作为cation交换膜与FAA-3作为离子交换膜的独特组合用于红色应用。 图1 显示了实验过程的流程图。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/62309/62309fig01.jpg"> 图1： 程序图。 流程图介绍了离子交换膜制备的程序，然后是反向电透析测量过程。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/62309/62309fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AEM based membrane</td>
			<td>Fumion</td>
			<td>P1810-194</td>
			<td>Ionomer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CEM based membrane</td>
			<td>Fumion</td>
			<td>E550</td>
			<td>Ionomer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital torque wrench</td>
			<td>Torqueworld</td>
			<td>WP2-030-09000251</td>
			<td>wrench</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labview software</td>
			<td>Natiaonal Instrument</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laptop</td>
			<td>LG</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>PC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic stirrer</td>
			<td>Lab Companion</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>MS-17BB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N, N-Dimethylacetamide</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td>271012</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Methyl-2- pyrrolidone</td>
			<td>Daejung</td>
			<td>872-50-4</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td>EMS tech Inc</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>EMP 2000W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td>P3289</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td>244023</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure Gauge</td>
			<td>Swagelok</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Guage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reverse electrodialysis setup</td>
			<td>fabricated in lab</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RO system pure water</td>
			<td>KOTITI</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary evaporator</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>YEFO-KTPM</td>
			<td>Induction motor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td>S9888</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td>Merk</td>
			<td>1310-73-2</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Source meter</td>
			<td>Keithley</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>2410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spacer</td>
			<td>Nitex, SEFAR</td>
			<td>06-250/34</td>
			<td>Spacer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfuric acid</td>
			<td>Daejung</td>
			<td>7664-93-9</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube</td>
			<td>Masterflex tube</td>
			<td>96410-25</td>
			<td>Rubber tube</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ion-exchange membranes for the fabrication of reverse electrodialysis device

反向电透析 （RED） 是一种有效的方法，使用离子交换膜 （CEM） 和离子交换膜 （AEM） 将水中的两种不同的盐浓度混合在水中。RED 堆栈由离子交换膜和离子交换膜的交替排列组成。RED 设备是满足未来能源危机普遍需求的潜在候选设备。在这里，在本文中，我们演示了使用实验室规模的 CEM 和 AEM 制造反向电透析设备用于发电的程序。离子交换膜的活性面积为49厘米2。在本文中，我们提供了一个合成膜的分步程序，然后是堆栈的组装和功率测量。还解释了测量条件和净功率输出计算。此外，我们描述了为获得可靠结果而考虑的基本参数。我们还提供一个理论参数，影响与膜和饲料溶液相关的整体细胞性能。简言之，这个实验描述了如何在同一平台上组装和测量红细胞。它还包含使用 CEM 和 AEM 膜估算 RED 堆栈净功率输出的工作原理和计算。

净功率输出 红细胞通常从盐溶液的盐度梯度产生电能，即离子通过膜朝相反的方向运动。要正确组装红色堆栈，需要对齐堆栈中的所有层，包括电极、垫片、膜和隔膜，如图 4 和图 5中的示意图所示。 如果堆栈不完全对齐，可能会出现两个问题：（i） 堆栈中可能发生 HC 和 LC 解决方案交叉流，堆栈中溶液的 （ii） 泄漏可能发生。在开?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device at JoVE.com

Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device

我们演示了使用离子交换膜 （CEM） 和离子交换膜 （AEM） 发电的逆向电透析设备的制造。

用于制造反向电透析装置的离子交换膜

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an effective way to generate power by mixing two different salt concentrations in water using cation-exchange membranes ...

该协议是一种无噪音、清洁和可持续的能源生产方式。将水盐度梯度转化为电能，可以轻松解决能源危机问题。该方法为利用 RED 高效发电提供了具有突出物理化学特性的大面积膜的直接列表。RED 装置的输出性能可以放大，膜可用于其他电化学设备，如磷化和氧化物流电池。同质溶液制备、过滤、干燥、控制技术、清洗、膜处理，调节可重复膜性能。堆栈对齐和压力下降优化对于产生稳定的设备性能至关重要。要准备一个cation交换膜，在250毫升的圆形底烧瓶中加入5%的硫化聚醚酮纤维，并溶解二甲基乙酰酰胺溶剂中的纤维。然后摇动烧瓶10分钟，使所有的离子聚合物沉淀到烧瓶的底部。将混合物放入带磁性搅拌棒的硅油浴中，以每分钟 500 转的速度在 80 摄氏度下以 24 小时剧烈搅拌溶液，以获得均匀的溶液。第二天，通过 0.45 微米的 PTFE 过滤器将 30 毫升的溶液过滤成直径为 18 厘米的圆形玻璃盘。使用吹风机去除任何气泡，然后将盘子放在烤箱中 24 小时，温度为 90 摄氏度，产生约 50 微米厚的独立膜。要提取独立膜，请将盘中装满温蒸馏水。10分钟后，独立膜将脱离盘。要激活膜，将膜浸入一个摩尔硫酸溶液中两个小时，在 80 摄氏度下，然后每次洗涤至少用一升蒸馏水洗三次 10 分钟。在室温下按重量 FAA-3 离子体溶液溶液溶解在室温下溶剂中溶解 10%，每分钟溶解 500 转。在孵化结束时，通过 100 微米的孔隙过滤约 30 毫升溶液，过滤成 18 厘米的玻璃 Petri 盘。去除任何气泡后，将盘子放入 100 摄氏度的烤箱中 24 小时。使用热蒸馏水提取证明的干燥膜，并在一升氢氧化钠中激活膜两小时。然后用每洗一升蒸馏水清洗活性膜三次，如所示。激活后，将离子和离子交换膜切割到 49 平方厘米。要制作红色堆栈，将一个三厘米厚的 PMMA 板与电极对朝上放置，并将橡胶垫片和垫片放在电极上。将气化交换膜和离子交换膜放在垫片的两侧。将硅垫片和垫片放在每个膜上，并将第二个 PMMA 板放置到第二层垫片和垫片上。然后使用带有 25 牛顿力的数字扳手驱动器，用螺母、螺栓和垫圈固定设置。组装完堆时，在每个板的末端放置一个钛网状电极，涂上一对一的钛和钛混合物，然后用鳄鱼夹将电极连接到源仪表。分析前至少两小时，在连接到渗透泵的单个大型容器中加入 5 升 0.01 摩尔低氯化钠溶液和 5 升 0.6 摩尔高氯化钠溶液，并在室温下连续搅拌溶液。要执行 RED 分析，请将 0.05 摩尔冲洗溶液添加到第三个容器中，并使用橡胶管将所有三个容器通过渗透泵和压力表连接到 RED 总成。将冲洗溶液的流速设置为每分钟 50 毫升，将盐溶液的流速设置为每分钟 100 毫升，并检查管子以消除任何交叉流或泄漏。执行压力表读数，以确保读数稳定。解决方案通过堆栈运行至少五分钟后，使用连接到电极和红色堆栈的源仪表，通过 galvanostat 方法测量反向电透析输出性能。反向电透析装置是满足未来能源危机普遍需求的潜在候选设备。盐浓度盐度梯度的差异产生开放电路电压，这取决于反向电透析堆栈的内部电阻。在分析中，反向电透析堆栈的最大功率密度约为每平方米0.7瓦，按固定流量计算净功率密度约为每平方米0.65瓦。如前所见，电池的功率密度最初增加到最大电流密度值，然后随着 RED 堆栈内部电阻的增加而下降。定期交叉检查管连接、溶液交叉流和液体以产生高效和稳定的性能非常重要。均匀大面积膜的制备会破坏细胞性能的稳定，而不会污染膜和溶液泄漏。此外，它在压力条件下高效工作。

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

VB制作<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; /空气电池电化学测试

A technique to investigate the properties and performance of new multi-electron metal/air battery systems is proposed and presented. A method for ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication of Uniform Nanoscale Cavities via Silicon Direct Wafer Bonding

通过硅直接晶圆粘接制造均匀纳米级腔

Measurements of the heat capacity and superfluid fraction of confined 4He have been performed near the lambda transition using lithographically patterned ...

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

通过光学吸收跃迁图案 - 制备与表征

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical ...

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

基于扫描光散射分析器（SLPS）的方法来量化评估来自眼内镜的前向和后向光散射

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

Preparation of Large-area Vertical 2D Crystal Hetero-structures Through the Sulfurization of Transition Metal Films for Device Fabrication

硫化过渡金属膜制备大面积垂直2D 晶体杂化结构

We have demonstrated that through the sulfurization of transition metal films such as molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W), large-area and uniform transition ...

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures on Silicon Nitride Membranes for Magnetic Vortex Studies Using Transmission Microscopy Techniques

用透射显微技术制备氮化硅薄膜磁性纳米结构的研究

Electron and x-ray magnetic microscopies allow for high-resolution magnetic imaging down to tens of nanometers. However, the samples need to be prepared ...

Fabrication of an Optical Cell Dryer for the Spectroscopic Analysis Cells

光谱分析细胞光学细胞干燥机的研制

Optical cells, which are experimental instruments, are small, square tubes sealed on one side. A sample is placed in this tube, and a measurement is ...

Hybrid Printing for the Fabrication of Smart Sensors

用于智能传感器制造的混合打印

A method to combine additively manufactured substrates or foils and multilayer inkjet printing for the fabrication of sensor devices is presented. First, ...

Fabrication of Nanoheight Channels Incorporating Surface Acoustic Wave Actuation via Lithium Niobate for Acoustic Nanofluidics

通过用于声学纳米流体的尼奥布精锂结合表面声波驱动纳米高通道的制造

Controlled nanoscale manipulation of fluids is known to be exceptionally difficult due to the dominance of surface and viscous forces. Megahertz-order ...

Pneumatically Driven Microfluidic Platform for Micro-Particle Concentration

气动驱动的微流体平台，用于微颗粒浓缩

The present article introduces a method for fabricating and operating a pneumatic valve to control particle concentration using a microfluidic platform. ...