Name: &#181;tongue: a microfluidics-based functional imaging platform for the tongue in vivo
Uploaded: 2021-04-22T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ã‚ÂµTongue: A Microfluidics-Based Functional Imaging Platform for the Tongue In Vivo at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了基础科学研究所（IBS-R015-D1）的支持，该研究所是韩国国家研究基金会（NRF）的赠款，由韩国政府资助（MSIT）（ No. 2019M3A9E2061789），由韩国政府资助的韩国国家研究基金会（NRF）赠款（第2019M3E5D2A01058329号）。我们感谢金恩苏和尤金·李的技术援助。

所有外科手术均得到宋庆九大学和首尔国立大学动物护理和使用机构委员会（IACUC）的批准。
1. 准备解决方案：人工唾液和口吃
<ol><li>通过溶解 2 mM NaCl、5 mM KCl 来准备人工唾液， 3 mM NaHCO3， 3 m M KHCO3， 0.25 m M CaCl2， 0.25 m M MgCl2， 0.12 mM K2HPO2 4，0.12 mM KH2PO4， 和 1.8 mM HCl 在蒸馏水 （>1 L）， 并调整溶液的pH值到 ...

<ol>
	<li>Mao, T., O'Connor, D. H., Scheuss, V., Nakai, J., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+and+subcellular+targeting+of+GCaMP-type+genetically-encoded+calcium+indicators.">Characterization and subcellular targeting of GCaMP-type genetically-encoded calcium indicators.</a> PLoS One. 3 (3), 1-10 (2008).</li><li>Shih, A. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+microscopy+as+a+tool+to+study+blood+flow+and+neurovascular+coupling+in+the+rodent+brain.">Two-photon microscopy as a tool to study blood flow and neurovascular coupling in the rodent brain.</a> Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &amp; Metabolism. 32 (7), 1277-1309 (2012).</li><li>Choi, M., Kwok, S. J. J., Yun, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+fluorescence+microscopy:+Lessons+from+observing+cell+behavior+in+their+native+environment.">In vivo fluorescence microscopy: Lessons from observing cell behavior in their native environment.</a> Physiology. 30 (1), 40-49 (2015).</li><li>Caicedo, A., Samir Jafri, M., Roper, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+Ca2++imaging+reveals+neurotransmitter+receptors+for+glutamate+in+taste+receptor+cells.">In situ Ca2+ imaging reveals neurotransmitter receptors for glutamate in taste receptor cells.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 20 (21), 7978-7985 (2000).</li><li>Tomchik, S. M., Berg, S., Kim, J. W., Chaudhari, N., Roper, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breadth+of+tuning+and+taste+coding+in+mammalian+taste+buds.">Breadth of tuning and taste coding in mammalian taste buds.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 27 (40), 10840-10848 (2007).</li><li>Dando, R., Roper, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-to-cell+communication+in+intact+taste+buds+through+ATP+signalling+from+pannexin+1+gap+junction+hemichannels.">Cell-to-cell communication in intact taste buds through ATP signalling from pannexin 1 gap junction hemichannels.</a> The Journal of Physiology. 587 (24), 5899-5906 (2009).</li><li>Chandrashekar, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cells+and+peripheral+representation+of+sodium+taste+in+mice.">The cells and peripheral representation of sodium taste in mice.</a> Nature. 464 (7286), 297-301 (2010).</li><li>Oka, Y., Butnaru, M., von Buchholtz, L., Ryba, N. J. P., Zuker, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+salt+recruits+aversive+taste+pathways.">High salt recruits aversive taste pathways.</a> Nature. 494 (7438), 472-475 (2013).</li><li>Choi, M., Lee, W. M., Yun, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravital+microscopic+interrogation+of+peripheral+taste+sensation.">Intravital microscopic interrogation of peripheral taste sensation.</a> Scientific Reports. 5 (8661), 1-6 (2015).</li><li>Han, J., Choi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+functional+screening+of+taste+sensation+in+vivo.">Comprehensive functional screening of taste sensation in vivo.</a> bioRxiv. 16419 (371682), 1-22 (2018).</li><li>Thestrup, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+ratiometric+calcium+sensors+for+functional+in+vivo+imaging+of+neurons+and+T+lymphocytes.">Optimized ratiometric calcium sensors for functional in vivo imaging of neurons and T lymphocytes.</a> Nature Methods. 11 (2), 175-182 (2014).</li><li>Danilova, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glossopharyngeal+nerves+to+taste+stimuli+in+C57BL+/+6J+mice.">Glossopharyngeal nerves to taste stimuli in C57BL / 6J mice.</a> BME Neuroscience. 15, 1-15 (2003).</li><li>Wu, A., Dvoryanchikov, G., Pereira, E., Chaudhari, N., Roper, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breadth+of+tuning+in+taste+afferent+neurons+varies+with+stimulus+strength.">Breadth of tuning in taste afferent neurons varies with stimulus strength.</a> Nature Communications. 6 (8171), 1-11 (2015).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+An+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: An open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nature Methods. 9 (7), 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Tan, H. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gut-brain+axis+mediates+sugar+preference.">The gut-brain axis mediates sugar preference.</a> Nature. 580 (7804), 511-516 (2020).</li><li>Roebber, J. K., Roper, S. D., Chaudhari, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+anion+in+salt+(NaCl)+detection+by+mouse+taste+buds.">The role of the anion in salt (NaCl) detection by mouse taste buds.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 39 (32), 6224-6232 (2019).</li><li>Kusuhara, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taste+responses+in+mice+lacking+taste+receptor+subunit+T1R1.">Taste responses in mice lacking taste receptor subunit T1R1.</a> Journal of Physiology. 591 (7), 1967-1985 (2013).</li></ol>

这里描述的是一个详细的协议，将μTongue应用于对 体内味觉细胞功能活动的调查。在此协议中，使用基因编码钙指标对味觉细胞进行功能成像。除了使用转基因小鼠外，钙染料（或电压感应染料）的电泳加载到味觉细胞上也是另一种选择。
所有低于折射指数1.336的味觉溶液都用于此实验。虽然 μTongue 提供了稳定的流体输送和比例分析，可改善成像伪影，但研究人员将?...

活性荧光显微镜被广泛用于研究活组织上空间动力学。研究人员正在迅速开发基因编码传感器，这些传感器提供生物过程向荧光信号的具体和敏感的转换，这些传感器可以使用广泛可用的荧光显微镜随时记录下来。虽然大多数啮齿动物的内脏器官都使用显微镜进行了研究，但其在舌头上的成功应用尚未成功。
先前对味觉细胞钙成像的研究是通过薄切舌头组织来获得环状味蕾4、5、6，或剥去味觉上皮，获得真菌形态味蕾7、8。这些样本的制备不可避免地具有侵入性，因此神经内侧、渗透障碍和血液循环等自然微环境在很大程度上受到干扰。Choi等人于2015年报告了第一个活体舌头成像窗口，但由于流体干性刺激9引起的运动和光学伪影，无法实现可靠的功能记录。
最近，微流体在舌头上（μTongue）被引入10。该设备集成了微流体系统和鼠标舌头上的成像窗口。通过在整个成像期间达到准稳定状态的塔斯特刺激流，可以最大限度地减少流体运动的伪影（图1）。输入端口由一系列多通道压力控制器馈送，而输出端口则连接到保持 0.3 mL/min 的注射器泵。此外，通过引入钙不敏感指标（tdTomato）和钙指标（GCaMP6）11的比例测量分析，将塔斯特溶液折射指数差异引起的光学伪体最小化。这种设计提供了微观稳定的味觉细胞在体内，即使与流体通道之间的突然切换。因此，μTongue对活体中的老鼠味蕾实施了可靠的功能筛选。
在此协议中，使用 μTongue 详细解释了小鼠真菌味蕾 体内 钙成像的实验程序。首先，介绍了人工唾液和口述溶液的制备。二是建立微流体系统，实现准稳定状态流动。第三，用于在 μTongue 上安装鼠标舌头以允许图像采集的程序已划为。最后，指定了图像分析的每一步，包括横向运动伪影和比例测量的校正。该协议可以很容易地适应任何研究实验室与鼠标设施和双光子显微镜或等效设备。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>acesulfame K</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>04054-25G</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcium chloride solution</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>21115-100ML</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>citric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C0759-100G</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cycloheximide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>01810-5G</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>denatonium</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5765-5G</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental glue</td>
			<td>Denkist</td>
			<td>P0000CJT-A2</td>
			<td>Animal preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image J</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>Data analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMP</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>57510-5G</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instant adhesive</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>Loctite 4161, Henkel</td>
			<td>Animal preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K2HPO4</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3786-100G</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541-500G</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Yuhan</td>
			<td>Ketamine 50</td>
			<td>Animal preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P0662-25G</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>237205-500G</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>Mathwork</td>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>Data analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8266-100G</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MPG</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>49601-100G</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mutiphoton microscope</td>
			<td>Thorlab</td>
			<td>&#160;Bergamo II</td>
			<td>Microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3014-500G</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>792519-500G</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Objective</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>N16XLWD-PF</td>
			<td>Microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octaflow</td>
			<td>ALA Scientific Instruments</td>
			<td>OCTAFLOW II</td>
			<td>Fluidic control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC</td>
			<td>LG</td>
			<td>Lg15N54</td>
			<td>Fluidic control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PH meter</td>
			<td>Thermoscientific</td>
			<td>ORION STAR AZ11</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-buffered saline</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>806562</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>quinine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Q1125-5G</td>
			<td>Artificial saliva / tastant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe pump</td>
			<td>Havard Apparatus</td>
			<td>PHD ULTRA 4400</td>
			<td>Fluidic control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRITC-dextran</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>52194-1G</td>
			<td>Animal preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrafast fiber laser</td>
			<td>Toptica</td>
			<td>FFultra920 01042</td>
			<td>Microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Bayer Korea</td>
			<td>Rompun</td>
			<td>Animal preparation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

&#181;tongue: a microfluidics-based functional imaging platform for the tongue in vivo

活荧光显微镜是一种广泛用于研究活体动物多细胞动力学的工具。然而，它还没有成功地用于味觉器官。通过将微流体整合到活体舌头成像窗口中，μTongue 在受控接触多种塔斯特的情况下提供 体内 味觉细胞的可靠功能图像。本文介绍了使用 μTongue 系统的详细分步程序。有五个小节：准备 tastant 解决方案、设置微流体模块、样品安装、获取功能图像数据和数据分析。还介绍了一些提示和技术，以解决使用 μTongue 时可能出现的实际问题。

皮尔特-GCAMP6f-tdTomato鼠标被用来获得味蕾图像。老鼠舌头的表面覆盖着自荧光纤维素乳草。味蕾稀疏地铺在舌头表面（图4A）。味蕾及其结构的图像是使用三种不同的滤光片探测器获得的。使用 607/70 nm 滤光片集，从味觉细胞获得 tdTomato 信号进行比例分析（图 4B）。使用 525/50 nm 过滤器集，从味蕾周围的味觉细胞和血管获得 GCaMP 信号（图...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ã‚ÂµTongue: A Microfluidics-Based Functional Imaging Platform for the Tongue In Vivo at JoVE.com

Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ÂµTongue: A Microfluidics-Based Functional Imaging Platform for the Tongue In Vivo

本文介绍了通过将微流体集成到舌头上的活体成像窗口 ，用于在体内 进行功能味觉细胞成像的 μTongue（舌上微流体）设备。

μTongue：一个基于微流体的功能成像平台，用于在Viva的舌头

Intravital fluorescence microscopy is a tool used widely to study multicellular dynamics in a live animal. However, it has not been successfully used in ...

此协议允许观察自然微环境下味觉细胞的功能，神经连接和血液循环保持不变。利用这种技术，细胞对细胞的通信可以在体内进行调查。首先，用人工唾液和口香剂填充加压流灌注系统的储层。将压缩的气管连接到调节器输入，并将流体输送系统中的气压设置为每平方英寸 30 到 50 磅。将调节器的输出压力设置为每平方英寸 0.4 磅，并检查液体是否开始从管子中流出。将从储层到微舌输入端口的歧管连接起来，然后将微舌的输出端口连接到注射器泵，并以每分钟约 300 微升的速度提取液体，以建立稳定的状态状态。确认悬挂在微舌下的水滴体积保持不变，并调整气压和流速以获得所需的样品高度。一旦微流体系统建立，断开压缩的气管并关闭注射器泵，直到鼠标准备好进行活体成像。在给小鼠麻醉后，静脉注射TRITC-dextran通过复古轨道路线观察成像过程中的血液循环。当鼠标放置在苏平位置时，将 70% 乙醇喷洒在头部。使用钳子轻轻抬起头部皮肤，然后用剪刀剪掉大约7平方毫米的皮肤。清洁头皮周围的头发后，从皮肤下取出腹膜，并在头骨上涂上即时粘合剂。然后附加自定义的头修复器。一旦即时粘合剂变硬，在头部固定器周围涂抹牙科胶水，并通过蓝光照明将其凝固。使用即时胶粘剂将鼠标的下唇粘附在微舌的底部单元上，然后将鼠标放在鼠标制备板上，通过将微舌边缘的孔与柱子对齐，将微舌底部单元固定到保持柱子上。将鼠标头固定器拧紧到板上的头部固定器支架上，并调整鼠标头与设备之间的距离。然后使用头固定器支架，将鼠标头平稳旋转约 45 度。将鼠标固定在木板上后，使用塑料钳子轻轻地画出它的舌头。然后使用即时粘合剂，将舌头的腹腔侧连接到微舌头底部单元的上侧。为了保持舌头湿润，用湿棉签擦拭表面，然后将一块浸泡在人工唾液中的组织放在舌头裸露的表面。将弯曲的垫圈放在柱子上，握住微舌的底部，然后将鼠标制备液移动到显微镜阶段。将鼠标的裸露舌头放置在显微镜目标区域的近似中心下，确保不会偏离舞台的动态范围，然后拧紧螺丝，将鼠标板牢牢地固定在舞台上。在鼠标下放置加热垫，使其体温保持在 36.5 至 37.5 摄氏度之间。为了防止液体进入鼠标气管，在鼠标口腔内放置一块薄薄的扭曲纸，然后取出放置在舌头表面的湿组织，将准备好的微舌头放在鼠舌上，以便通过成像窗口可以看到舌头的表面。用最小的压缩压力轻轻拧紧两端，确保微舌的安全。要开始获取图像，打开显微镜软件，然后打开 920 纳米双光子激光。将浸水目标安装在显微镜上，然后将目标降低到微舌的成像窗口，并沉浸在目标中。在相机模式下，通过打开汞灯的蓝光来照亮舌头表面。要找到近似焦点平面，请调整 Z 轴并从纤维形乳胶中搜索自动荧光信号。然后使用 X 和 Y 调整旋钮，定位味蕾。切换到多光子模式，然后设置激发波长、发射滤波器集、扫描模式和帧大小，以便进行图像采集。在成像窗口的中心，将味蕾周围的血管定位在味蕾高度的三分之二左右，并可视化血液循环。如果血流堵塞，稍微松开固定螺丝以恢复血液流动。调整 Z 轴，找到含有足够数量味觉细胞的味蕾的 Z 平面，然后在 2 到 6 赫兹进行钙成像，等待 80 秒。成像开始后，打开流体系统的储液库，提供 20 秒的味觉解决方案。经过20秒的味觉刺激，将水库切换回人工唾液。在成像过程中，等待约三到四分钟的会话之间不断提供人工唾液，以保持舌头湿润和洗去从上一个会话剩余的干面包。皮尔特 - GCAMP6f - tdTomato 小鼠的舌头表面覆盖着自荧光纤维素和稀疏的味蕾。黄色纤维素使用 500 至 550 纳米的照片探测器拍摄，从舌头表面可观察到约 25 微米的深度。500 至 550 纳米滤镜检测到的绿色 GCaMP 信号和 607 到 670 纳米过滤器检测到的红色 tdTomato 信号表示味觉细胞。tdTomato 信号用于比率指标分析。围绕味蕾的血管是使用胶原蛋白结缔组织中的500至550纳米过滤器获得的，该过滤器在结构上支持味蕾，使用447至460纳米过滤器集获得。在这个使用钙成像进行体内味觉筛查的代表性示例中，每个味觉细胞都由虚线划定。在这次试验中，细胞2对甜和乌玛米烤面包都有反应。细胞3对低盐和高盐干都做出了反应。这个味蕾里的细胞都没有对酸味做出反应。由于本实验的目的是观察自然环境中的味觉细胞功能，因此在准备阶段将荧光进入血管并确认其在实验过程中的循环非常重要。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

&#181;Tongue: A Microfluidics-Based Functional Imaging Platform for the Tongue In Vivo

Functional Mapping with Simultaneous MEG and EEG

同时脑磁图和脑电图的功能映射

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the ...

科研

神经科学

High-resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods for Human Midbrain

高分辨率人类中脑功能磁共振成像方法

Functional MRI (fMRI) is a widely used tool for non-invasively measuring correlates of human brain activity. However, its use has mostly been focused upon ...

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

使用超声波血脑屏障破坏和锰增强MRI的脑功能成像

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

产后的小脑颗粒细胞迁移利用共聚焦肉眼离体成像

During postnatal development, immature granule cells (excitatory interneurons) exhibit tangential migration in the external granular layer, and then ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

同时<em&gt;体外</em两个由视网膜&gt;功能测试<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;电图系统

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

High-resolution Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Subcortex In Vivo and Postmortem

High-resolution Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Subcortex In Vivo and Postmortem

高分辨率结构磁共振人类皮质下的成像<I&gt;在体内</I&gt;与死亡

The focus of this study was to test the resolution limits of structural MRI of a postmortem brain compared to living human brains. The resolution of ...

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

在基于生物发光钙指标GFP的水母体内脑功能成像方法

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new ...

A Volumetric Method for Quantification of Cerebral Vasospasm in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血模型脑血管痉挛量化的容积法

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of hemorrhagic stroke. Cerebral vasospasm that occurs in the aftermath of the bleeding is an important factor ...

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

体内新生小鼠皮层神经元的双光子成像

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging ...

In Vivo Imaging of Cerebrospinal Fluid Transport through the Intact Mouse Skull using Fluorescence Macroscopy

使用荧光宏镜检查,通过"完整小鼠头骨"进行脑脊液传输的 Vivo 成像

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in rodents has largely been studied using ex vivo quantification of tracers. Techniques such as two-photon microscopy and ...