Name: preparation of rat skeletal muscle homogenates for nitrate and nitrite measurements
Uploaded: 2021-07-29T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Homogenates for Nitrate and Nitrite Measurements at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了校内NIH / NIDDK授予医学博士Alan N Schechter的ZIA DK 0251041-14的支持。

动物方案已获得NIDDK动物护理和使用委员会（ASP K049-MMB-20）的批准。动物是根据AAALAC网站上免费提供的现行实验动物护理和使用指南进行处理和治疗的。
1.大鼠骨骼肌采集
<ol><li>当大鼠处于深度麻醉状态（5%异氟醚，通过对尾部/腿部挤压没有反应来证实），通过将19G针头放入左心室的顶点并在右心房上划开切口，开始用含有肝素的盐水灌注。让含有肝素的生理盐水灌注到内?...

<ol>
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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitrate+as+a+source+of+nitrite+and+nitric+oxide+during+exercise+hyperemia+in+rat+skeletal+muscle.">Nitrate as a source of nitrite and nitric oxide during exercise hyperemia in rat skeletal muscle.</a> Nitric Oxide. 55-56, 54-61 (2016).</li><li>Cosby, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitrite+reduction+to+nitric+oxide+by+deoxyhemoglobin+vasodilates+the+human+circulation.">Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation.</a> Nature Medicine. 9 (12), 1498-1505 (2003).</li><li>Shiva, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deoxymyoglobin+is+a+nitrite+reductase+that+generates+nitric+oxide+and+regulates+mitochondrial+respiration.">Deoxymyoglobin is a nitrite reductase that generates nitric oxide and regulates mitochondrial respiration.</a> Circulation Research. 100 (5), 654-661 (2007).</li><li>Millar, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Xanthine+oxidoreductase+catalyses+the+reduction+of+nitrates+and+nitrite+to+nitric+oxide+under+hypoxic+conditions.">Xanthine oxidoreductase catalyses the reduction of nitrates and nitrite to nitric oxide under hypoxic conditions.</a> FEBS Letter. 427 (2), 225-228 (1998).</li><li>Benjamin, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stomach+NO+synthesis.">Stomach NO synthesis.</a> Nature. 368 (6471), 502 (1994).</li><li>Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., Lundberg, J. M., Alving, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intragastric+nitric+oxide+production+in+humans:+measurements+in+expelled+air.">Intragastric nitric oxide production in humans: measurements in expelled air.</a> Gut. 35 (11), 1543-1546 (1994).</li><li>Larsen, F. J., Ekblom, B., Sahlin, K., Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+dietary+nitrate+on+blood+pressure+in+healthy+volunteers.">Effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure in healthy volunteers.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (26), 2792-2793 (2006).</li><li>Kapil, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inorganic+nitrate+supplementation+lowers+blood+pressure+in+humans:+role+for+nitrite-derived+NO.">Inorganic nitrate supplementation lowers blood pressure in humans: role for nitrite-derived NO.</a> Hypertension. 56 (2), 274-281 (2010).</li><li>Jones, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dietary+nitrate+supplementation+and+exercise+performance.">Dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance.</a> Sports Medicine. 44, 35-45 (2014).</li><li>Piknova, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skeletal+muscle+as+an+endogenous+nitrate+reservoir.">Skeletal muscle as an endogenous nitrate reservoir.</a> Nitric Oxide. 47, 10-16 (2015).</li><li>Wylie, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+skeletal+muscle+nitrate+store:+influence+of+dietary+nitrate+supplementation+and+exercise.">Human skeletal muscle nitrate store: influence of dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise.</a> Journal of Physiology. 597 (23), 5565-5576 (2019).</li><li>Piknova, B., Schechter, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+nitrite+in+blood+samples+using+the+ferricyanide-based+hemoglobin+oxidation+assay.">Measurement of nitrite in blood samples using the ferricyanide-based hemoglobin oxidation assay.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 704, 39-56 (2011).</li><li>Piknova, B., Park, J. W., Cassel, K. S., Gilliard, C. N., Schechter, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+Nitrite+and+Nitrate,+Metabolites+in+the+Nitric+Oxide+Pathway,+in+Biological+Materials+using+the+Chemiluminescence+Method.">Measuring Nitrite and Nitrate, Metabolites in the Nitric Oxide Pathway, in Biological Materials using the Chemiluminescence Method.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (118), e54879 (2016).</li><li>Nyakayiru, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sodium+nitrate+ingestion+increases+skeletal+muscle+nitrate+content+in+humans.">Sodium nitrate ingestion increases skeletal muscle nitrate content in humans.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 123 (3), 637-644 (2017).</li><li>Troutman, A. D., Gallardo, E. J., Brown, M. B., Coggan, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+nitrate+and+nitrite+in+biopsy-sized+muscle+samples+using+HPLC.">Measurement of nitrate and nitrite in biopsy-sized muscle samples using HPLC.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 125 (5), 1475-1481 (2018).</li><li>Shinin, V., Gayraud-Morel, B., Tajbakhsh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Template+DNA-strand+co-segregation+and+asymmetric+cell+division+in+skeletal+muscle+stem+cells.">Template DNA-strand co-segregation and asymmetric cell division in skeletal muscle stem cells.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 482, 295-317 (2009).</li><li>Long, G. M., Troutman, A. D., Fisher, A., Brown, M. B., Coggan, A. 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为了监测NO代谢物，硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的变化，作为生理干预的功能，必须测量这些离子在不同器官中的水平，这些离子在其代谢中至关重要。由于血液中的血红蛋白会与NO及其代谢物发生反应，因此尽可能从组织样本中快速去除血液也很重要。因此，在收集骨骼肌组织（臀肌，TA，EDL，腓肠肌）之前，用盐水灌注动物，并立即去除目标肌肉周围的结缔组织和脂肪。对于均质溶液，用铁氰化物、NEM ...

一氧化氮（NO）是一种小的气态信号分子，在生理和病理生理过程中起着关键作用1。NO可以通过一氧化氮合酶（NOS）家族的内源性酶从L-精氨酸产生，然后快速氧化为硝酸盐（NO 3-），并且可能在血液和组织中的亚硝酸盐（NO2-）2，3。最近，这些阴离子已被证明在哺乳动物系统中被还原回NO4。硝酸盐转化为亚硝酸盐，主要是通过口腔内共生细菌硝酸盐还原酶作用于唾液腺分泌的离子而直接摄入5，并在一定程度上通过哺乳动物酶如黄嘌呤氧化还原酶6，7。亚硝酸盐可以通过几种机制进一步还原为NO，包括脱氧血红蛋白8，脱氧肌红蛋白9，含钼酶10和质子存在下的非酶还原11，12。
这种硝酸盐 - 亚硝酸盐 - NO途径在缺氧条件下增强，其中NOS活性降低，因为NOS需要氧气才能产生NO4。最近的许多研究报告了膳食硝酸盐对血压调节和运动表现的有益影响，这表明硝酸盐减少途径有助于NO信号传导的增强13，14，15。先前的研究表明，一些骨骼肌可能是体内主要的硝酸盐储存场所16。与血液或其他内脏器官（如肝脏）相比，骨骼肌（臀大肌）含有更高水平的硝酸盐，并且在哺乳动物体内具有相当大的质量。在大鼠模型中，跑步机运动显示可增强硝酸盐减少到亚硝酸盐和臀大肌中的NO7。这些结果表明，一些骨骼肌可能是生理情况下通过硝酸盐减少途径获得NO的重要来源。最近的研究表明，这些发现，包括运动期间肌肉硝酸盐水平的变化，也发生在人类身上17。
目前的两位作者之前已经建立了一种测量血液和其他液体样品中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐水平的方法18。然而，当最初分析组织匀浆中这些阴离子的水平时，没有详细的方案。为了了解几个不同器官中的硝酸盐-亚硝酸盐-NO动力学，我们的目标是开发一种准确有效的方法来测量哺乳动物组织（包括骨骼肌）中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐水平。在早期的研究中，啮齿动物组织用于开发可靠的均质过程，然后分析这些匀浆中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量7，16，19。这种均质化方法的使用扩展到人类骨骼肌活检样本，从而确认了这些值，重要的是，与血液/血浆相比，观察到的肌肉值与在啮齿动物中观察到的值相似17。近年来，其他小组也开始测量骨骼肌匀浆中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐水平，报告的值与我们小组20，21报告的数值相当。
本协议论文的目的是详细描述使用三种不同的匀浆方法制备骨骼肌匀浆，以便随后测量硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐水平。此外，还研究了用于均质化的组织重量对骨骼肌样品中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐值的影响。我们相信这些方法可以很容易地应用于其他类型的哺乳动物组织。近年来，特别是在运动生理学领域，人们开始关注硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐/NO生理学根据肌肉群可能存在的差异。我们还报告了四种不同啮齿动物肌肉中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量，并发现这两种离子在这些不同的肌肉中分布不均匀;需要进一步研究的观察结果。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>gentleMACS dissociator</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-093-235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gentle MACS M tube</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-093-236</td>
			<td>Length: 87 mm; Diameter: 30 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin Sodium</td>
			<td>Hospira</td>
			<td>NDC-0409-7620-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>NDC-10019-360-60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>646377</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minilys bead homogenizer</td>
			<td>Bertin Instruments</td>
			<td>P000673-MLYS0-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEM; N-ethylmaleimide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>4260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitric Oxide analyzer</td>
			<td>GE</td>
			<td>Sievers NOA 280i</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NP-40; 4-Nonylphenylpolyethylene glycol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>74385</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium ferricyanide; K3Fe(CN)6</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>702587</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precellys lysing kit</td>
			<td>Bertin Instruments</td>
			<td>P000911-LYSK0-A</td>
			<td>contains 2 mL tubes with 2.8 mm ceramic (zirconium oxide) beads for homogenization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulverizer kit</td>
			<td>Cellcrusher</td>
			<td>Cellcrusher kit</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of rat skeletal muscle homogenates for nitrate and nitrite measurements

硝酸盐离子（NO3-）曾经被认为是一氧化氮（NO）代谢的惰性最终产物。然而，先前的研究表明，硝酸盐离子可以通过两步还原机制在哺乳动物中转化为NO：硝酸盐主要通过口服共生细菌还原为亚硝酸盐（NO2-），然后亚硝酸盐通过多种机制还原为NO，包括通过含血红素或钼的蛋白质。这种还原性硝酸盐途径有助于增强NO介导的信号通路，特别是在心血管系统和肌肉运动期间。在这种利用之前，体内硝酸盐的水平由两个不同的来源决定：内源性NO氧化和膳食硝酸盐摄入量，主要来自植物。为了阐明生理环境中复杂的NO循环，我们进一步研究了其代谢物，硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐离子的动力学，与NO相比，它们相对稳定。在以前的研究中，骨骼肌被确定为哺乳动物硝酸盐离子的主要储存器官，也是运动期间NO的直接来源。因此，建立一种可靠的方法来测量骨骼肌中的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐水平非常重要，并且应该有助于将其应用扩展到其他组织样本。本文详细解释了使用三种不同的均质化方法制备骨骼肌样品，用于硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐测量，并讨论了与均质化过程相关的重要问题，包括样品的大小。硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐浓度也比较了四个不同的肌肉群。

为了获得具有代表性的结果，使用了来自8只Wistar大鼠（雄性和雌性，体重250±50g）的骨骼肌组织。通过三种不同的均质工具（旋转均质机，珠均质机和粉碎机）制备大鼠骨骼肌匀浆（每种方法50mg臀大肌）。然后使用一氧化氮分析仪（NOA）测定这些匀浆的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量（图4）。这三个匀浆样品中的硝酸盐水平（图4A）彼此非常相似，范围为39.6?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Homogenates for Nitrate and Nitrite Measurements at JoVE.com

Preparation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Homogenates for Nitrate and Nitrite Measurements

我们提出了三种不同方法的方案，用于大鼠骨骼肌组织的四个不同肌肉群的均质化，以测量和比较硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的水平。此外，我们比较不同的样品重量，以研究组织样品大小是否会影响均质化的结果。

用于硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐测量的大鼠骨骼肌匀浆的制备

Nitrate ions (NO3-) were once thought to be inert end products of nitric oxide (NO) metabolism. However, previous studies demonstrated that nitrate ions ...

骨骼肌是硝酸盐的主要储存库，在转化为亚硝酸盐后，在运动过程中作为NO的来源。在这里，我们提出了测量肌肉和其他组织中这些离子的方法。首先，通过在蒸馏水中混合890毫摩尔铁氰化钾和118毫摩尔N-甲基马来酰亚胺来制备硝酸盐保存或终止溶液，确保溶液中没有晶体残留，然后以1：9的比例加入非离子表面活性剂并轻轻混合以避免起泡。用蒸馏水以1：9的比例稀释终止溶液，并将稀释的终止溶液加入均质管中。接下来，在冰上解冻先前分离和冷冻的大鼠肌肉组织。一旦组织解冻，从骨骼肌中去除剩余的脂肪和结缔组织。切下骨骼肌的碎片，在纱布上吸干。称出适量的骨骼肌组织，然后将预配重组织放入含有终止溶液的匀浆管中。为了在旋转均质机中进行均质化，将装有预先称重的骨骼肌和预先测量的停止溶液的 M 型管放入机器中。将每个样品均质两次，每次均质后，立即将试管放在冰上5分钟冷却。均质化后，短暂离心管。将试管放回冰上，在涡旋15秒之前加入适当体积的甲醇。再次均质化样品并在冰上孵育30分钟，然后离心样品，吸出上清液，继续测量亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐水平。对于磁珠均质化，将骨骼肌组织放入含珠子的管中，并以仪器上可用的最高速度匀浆两次，持续 45 秒。每次均质后，立即将试管置于冰上5分钟冷却，然后离心试管，将试管放回冰上，并在涡旋15秒前加入适量的甲醇。再次均质化样品45秒，然后在冰上孵育30分钟。离心样品，吸出上清液，然后继续测量亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐水平。对于基于粉碎机的均质化，准备含有稀释终止溶液的试管，然后称重并记录试管的重量。粉碎机工具在干冰上冷却30分钟后，使用在液氮中冷却的镊子，将预先称重的组织样品转移到粉碎机中，然后加入少量液氮以确保组织处于液氮温度。95%的液氮汽化后，将破碎工具放在组织顶部并用力按压以感受样品破碎，然后用木槌敲击破碎工具3至5次。当整个样品粉碎后，使用液氮冷却的勺子和镊子，将粉碎的组织直接转移到含有稀释终止溶液的预称重管中。接下来，涡旋管子 15 秒，然后打开管子以检查是否有任何组织卡在盖子里。如果有，请尝试将其移开，然后再次涡旋。将样品短暂离心 2 至 3 秒。再次称量试管并通过从该新重量中减去原始管重量来计算组织重量。将试管放在冰上。向管中加入适量的甲醇，彻底涡旋管15秒，然后在冰上孵育30分钟，然后离心样品，吸出上清液，继续测量亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐水平。使用旋转均质机、珠均质机和粉碎机制备的大鼠骨骼肌匀浆的硝酸盐水平和大鼠骨骼肌匀浆相似。有趣的是，对于亚硝酸盐水平，粉碎机制备的均质样品显示出最高值，该值与其他两个样品值在统计学上不同。使用微球均质器从20、50和200毫克组织制备的臀肌匀浆中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐水平的比较表明，肌肉样本大小之间的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐水平均无显着差异。比较不同啮齿动物腿部骨骼肌组织中的硝酸盐水平显示，臀肌的硝酸盐水平比其他三种肌肉组织高约两倍。然而，这些差异没有达到统计学意义。与硝酸盐水平相似，臀肌中的硝酸盐浓度也高于其他3种肌肉组织，并且明显高于腓肠肌样本。我们的方法相对简单，非常适合小样品，同时在样品制备过程中保留硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐。

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Adult and Embryonic Skeletal Muscle Microexplant Culture and Isolation of Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

成人和胚胎骨骼的肌肉Microexplant文化和骨骼肌肉干细胞的分离

Cultured embryonic and adult skeletal muscle cells have a number of different uses. The micro-dissected explants technique described in this chapter is a ...

科研

生物学

Procedures for Rat in situ Skeletal Muscle Contractile Properties

Procedures for Rat in situ Skeletal Muscle Contractile Properties

对大鼠的过程<em在原位</em骨骼肌收缩性能

There are many circumstances where it is desirable to obtain the contractile response of skeletal muscle under physiological circumstances: normal ...

Laser-inflicted Injury of Zebrafish Embryonic Skeletal Muscle

激光伤害的斑马鱼胚胎骨骼肌

Various experimental approaches have been used in mouse to induce muscle injury with the aim to study muscle regeneration, including myotoxin injections ...

Isolation and Culture of Individual Myofibers and their Satellite Cells from Adult Skeletal Muscle

单个肌纤维和成人骨骼肌卫星细胞的分离和培养

Muscle  regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite  cells. Satellite cells are defined by  their position between the ...

Isolation of Blood-vessel-derived Multipotent Precursors from Human Skeletal Muscle

从人骨骼肌隔离血管源性多能前体

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective ...

Tissue Triage and Freezing for Models of Skeletal Muscle Disease

组织分流和冻结的骨骼肌疾病模型

Skeletal muscle is a unique tissue because of its structure and function, which requires specific protocols for tissue collection to obtain optimal ...

Isolation of Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High Throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements

从小鼠骨骼肌高通量微孔板呼吸测量最低数量的隔离线粒体

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial ...

Measuring Nitrite and Nitrate, Metabolites in the Nitric Oxide Pathway, in Biological Materials using the Chemiluminescence Method

用化学发光法测定硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐，代谢产物中的一氧化氮途径，在生物材料

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the main regulator molecules in vascular homeostasis and also a neurotransmitter. Enzymatically produced NO is oxidized into ...

Isolation of Intact Mitochondria from Skeletal Muscle by Differential Centrifugation for High-resolution Respirometry Measurements

骨骼肌完整的线粒体的分离差速离心高分辨率测量呼吸运动

Mitochondria are involved in cellular energy metabolism and use oxygen to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Differential ...

Identification, Isolation, and Characterization of Fibro-Adipogenic Progenitors (FAPs) and Myogenic Progenitors (MPs) in Skeletal Muscle in the Rat

Identification, Isolation, and Characterization of Fibro-Adipogenic Progenitors FAPs and Myogenic Progenitors MPs in Skeletal Muscle in the Rat

大鼠骨骼肌中纤维-脂肪源性祖细胞（FAPs）和肌源性祖细胞（MPs）的鉴定、分离和表征

Fibro-adipogenic Progenitors (FAPs) are resident interstitial cells in skeletal muscle that, together with myogenic progenitors (MPs), play a key role in ...