Name: mirmachine: a one-stop shop for plant mirna annotation
Uploaded: 2021-05-01T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation at JoVE.com

1. 软件依赖和安装
<ol><li>从其主站点或使用 conda 安装软件依赖项。<ol><li>下载并安装 Perl，如果尚未安装，请从其主站点 （https://www.perl.org/get.html）。 注意：表示的结果是使用 Perl v5.32.0 预测的。</li>
		<li>从其主站点（https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279671/）下载Blast+，一个对齐程序，作为可执行文件和源代码。 注意：表示的结果是使用 BLAST 2.6.0+ 预测的。</li>
		<li>从 https://www.tbi.univie.ac.at/RNA/ ?...

<ol>
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J., Budak, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sorting+the+wheat+from+the+chaff:+identifying+miRNAs+in+genomic+survey+sequences+of+Triticum+aestivum+chromosome+1AL.">Sorting the wheat from the chaff: identifying miRNAs in genomic survey sequences of Triticum aestivum chromosome 1AL.</a> PloS One. 7 (7), 40859 (2012).</li><li>Li, S., Castillo-Gonz&#225;lez, C., Yu, B., Zhang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+functions+of+plant+small+RNAs+in+development+and+in+stress+responses.">The functions of plant small RNAs in development and in stress responses.</a> Plant Journal. 90 (4), 654-670 (2017).</li><li>Lee, Y., Jeon, K., Lee, J. T., Kim, S., Kim, V. 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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Criteria+for+annotation+of+plant+microRNAs.">Criteria for annotation of plant microRNAs.</a> Plant Cell. 20 (12), 3186-3190 (2008).</li><li>Sanei, M., Chen, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+microRNA+turnover.">Mechanisms of microRNA turnover.</a> Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 27, 199-206 (2015).</li><li>Li, J., Yang, Z., Yu, B., Liu, J., Chen, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methylation+protects+miRNAs+and+siRNAs+from+a+3&#8242;-end+uridylation+activity+in+Arabidopsis.">Methylation protects miRNAs and siRNAs from a 3&#8242;-end uridylation activity in Arabidopsis.</a> Current Biology. 15 (16), 1501-1507 (2005).</li><li>Rogers, K., Chen, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogenesis,+turnover,+and+mode+of+action+of+plant+microRNAs.">Biogenesis, turnover, and mode of action of plant microRNAs.</a> Plant Cell. 25 (7), 2383-2399 (2013).</li><li>Axtell, M. J., Meyers, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revisiting+criteria+for+plant+microRNA+annotation+in+the+Era+of+big+data.">Revisiting criteria for plant microRNA annotation in the Era of big data.</a> Plant Cell. 30 (2), 272-284 (2018).</li><li>Camacho, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BLAST+:+architecture+and+applications.">BLAST+: architecture and applications.</a> BMC Bioinformatics. 10 (1), 421 (2009).</li><li>Markham, N. R. N., Zuker, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=UNAFold:+Software+for+nucleic+acid+folding+and+hybridization.">UNAFold: Software for nucleic acid folding and hybridization.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 453, 3-31 (2008).</li><li>Alptekin, B., Akpinar, B. A., Budak, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comprehensive+prescription+for+plant+miRNA+identification.">A comprehensive prescription for plant miRNA identification.</a> Frontiers in Plant Science. 7, 2058 (2017).</li><li>Zhang, B., Pan, X., Cannon, C. H., Cobb, G. P., Anderson, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conservation+and+divergence+of+plant+microRNA+genes.">Conservation and divergence of plant microRNA genes.</a> Plant Journal. 46 (2), 243-259 (2006).</li><li>Appels, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shifting+the+limits+in+wheat+research+and+breeding+using+a+fully+annotated+reference+genome.">Shifting the limits in wheat research and breeding using a fully annotated reference genome.</a> Science. 361 (6403), 7191 (2018).</li><li>Wang, Y., Kuang, Z., Li, L., Yang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+bioinformatics+pipeline+to+accurately+and+efficiently+analyze+the+microRNA+transcriptomes+in+plants.">A bioinformatics pipeline to accurately and efficiently analyze the microRNA transcriptomes in plants.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (155), e59864 (2020).</li><li>Kozomara, A., Griffiths-Jones, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MiRBase:+Annotating+high+confidence+microRNAs+using+deep+sequencing+data.">MiRBase: Annotating high confidence microRNAs using deep sequencing data.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 42, 68-73 (2014).</li><li>Lorenz, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ViennaRNA+Package+2.0.">ViennaRNA Package 2.0.</a> Algorithms for Molecular Biology. 6 (1), 26 (2011).</li><li>Wicker, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+transposable+elements+on+genome+structure+and+evolution+in+bread+wheat.">Impact of transposable elements on genome structure and evolution in bread wheat.</a> Genome Biology. 19 (1), 103 (2018).</li><li>Flavell, R. B., Bennett, M. D., Smith, J. B., Smith, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+size+and+the+proportion+of+repeated+nucleotide+sequence+DNA+in+plants.">Genome size and the proportion of repeated nucleotide sequence DNA in plants.</a> Biochemical Genetics. 12 (4), 257-269 (1974).</li><li>Wicker, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+repetitive+landscape+of+the+5100+Mbp+barley+genome.">The repetitive landscape of the 5100 Mbp barley genome.</a> Mobile DNA. 8, 22 (2017).</li><li>Yang, Q., Ye, Q. 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Nucleic Acids. 4 (9), 252 (2015).</li><li>Bartel, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNAs+directing+siRNA+biogenesis.">MicroRNAs directing siRNA biogenesis.</a> Nature Structural and Molecular Biology. 12 (7), 569-571 (2005).</li><li>Meng, Y., Shao, C., Wang, H., Chen, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+all+the+miRBase-registered+microRNAs+true?+A+structure-+and+expression-based+re-examination+in+plants.">Are all the miRBase-registered microRNAs true? A structure- and expression-based re-examination in plants.</a> RNA Biology. 9 (3), 249-253 (2012).</li><li>Berezikov, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolutionary+flux+of+canonical+microRNAs+and+mirtrons+in+Drosophila.">Evolutionary flux of canonical microRNAs and mirtrons in Drosophila.</a> Nature Genetics. 42 (1), 6-9 (2010).</li></ol>

我们的miRNA管线SUmir在过去十年中一直用于鉴定许多植物miRNA。在这里，我们开发了一种新的、全自动的、免费提供的miRNA鉴定和注释管道mirMachine。此外，许多miRNA鉴定管道，包括但不限于以前的管道，都依赖于UNAfold软件21，该软件随着时间的推移成为商业软件，尽管曾经免费提供。这种新的全自动 mirMachine 不再依赖于 UNAfold;相反，来自ViennaRNA包27 的免费RNAfold用?...

下一代测序技术的进步拓宽了对RNA结构和调控元件的理解，揭示了功能上重要的非编码RNA（ncRNA）。在不同类型的ncRNA中，microRNA（miRNA）构成了植物中长度在19至24个核苷酸之间的小RNA的基本调节类别1，2。自从在线虫秀丽隐杆线虫3中发现第一个miRNA以来，miRNA的存在和功能已经在动植物基因组以及4，5，6中得到了广泛的研究。miRNA通过靶向mRNA进行切割或翻译抑制来发挥作用7。越来越多的证据还表明，miRNA参与植物的各种生物过程，包括生长和发育8，自我生物发生9以及几种生物和非生物胁迫反应10。
在植物中，miRNA最初是从称为pri-miRNA11的长初级转录本加工而来的。这些由细胞核内的RNA聚合酶II产生的pri-miRNA是长转录物，形成不完美的折返结构12。pri-miRNA后来经历切割过程，产生miRNA的内源性单链（ss）发夹前体，称为pre-miRNA11。前miRNA形成发夹状结构，其中单链折叠成双链结构以切除miRNA双链（miRNA/miRNA*）13。Dicer样蛋白切割miRNA/miRNA*双链的两条链，留下2-核苷酸3'-突出部14，15。miRNA 双链体在细胞核内甲基化，保护 miRNA 的 3'-末端免受降解和尿苷化活性16，17。解旋酶在输出后解开甲基化的miRNA双链体，并将成熟的miRNA暴露于细胞质中RNA诱导的沉默复合物（RISC）18。双链的一条链是成熟的miRNA并入RISC，而另一条链miRNA*被降解。miRNA-RISC复合物与靶序列结合，导致mRNA在完全互补的情况下降解，或在部分互补的情况下导致翻译抑制13。
基于表达和生物发生特征，已经描述了miRNA注释的指南15，19。根据定义的指南，Lucas和Budak开发了SUmir管道，以在植物9中进行基于同源的计算机miRNA鉴定。SUmir 管道由两个脚本组成：SUmirFind 和 SUmirFold。SUmirFind 通过国家生物技术信息中心 （NCBI） 基本局部比对搜索工具 （BLAST） 筛选对已知的 miRNA 数据集进行相似性搜索，并使用修改后的参数来包括只有 2 个或更少不匹配的命中，并避免偏向较短的命中（blastn-short -unapped -punishment -1 -reward 1）。SUmirFold使用UNAfold 21评估BLAST20结果中推定miRNA序列的二级结构。SUmirFold通过鉴定发夹结构的特征来区分miRNA与小干扰RNA。此外，它通过参数、最小折叠能量指数> 0.67 和 GC 含量 24-71% 来区分 miRNA 与其他 ssRNA（如 tRNA 和 rRNA）。该管道最近进行了更新，增加了两个额外的步骤，以（i）提高灵敏度，（ii）提高注释准确性，以及（iii）提供预测miRNA基因的基因组分布22。鉴于植物miRNA序列23的高度保守性，该管道最初设计用于基于同源的miRNA预测。然而，这种生物信息学分析无法准确鉴定新型miRNA，因为它严重依赖于密切相关物种之间miRNA的序列保守。
本文提出了一种新的全自动miRNA管道mirMachine，它1）可以更准确地识别已知和新型miRNA（例如，该管道现在使用基于sRNA-seq的新型miRNA预测以及基于同源的miRNA鉴定）和2）完全自动化且免费提供。输出还包括预测miRNA的基因组分布。mirMachine在小麦和 拟南芥 基因组中测试了基于同源性和基于sRNA-seq的预测。虽然最初作为自由软件发布，但UNAfold在过去十年中成为商业软件。通过这次升级，二级结构预测工具从UNAfold切换到RNAfold，以便可以免费使用mirMachine。用户现在可以执行一个简短的提交脚本来运行全自动的 mirMachine 管道（ 示例在 https://github.com/hbusra/mirMachine.git 中提供）。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279671/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Blast+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>https://github.com/hbusra/mirMachine.git</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>mirMachine submission script</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>https://www.perl.org/get.html</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Perl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>https://www.tbi.univie.ac.at/RNA/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>RNAfold</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arabidopsis TAIR10</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triticum aestivum (wheat, IWGSC RefSeq v2)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mirmachine: a one-stop shop for plant mirna annotation

在不同类型的非编码RNA中，microRNA（miRNA）可以说在过去十年中一直备受关注。作为基因表达的转录后调节因子，miRNA在各种细胞途径中起着关键作用，包括发育和对a/生物胁迫（如干旱和疾病）的反应。拥有高质量的参考基因组序列能够在几种植物物种中鉴定和注释miRNA，其中miRNA序列高度保守。由于计算miRNA鉴定和注释过程大多是容易出错的过程，因此基于同源的预测提高了预测的准确性。在过去的十年中，我们开发并改进了miRNA注释管道SUmir，从那时起，该管道已被用于多个植物基因组。 
本研究提出了一种完全自动化的新型miRNA管道mirMachine（miRNA Machine），方法是（i）在二级结构预测上增加额外的过滤步骤，（ii）使其完全自动化，以及（iii）引入新的选项来预测基于同源性的已知miRNA或使用以前的管道基于小RNA测序读数的新型miRNA。新的miRNA管道mirMachine使用拟南芥信息资源TAIR10， 拟南芥 基因组的发布和国际小麦基因组测序联盟（IWGSC）小麦参考基因组v2进行了测试。

将上述miRNA管道mirMachine应用于测试数据，以快速评估管道的性能。仅对沉积在miRBase v22.1的高置信度植物miRNA进行了针对IWGSC小麦RefSeq基因组v224的染色体5A进行筛选。mirMachine_find为189个高置信度miRNA的非冗余列表返回了312次命中，最多允许1次错配（表1）。mirMachine_fold根据二级结构评估将其中49种归类为推定的miRNA。代表性最高的miRNA组是miR9666，共鉴定出18个miRNA（<strong c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation at JoVE.com

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

在这里，我们提出了一种新的全自动miRNA管道mirMachine，它1）可以更准确地识别已知和新型的miRNA，2）是全自动且免费提供的。用户现在可以执行一个简短的提交脚本来运行全自动的 mirMachine 管道。

mirMachine：植物miRNA注释的一站式商店

Of different types of noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) have arguably been in the spotlight over the last decade. As post-transcriptional regulators of ...

微RNA的计算鉴定产生高假阳性预测。随着最近的更新，mirMachine在已知和新型微RNA预测中提供了高灵敏度和特异性。事实证明，MirMachine 在灵敏度方面优于最新的微型 RNA 算法，mirMachine 现在是完全自动化且免费提供的，因此每个人都可以在提供的说明下使用它。MirMachine可以预测假定的micro RNA的全基因组分布，而不受组织和条件特定数据的限制。在msRNA测序实验之前获得初步数据将加快重要micro RNA基因的验证过程。在设置机器之前，请使用文本手稿中的链接从相应的主站点下载并安装软件依赖项。或者，安装软件依赖项的一种更简单、更快捷的方法是使用文本手稿中提供的命令进行 conduct。从 GitHub 下载最新版本的 mirMachine 脚本，即单纯的机器提交脚本。然后将脚本路径设置为路径选项卡。通过从 GitHub 对测试数据运行 mirMachine，确保已正确下载 mirMachine 及其依赖项。通过标准输出流在屏幕上检查作业状态。出现所有完成的文本后，控制输出文件。控制发夹点TBL点出点TBL输出文件。注意第二、第三和第六列上的成熟 miRNA 前 miRNA 和 miRNA 星序列。在每行末尾找到预测的miRNA在染色体上的位置。然后检查日志文件中的程序输出和警告。对于基于同源性的鉴定，使用 bash 脚本运行 mirMachine 并检查预测的 mRNA。查找成熟 miRNA 和前 miRNA 最快序列的输出文件，以及发夹日志文件的输出文件。对于新型 miRNA 鉴定，将 sRNA-seq Fast Q 文件预处理为正确的 FASTA 格式。修剪适配器并删除低质量的读取，例如包含N的读数，因为sRNA-seq读取的预处理不是mirMachine的一部分。为提交的数据选择稳定的修剪工具和修剪参数。将 FASTQ 文件转换为 FASTA 文件作为输入文件。如果提供了丰度表文件，请使用 mirMachine 脚本随附的修改脚本将表文件转换为正确的 FASTA 输入。然后使用 bash 脚本运行 mirMachine。检查预测的miRNA。查找预测的 mRNA 和前 miRNA FASTA 序列的输出文件以及发夹日志文件的输出文件。将破折号数据库选项设置为爆炸数据库，以跳过管道中的建筑参考数据库。将短划线 M 选项设置为允许的不匹配数，将短划线 N 设置为对齐后要消除的命中数。根据物种进行更改。使用长破折号评估嫌疑人列表的二级结构，使用破折号激活基于 sRNA-seq 数据的新型 miRNA 预测。将破折号 L max 选项设置为要包含在筛选中的 S RNA-seq 读数的最大长度，将破折号 L min 选项设置为筛选中要具有的 sRNA-seq 读数的最小长度。使用虚线 RPM 选项设置每百万读取数阈值。在代表性分析中。显示了IWGSC小麦五号染色体A的mRNA家族的分布。代表性最高的mRNA组是miR9666，有18个已鉴定的miRNA。与miRDP2相比，拟南芥和小麦的性能。灵敏度和第二大阳性的比较表明，mirMachine在拟南芥数据上优于miRDP2。对于小麦数据，基于miMachine同源性的表达证据预测提供了比miRDP2更好的灵敏度。对于这两个基因组，miRDP2预测的真阳性数量高于sRNA-seq和基于同源性的预测。对于没有经验的用户来说，设置所需的应用程序可能会很麻烦。遵循此视频教程会有所帮助。安装过程的可视化将鼓励非计算研究人员进入一些基本的计算。此外，调查视频中的输出文件肯定会帮助用户解释他们的结果。

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Choice and No-Choice Assays for Testing the Resistance of A. thaliana to Chewing Insects

测试拟南芥耐咀嚼昆虫的选择和非选择性检测

Larvae of the small white cabbage butterfly are a pest in agricultural settings. This caterpillar species feeds from plants in the cabbage family, which ...

科研

生物学

Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

Virus-induced Gene Silencing VIGS in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

病毒诱导的基因沉默（VIGS）烟草benthamiana和番茄

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA ...

A &#946;-glucuronidase (GUS) Based Cell Death Assay

A ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â²-glucuronidase GUS Based Cell Death Assay

一个β-葡萄糖醛酸酶（GUS）的基细胞死亡含量

We have developed a novel transient plant expression system that simultaneously expresses the reporter gene, &beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), with putative ...

Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton

农杆菌介导的病毒诱导的基因沉默含量在棉花

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties.  The ...

Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics

联合基因组学，代谢组学和信息通过植物基因功能的注解

Given the ever expanding number of model plant species for which complete genome sequences are available and the abundance of bio-resources such as ...

Agroinfiltration and PVX Agroinfection in Potato and Nicotiana benthamiana

Agroinfiltration and PVX Agroinfection in Potato and Nicotiana benthamiana

马铃薯和尼科蒂亚娜本塔米亚纳的农业渗透和PVX农业感染

Agroinfiltration and PVX agroinfection are two efficient transient expression assays for functional analysis of candidate genes in plants. The most ...

A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

多蛋白复合物的比较分析新方法基于<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt;Ñ代谢标记和定量质谱

The introduced protocol provides a tool for the analysis of multiprotein complexes in the thylakoid membrane, by revealing insights into complex ...

A Fast Air-dry Dropping Chromosome Preparation Method Suitable for FISH in Plants

快速风干滴染色体制备方法适用于FISH在植物

Preparation of chromosome spreads is a prerequisite for the successful performance of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Preparation of high ...

High-throughput CRISPR Vector Construction and Characterization of DNA Modifications by Generation of Tomato Hairy Roots

高通量CRISPR载体的构建及DNA修饰的表征番茄毛状根的一代

Targeted DNA mutations generated by vectors with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology have proven useful for ...

Rapid Analysis of Circadian Phenotypes in Arabidopsis Protoplasts Transfected with a Luminescent Clock Reporter

在拟南芥原生质体转染昼夜的表型有荧光时钟记者的快速分析

The plant circadian clock allows the anticipation of daily changes to the environment. This anticipation aids the responses to temporally predictable ...