Name: direct cannula implantation in the cisterna magna of pigs
Uploaded: 2021-06-09T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Direct Cannula Implantation in the Cisterna Magna of Pigs at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了Knut和Alice Wallenberg基金会，Hjärnfonden，Wenner Gren基金会和Crafoord基金会的支持。

所有程序均按照欧洲指令2010/63/EU执行，并得到马尔默-隆德动物研究伦理委员会（Dnr 5.8.18-05527/2019）的批准，并根据瑞典研究委员会的CODEX指南进行。
1. 准备工作
<ol><li>示 踪<ol>
<li>制备人工脑脊液（126 mM NaCl，2.5 mM KCl，1.25 mM NaH2PO4，2 mM MgCl2，2 mM CaCl2，10 mM葡萄糖，26 mM NaHCO3;pH 7.4）</li>
		<li>在500μL人造脑脊液中，加入10毫克与Alexa Fluor...

<ol>
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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+of+the+choroid+plexus+and+the+physiology+of+the+choroid+plexus+epithelium.">The structure of the choroid plexus and the physiology of the choroid plexus epithelium.</a> Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 56 (12), 1695-1716 (2004).</li><li>Sakka, L., Coll, G., Chazal, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomy+and+physiology+of+cerebrospinal+fluid.">Anatomy and physiology of cerebrospinal fluid.</a> European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases. 128 (6), 309-316 (2011).</li><li>Nedergaard, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Garbage+truck+of+the+brain.">Garbage truck of the brain.</a> Science. 340 (6140), 1529-1530 (2013).</li><li>Iliff, J. 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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cannula+implantation+into+the+cisterna+magna+of+rodents.">Cannula implantation into the cisterna magna of rodents.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (135), e57378 (2018).</li><li>Ramos, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cisterna+magna+injection+in+rats+to+study+glymphatic+function.">Cisterna magna injection in rats to study glymphatic function.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1938, (2019).</li><li>Sweeney, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=in+vivo+imaging+of+cerebrospinal+fluid+transport+through+the+intact+mouse+skull+using+fluorescence+macroscopy.">in vivo imaging of cerebrospinal fluid transport through the intact mouse skull using fluorescence macroscopy.</a> Journal of visualized experiments. (149), e59774 (2019).</li><li>Eide, P. K., Ringstad, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MRI+with+intrathecal+MRI+gadolinium+contrast+medium+administration:+A+possible+method+to+assess+glymphatic+function+in+human+brain.">MRI with intrathecal MRI gadolinium contrast medium administration: A possible method to assess glymphatic function in human brain.</a> Acta Radiologica Open. 4 (11), 205846011560963 (2015).</li><li>Ringstad, G., Vatnehol, S. A. S., Eide, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glymphatic+MRI+in+idiopathic+normal+pressure+hydrocephalus.">Glymphatic MRI in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.</a> Brain. 140 (10), 2691-2705 (2017).</li><li>Kornum, B. R., Knudsen, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+testing+of+pigs+(Sus+scrofa)+in+translational+biobehavioral+research.">Cognitive testing of pigs (Sus scrofa) in translational biobehavioral research.</a> Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 35 (3), 437-451 (2011).</li><li>B&#232;chet, N. B., Shanbhag, N. C., Lundgaard, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glymphatic+function+in+the+gyrencephalic+brain.">Glymphatic function in the gyrencephalic brain.</a> Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &amp; Metabolism. , (2021).</li><li>Raghunandan, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bulk+flow+of+cerebrospinal+fluid+observed+in+periarterial+spaces+is+not+an+artifact+of+injection.">Bulk flow of cerebrospinal fluid observed in periarterial spaces is not an artifact of injection.</a> bioRxiv. , (2020).</li><li>D'Angelo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+fluid+collection+technique+from+the+atlanto-occipital+space+in+pigs.">Spinal fluid collection technique from the atlanto-occipital space in pigs.</a> Acta Veterinaria Brno. 78 (2), 303-305 (2009).</li><li>Ma, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+lymphatic+efflux+limits+cerebrospinal+fluid+flow+to+the+brain.">Rapid lymphatic efflux limits cerebrospinal fluid flow to the brain.</a> Acta Neuropathologica. 137 (1), 151-165 (2019).</li><li>Hablitz, L. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+glymphatic+influx+is+correlated+with+high+EEG+delta+power+and+low+heart+rate+in+mice+under+anesthesia.">Increased glymphatic influx is correlated with high EEG delta power and low heart rate in mice under anesthesia.</a> Science Advances. 5 (2), 5447 (2019).</li><li>Mestre, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+of+cerebrospinal+fluid+is+driven+by+arterial+pulsations+and+is+reduced+in+hypertension.">Flow of cerebrospinal fluid is driven by arterial pulsations and is reduced in hypertension.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 4878 (2018).</li><li>Pleticha, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pig+lumbar+spine+anatomy+and+imaging-guided+lateral+lumbar+puncture:+A+new+large+animal+model+for+intrathecal+drug+delivery.">Pig lumbar spine anatomy and imaging-guided lateral lumbar puncture: A new large animal model for intrathecal drug delivery.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 216 (1), 10-15 (2013).</li></ol>

本文描述了在猪中执行大蓄水池直接插管的详细方案，包括必要的制备、外科手术、示踪剂输注和脑的提取。这需要具有与大型动物打交道的经验和认证的人。如果正确执行，这允许将具有保证的所需分子直接递送到CSF中，之后可以使用一系列不同的高级光成像模式来探索大型哺乳动物中高分辨率的CSF分布和淋巴功能。
重要的是要注意，尽管这与啮齿动物的蓄水池大插管相?...

脑脊液（CSF）是一种血液超滤液，存在于中枢神经系统（CNS）内和周围1，2。除了为大脑提供浮力或吸收破坏性的机械力外，脑脊液在清除CNS3代谢废物方面也起着关键作用。最近表征的淋巴系统促进了废物清除，该系统允许脑脊液通过血管周围空间（PVS）通过脑实质的对流流，该血管周围空间包围穿透性动脉3，4，5。该过程已被证明依赖于水通道蛋白-4（AQP4），AQP4是主要在星形细胞末端上表达的水通道，与PVS4，6结合。在将荧光/放射性示踪剂或造影剂引入CSF7，8，9，10，11之后，使用先进的光学显微镜或磁共振成像（MRI）通过体内和离体成像实现淋巴系统的研究。
在不损害脑实质的情况下将示踪剂引入脑脊液的有效方法是通过大水池插管（CMc）12，13。到目前为止，绝大多数淋巴研究都是在啮齿动物中进行的，并且在高等哺乳动物中避免了，因为CMc的侵入性加上与小型哺乳动物一起工作的实际简单性。此外，小鼠的薄头骨允许在不需要颅窗的情况下进行 体内 成像，随后允许简单的脑提取11，14。在人类中进行的实验已经产生了关于淋巴功能的有价值的宏观 体内 数据，但依赖于腰椎远端的鞘内示踪剂注射，此外，利用MRI不能产生足够的分辨率来捕获淋巴系统的显微解剖法7，15，16.了解高等哺乳动物中淋巴系统的结构和范围对于将其转化为人类至关重要。为了促进淋巴细胞向人类的转化，重要的是将啮齿动物中进行的技术应用于高等哺乳动物，以便能够直接比较不同认知和大脑复杂性增加的物种的淋巴系统17。猪和人的大脑是回脑的，具有折叠的神经结构，而啮齿动物的大脑是脑畸形的，因此彼此之间有很大的差异。就整体大小而言，猪的大脑也更可与人类相媲美，比人类大脑小10-15倍，而小鼠大脑小3000倍18。通过更好地了解大型哺乳动物的淋巴系统，有可能利用人类淋巴系统进行中风，创伤性脑损伤和神经变性等疾病的未来治疗干预。体内猪中的直接CMc是一种允许 在 高等哺乳动物中对淋巴系统进行高分辨率光学显微镜检查的方法。此外，由于所用猪的大小，可以应用类似于人类手术中使用的监测系统，从而可以严格记录和调节重要功能，以评估这些功能如何促进淋巴功能。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.01% azide in PBS</td>
			<td>Sigmaaldrich</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18G needle</td>
			<td>Mediq</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1ml Syringe</td>
			<td>FischerSci</td>
			<td>15849152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20G cannula</td>
			<td>Mediq</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22G cannula</td>
			<td>Mediq</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigmaaldrich</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anatomical forceps</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin Alexa-Fluor 647 Conjugate</td>
			<td>ThermoFischer</td>
			<td>A34785</td>
			<td>2 vials (10mg)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigmaaldrich</td>
			<td>C1016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chisel</td>
			<td>ClasOhlson</td>
			<td>40-8870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental cement</td>
			<td>Agnthos</td>
			<td>7508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>compact saw</td>
			<td>ClasOhlson</td>
			<td>40-9517</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigmaaldrich</td>
			<td>G8270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hammer</td>
			<td>ClasOhlson</td>
			<td>40-7694</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insta-Set CA Accelerator</td>
			<td>BSI-Inc</td>
			<td>BSI-151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IV line TAP, 3-WAYS with 10cm extension</td>
			<td>Bbraun</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigmaaldrich</td>
			<td>P9333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Marker pen</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigmaaldrich</td>
			<td>M8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MilliQ water</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCL</td>
			<td>Sigmaaldrich</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigmaaldrich</td>
			<td>S8282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigmaaldrich</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>No. 20 scalpel blade</td>
			<td>Agnthos</td>
			<td>BB520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>No. 21 Scalpel blade</td>
			<td>Agnthos</td>
			<td>BB521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>No. 4 Scalpel handle</td>
			<td>Agnthos</td>
			<td>10004-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline</td>
			<td>Mediq</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Salmon knife</td>
			<td>Fiskers</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Self-retaining retractors</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superglue</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical curved scissors</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical forceps</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical towel clamps</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

direct cannula implantation in the cisterna magna of pigs

淋巴系统是大脑中的废物清除系统，依赖于星形胶质细胞结合的血管周围空间中脑脊液（CSF）的流动，并且与神经毒性肽（如β淀粉样蛋白）的清除有关。淋巴功能受损加剧了神经退行性疾病（如阿尔茨海默氏症）动物模型中的疾病病理学，这突出了理解这种清除系统的重要性。淋巴系统通常通过大水池插管（CMc）进行研究，其中示踪剂直接输送到脑脊液（CSF）中。然而，大多数研究都是在啮齿动物身上进行的。在这里，我们展示了CMc技术在猪中的适应性。在猪中使用CMc，可以在回脑大脑中以高光学分辨率研究淋巴系统，从而弥合啮齿动物和人类淋巴动物之间的知识差距。

一旦猪失去知觉，它就会被触诊，其表面解剖结构被标记，从枕嵴（OC）开始，朝胸椎（TV）和每个耳基（EB）工作。正是沿着这些路线做了真皮切口（图1A）。将包括斜方肌、双侧半棘肌和半棘肌复合体在内的三个肌肉层切除并用两组自保留牵开器保持打开，以暴露大水池（CM）（图1B）。然后将头部弯曲以打开颅骨后部和图谱之间的空间，并便于进入C...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Direct Cannula Implantation in the Cisterna Magna of Pigs at JoVE.com

Direct Cannula Implantation in the Cisterna Magna of Pigs

本文介绍了直接将套管植入猪大水池的分步方案。

直接插管植入猪的蓄水池

The glymphatic system is a waste clearance system in the brain that relies on the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in astrocyte-bound perivascular spaces ...

该协议很重要，因为它允许研究大型哺乳动物的淋巴系统，从而使我们更接近于了解人类的淋巴系统。这种技术有两个优点。将痕迹引入大蓄水池可避免对大脑造成任何直接损害，这与脑室内注射形成鲜明对比。其次，这是一种直接的方法，可以立即可视化插管并知道它是否成功。首先将猪放在俯卧的位置。触诊其头部和颈部的后部，以定位和标记枕嵴，第一胸椎的脊柱以及每只耳朵的底部。沿着纵轴在波峰和椎骨之间画一条直线。然后沿着头骨的底部，从顶部到每个耳朵的底部画两条线。小心地夹住动物的尾巴，观察反射，看看它是否处于深度睡眠状态。首先使用带有21号刀片的手术刀沿着纵线向下到肌肉做一个真皮切口，然后沿着肩膀进一步延伸两个垂直切口，每个切口长10至15厘米。从枕嵴开始，沿着线向下做真皮切口，直到每只耳朵的底部。使用解剖学镊子抓住枕嵴处形成的皮肤角，然后将手术刀刀片轻轻地放在筋膜上，将皮肤与下面的肌肉分开。沿着五个切口中的每个切口切除皮肤，以可视化斜方肌的某些部分。使用手术刀做一个大约一厘米深的纵向切口，其中斜方肌在中线聚集在一起，然后使用直镊子和弯曲的手术镊子的组合沿着肌肉的纵向切口进行钝解剖，这将分离斜方肌的腹部和潜在的半脊柱头炎双发性肌。用手术刀切断任何持续存在的肌纤维，并继续进行钝性解剖，直到半脊柱头肌复合体变得可见。沿着颅骨的后侧移动，切断斜方肌和半脊柱头炎双发性肌肉的起源。要纵向分离两块肌肉，请使用手术镊子进行钝性解剖，直到半脊柱头炎复合物完全可见。然后使用自保持牵开器收回斜方肌和半脊柱头炎双发性肌肉。使用手术刀做一个一厘米深的纵向切口，其中半脊柱头状复体的腹部在中线聚集在一起。使用手术钳沿着肌肉腹部之间的纵向切口进行钝性解剖，直到可以触及图谱和轴。沿着颅骨的后侧移动，切断半脊柱头肌复合体的起源。使用手术刀和钝器解剖将肌肉与下颌骨纵向分开，然后使用另一组自我保留的牵开器来缩回半脊柱头皮炎复合肌。使用手术刀小心地去除图谱与颅底相遇的区域上的任何剩余组织。将一只手臂放在动物的脖子上，一根手指放在地图集和头骨的交界处，然后同时抬起头部并弯曲颈部，同时用手指触诊以露出大水池。确保一个人抬高并弯曲动物的头部和颈部，而另一个人则触诊大水池，记下其解剖位置。通过硬脑膜以斜向纵轴的角度缓慢而小心地将22号套管引入大蓄水池中，然后将针从套管中缩回并在锁上盖上盖子。首先在套管进入组织的地方涂上超级胶水和加速器，然后涂上牙胶。等待五分钟，让水泥变硬。小心地从套管上取下盖子。使用10厘米的延伸线将套管连接到IV线抽头的公端，示踪剂。用手或使用微量输液泵以每分钟100微升的速度缓慢注入示踪剂。取下IV线水龙头并将其替换为盖子。检查示踪剂是否可见套管底部脉动。然后将沙袋放在动物的脖子下面以保持一些弯曲。松开头部，让动物处于俯卧姿势休息。松开自我保持的牵开器并更换肌肉。使用手术毛巾夹将皮肤聚集在肌肉上。首先使用纱布，然后用毯子盖住毛巾夹和切口，以限制热量损失。让示踪剂循环所需的时间。缝合的大脑背表面的宏观图像可以提供对示踪剂在沟和裂缝上的分布模式的详细见解。来自大脑腹侧和侧表面的类似图像可以提供关于颞叶和侧裂中示踪剂分布的信息。使用立体镜产生的更高放大倍率的脑表面图像可以帮助可视化沿动脉PVS中的示踪剂。宏观冠状脑切片可深入了解示踪剂在半球间裂缝和皮质下示踪剂分布和结构（如海马体和纹状体）中的渗透深度。AQP4、神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白和平滑肌肌肌动蛋白的免疫组织化学染色显示，示踪剂位于PVS内，并移入脑实质。形成PVS外表面的星形胶质细胞足部过程使用AQP4和胶质纤维酸性蛋白染色进行鉴定。使用凝集素和GLUT-1染色剂对形成PVS内表面的内皮细胞进行染色。SMA染色可识别动脉和小动脉，可用于显示PVS流入沿动脉而不是静脉发生，这构成了正常淋巴功能的基本生理学。展望未来，我们希望在中风和创伤性脑损伤等神经病理学的背景下，以高分辨率探索大型哺乳动物的淋巴系统。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

经颅直接电流刺激电极定位和蒙太奇

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

科研

神经科学

Multimodal Imaging of Stem Cell Implantation in the Central Nervous System of Mice

在中央小鼠中枢神经系统的干细胞移植的多模态成像

During the past decade, stem cell transplantation has gained increasing interest as primary or secondary therapeutic modality for a variety of diseases, ...

Direct Intraventricular Delivery of Drugs to the Rodent Central Nervous System

啮齿动物的中枢神经系统药物直接脑室交货

Due to an inability to cross the blood brain barrier, certain drugs need to be directly delivered into the central nervous system (CNS). Our lab focuses ...

Cannula Implantation into the Cisterna Magna of Rodents

将套管植入啮齿动物的麦格纳池中

Cisterna magna cannulation (CMc) is a straightforward procedure that enables direct access to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) without operative damage to ...

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

拉米内切手术和脊髓窗口植入小鼠

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated ...

Chronic Implantation of Whole-cortical Electrocorticographic Array in the Common Marmoset

常见马莫塞的全皮质电皮质阵列的慢性植入

Electrocorticography (ECoG) allows the monitoring of electrical field potentials from the cerebral cortex with high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent ...

Stereotaxic Surgery for Implantation of Microelectrode Arrays in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Stereotaxic Surgery for Implantation of Microelectrode Arrays in the Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus

在普通马莫塞特中植入微电极阵列的立体外科（Callithrix jacchus）

Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are small non-human primates that are gaining popularity in biomedical and preclinical research, including the ...

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

双直接注射血液到西斯特纳麦格作为苏巴拉奇内德出血的模型

Among strokes, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) consecutive to the rupture of a cerebral arterial aneurysm represents 5-9% but is responsible for about 30% ...

Stereotaxic Surgical Approach to Microinject the Caudal Brainstem and Upper Cervical Spinal Cord via the Cisterna Magna in Mice

Stereotaxic Surgical Approach to Microinject the Caudal Brainstem and Upper Cervical Spinal Cord via the Cisterna Magna in Mice

立体定位手术方法 ，通过 大水池在小鼠中显微注射尾部脑干和上颈椎脊髓

Stereotaxic surgery to target brain sites in mice is commonly guided by skull landmarks. Access is then obtained via burr holes drilled through the skull. ...

Pupillometry to Assess Auditory Sensation in Guinea Pigs

评估豚鼠听觉的瞳孔测量法

Noise exposure is a leading cause of sensorineural hearing loss. Animal models of noise-induced hearing loss have generated mechanistic insight into the ...