Name: assessment of sensory thresholds in dogs using mechanical and hot thermal quantitative sensory testing
Uploaded: 2021-10-26T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Sensory Thresholds in Dogs Using Mechanical and Hot Thermal Quantitative Sensory Testing at JoVE.com

作者要感谢Andrea Thomson，Jon Hash，Hope Woods和Autumn Anthony为QST处理狗，Masataka Enomoto帮助筛选狗，以及Sam Chiu为建立热热QST协议所做的贡献。

所有程序均由北卡罗来纳州立大学机构动物护理和使用委员会批准。
1. 房间设置和学习科目适应
<ol><li>在专用空间中进行 QST，该空间有足够的空间供 QST 操作员、处理员和任何大小的狗舒适地移动。尽量减少潜在的听觉和视觉干扰，并使用白噪声机器阻挡环境声音。</li>
	<li>在地板上放置一个大的瑜伽垫或类似的衬垫，以确保狗在测试期间在侧卧时感到舒适。</li>
	<li>让狗?...

<ol>
	<li>Hunt, J., Knazovicky, D., Lascelles, B. D. X., Murrell, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+sensory+testing+in+dogs+with+painful+disease:+A+window+to+pain+mechanisms.">Quantitative sensory testing in dogs with painful disease: A window to pain mechanisms.</a> The Veterinary Journal. 243, 33-41 (2019).</li><li>Purves, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutaneous+and+subcutaneous+somatic+sensory+receptors.">Cutaneous and subcutaneous somatic sensory receptors.</a> Neuroscience, 2nd edition. , (2001).</li><li>Gorney, A. 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F., Waln, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+an+electronic+von+Frey+device+for+evaluation+of+sensory+threshold+in+neurologically+normal+dogs+and+those+with+acute+spinal+cord+injury.">The use of an electronic von Frey device for evaluation of sensory threshold in neurologically normal dogs and those with acute spinal cord injury.</a> The Veterinary Journal. 197 (2), 216-219 (2013).</li><li>Sanchis-Mora, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pregabalin+for+the+treatment+of+syringomyelia-associated+neuropathic+pain+in+dogs:+A+randomized,+placebo-controlled,+double-masked+clinical+trial.">Pregabalin for the treatment of syringomyelia-associated neuropathic pain in dogs: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked clinical trial.</a> The Veterinary Journal. 250, 55-62 (2019).</li><li>Brydges, N. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+assessments+of+increased+sensory+sensitivity+in+dogs+with+cranial+cruciate+ligament+rupture.">Clinical assessments of increased sensory sensitivity in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture.</a> The Veterinary Journal. 193 (2), 546-550 (2012).</li><li>Williams, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feasibility+and+repeatability+of+thermal+quantitative+sensory+testing+in+normal+dogs+and+dogs+with+hind+limb+osteoarthritis-associated+pain.">Feasibility and repeatability of thermal quantitative sensory testing in normal dogs and dogs with hind limb osteoarthritis-associated pain.</a> The Veterinary Journal. 199, 63-67 (2014).</li><li>Freire, M., Knazovicky, D., Case, B., Thomson, A., Lascelles, B. D. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+thermal+and+mechanical+quantitative+sensory+testing+in+client-owned+dogs+with+chronic+naturally+occurring+pain+and+normal+dogs.">Comparison of thermal and mechanical quantitative sensory testing in client-owned dogs with chronic naturally occurring pain and normal dogs.</a> The Veterinary Journal. 210, 95-97 (2016).</li><li>Knazovicky, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Widespread+somatosensory+sensitivity+in+naturally+occurring+canine+model+of+osteoarthritis.">Widespread somatosensory sensitivity in naturally occurring canine model of osteoarthritis.</a> Pain. 157 (6), 1325-1332 (2016).</li><li>Lascelles, B. D. X., Cripps, P. J., Jones, A., Waterman, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post-operative+central+hypersensitivity+and+pain:+The+pre-emptive+value+of+pethidine+for+ovariohysterectomy.">Post-operative central hypersensitivity and pain: The pre-emptive value of pethidine for ovariohysterectomy.</a> Pain. 73 (3), 461-471 (1997).</li><li>Slingsby, L. S., Waterman-Pearson, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+post-operative+analgesic+effects+of+ketamine+after+canine+ovariohysterectomy+-+a+comparison+between+pre-+or+post-operative+administration.">The post-operative analgesic effects of ketamine after canine ovariohysterectomy - a comparison between pre- or post-operative administration.</a> Research in Veterinary Medicine. 69 (2), 147-152 (2000).</li><li>Sammarco, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post-operative+analgesia+for+stifle+surgery:+A+comparison+of+intra-articular+bupivacaine,+morphine,+or+saline.">Post-operative analgesia for stifle surgery: A comparison of intra-articular bupivacaine, morphine, or saline.</a> Veterinary Surgery. 25 (1), 59-69 (1996).</li><li>Tomas, A., Marcellin-Little, D. J., Roe, S. C., Motsinger-Reif, A., Lascelles, B. D. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+mechanical+thresholds+and+limb+use+in+dogs+with+coxofemoral+joint+OA-associated+pain+and+the+modulating+effects+of+pain+alleviation+from+total+hip+replacement+on+mechanical+thresholds.">Relationship between mechanical thresholds and limb use in dogs with coxofemoral joint OA-associated pain and the modulating effects of pain alleviation from total hip replacement on mechanical thresholds.</a> Veterinary Surgery. 43 (5), 542-548 (2014).</li><li>Briley, J. D., Williams, M. D., Freire, M., Griffith, E. H., Lascelles, B. D. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feasibility+and+repeatability+of+cold+and+mechanical+quantitative+sensory+testing+in+normal+dogs.">Feasibility and repeatability of cold and mechanical quantitative sensory testing in normal dogs.</a> The Veterinary Journal. 199 (2), 246-250 (2014).</li><li>Knazovicky, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Replicate+effects+and+test-retest+reliability+of+quantitative+sensory+threshold+testing+in+dogs+with+and+without+chronic+pain.">Replicate effects and test-retest reliability of quantitative sensory threshold testing in dogs with and without chronic pain.</a> Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. 44 (3), 615-624 (2017).</li><li>Sanchis-Mora, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+initial+validation+of+a+sensory+threshold+examination+protocol+(STEP)+for+phenotyping+canine+pain+syndromes.">Development and initial validation of a sensory threshold examination protocol (STEP) for phenotyping canine pain syndromes.</a> Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. 44 (3), 600-614 (2017).</li><li>Backonja, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Value+of+quantitative+sensory+testing+in+neurological+and+pain+disorders:+NeuPSIG+consensus.">Value of quantitative sensory testing in neurological and pain disorders: NeuPSIG consensus.</a> Pain. 154 (9), 1807-1819 (2013).</li><li>Wylde, V., Palmer, S., Learmonth, I. D., Dieppe, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatosensory+abnormalities+in+knee+OA.">Somatosensory abnormalities in knee OA.</a> Rheumatology. 51 (3), 535-543 (2012).</li></ol>

对于获取反映狗的感官阈值的准确数据至关重要，狗在每次测量中都尽可能平静、放松和适当的位置。之前的一项研究指出，测试环境内外因素的约束或分心的躁动会影响狗对 QST 刺激的反应16。如果狗因卧位或约束而变得激动或分心，则应在进行测量之前给狗时间安定下来;没有很快安顿下来的狗应该从测试过程中短暂休息一下。过度焦虑或因测试程序而感到压力的狗可能会表?...

定量感官测试（QST）评估外部应用刺激引起的反应;它用于评估人类和动物的体感系统的功能1。点状压力或深层压力形式的机械刺激作为斜坡刺激应用。感觉阈值被确定为唤起心理物理反应的力量1.热或冷热刺激可用作斜坡刺激或固定强度刺激。感觉阈值确定为对刺激有反应的温度或反应的潜伏期。使用电子冯弗雷麻醉仪或冯弗雷毛丝测量点状压力感觉阈值，使用手持式压力测高仪测量深压力，使用各种接触式热计确定热感觉阈值。
QST提供有关外周和中枢感觉通路功能的信息，可用于评估各种疾病过程中这些感觉通路的改变（可塑性），特别是那些引起慢性疼痛的疾病过程1。迈斯纳微粒检测点状压力，当刺激强度为有害强度时，感觉由非有害水平的 Aβ 传入纤维和 Aδ 传入纤维传递。深压力由帕西尼亚小体检测并由C传入纤维传递，有害热量由鲁菲尼小体检测并由Aδ和C传入纤维传递，有害寒冷由Krause小体检测并由C传入纤维1，2传递。QST可用于检测这些受体和途径的抑制（敏感性降低，感觉减退）和促进（敏感性增加，感觉过敏）。在狗中，QST 已被用于评估继发于急性脊髓损伤3，4，5、小脑扁桃体扁桃体下疝样畸形和脊髓空洞症6、颅交叉韧带断裂5，7 和骨关节炎 （OA） 的感觉阈值改变8，9，10。此外，一些研究使用QST来评估某些镇痛药6，11，12，13和外科手术提供的疼痛缓解14。这些研究为狗的疼痛感机制提供了重要的见解，例如手术后外周和中枢致敏的证据以及导致慢性疼痛状态的疾病，如颅十字韧带断裂和OA。这些信息可以帮助改善狗疼痛的检测和治疗。
狗的机械和热热 QST 验证研究表明，随着时间的推移，正常狗和患有 OA8、9、15、16 慢性疼痛的狗的 QST 结果具有良好的可行性、可重复性和可靠性。然而，一些研究发现冷热和偶尔的冯弗雷QST1，15，17的重复性和可靠性较差。这些研究使用了不同的设备和方法，但提供了证据表明机械和热热QST是测量狗感觉阈值的准确，半定量方法。然而，注意精确的细节，包括测量的设置，对于优化狗的QST至关重要，因此需要标准化的QST协议。Sanchis-Mora等人详细介绍了机械和冷热QST的感觉阈值检查协议（STEP），但狗对冷热QST或研究中使用的最高克力冯弗雷灯丝没有反应遇到了困难17。以下协议提供了狗的机械和热热QST的标准方法;该协议可以评估正常狗或具有影响体感系统的各种疾病过程的狗的感觉阈值。标准化方案的开发可以允许比较研究的结果和数据荟萃分析，以提高QST在兽医学中的效用。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronic von Frey anesthesiometer</td>
			<td>IITC Life Science Inc.</td>
			<td>Item # 23931</td>
			<td>Custom made with a 1000g max force load cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medoc Main Station software</td>
			<td>Medoc</td>
			<td>(supplied with TSA-II)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SMALGO: SMall Animal ALGOmeter</td>
			<td>Bioseb</td>
			<td>Model VETALGO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TSA-II NeuroSensory Analyzer</td>
			<td>Medoc</td>
			<td>DC 00072 TSA-II</td>
			<td>No longer manufactured - new model is TSA-2 with same probes and same function</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of sensory thresholds in dogs using mechanical and hot thermal quantitative sensory testing

定量感觉测试 （QST） 用于通过评估对施加的机械和热刺激的反应来评估狗的体感系统功能。QST 用于确定正常狗的感觉阈值，并评估由各种疾病状态引起的外周和中枢感觉通路的改变，包括骨关节炎、脊髓损伤和颅交叉韧带断裂。机械感觉阈值由电子冯弗雷麻醉仪和压力测高仪测量。它们被确定为狗表现出指示有意识刺激感知的反应的力。热热感官阈值是对接触式热化物施加的固定或斜坡温度刺激做出响应的延迟。
遵循一致的方案进行 QST 并注意测试环境、程序和个体研究对象的细节对于获得准确的狗 QST 结果至关重要。尚未详细描述狗QST数据标准化收集的协议。QST 应在安静、无干扰的环境中进行，对狗、QST 操作员和训导员来说都是舒适的。确保狗在每次测量中保持冷静、放松和正确的位置有助于对刺激产生可靠、一致的反应，并使测试过程更易于管理。QST操作员和处理者应该熟悉并熟悉处理狗和解释狗对潜在疼痛刺激的行为反应，以确定测试的终点，减轻压力，并在测试过程中保持安全。

已经进行了机械和热QST以检测研究和客户拥有的狗在各种临床条件下的感觉阈值，包括正常，健康的狗，患有慢性疼痛状况（如OA）的狗，患有急性脊髓损伤的狗，并评估术后疼痛和镇痛药的有效性。尽管在狗身上的QST方面的工作越来越多，但尚未为任何测试方式建立正常的值范围。然而，一些研究已经评估了狗的机械和热QST的可行性和可重复性，显示QST数据是狗感觉阈值的准确测量值<sup class="xr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Sensory Thresholds in Dogs Using Mechanical and Hot Thermal Quantitative Sensory Testing at JoVE.com

Assessment of Sensory Thresholds in Dogs Using Mechanical and Hot Thermal Quantitative Sensory Testing

这项工作描述了机械和热定量感官测试的标准协议，以评估狗的体感系统。使用电子冯弗雷麻醉仪、压力测藻计和热接触热敷物测量感觉阈值。

使用机械和热热定量感官测试评估狗的感官阈值

Quantitative sensory testing (QST) is used to evaluate the function of the somatosensory system in dogs by assessing the response to applied mechanical ...

Research

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