Name: in vivo methods to assess retinal ganglion cell and optic nerve function and structure in large animals
Uploaded: 2022-02-26T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Methods to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Function and Structure in Large Animals at JoVE.com

本研究由以下资助资助：中国国家重点研发计划（2021YFA1101200）;温州市医学科研项目（Y20170188），国家重点研发计划（2016YFC1101200）;国家自然科学基金（81770926;81800842）;浙江省重点研发计划（2018C03G2090634）;温州眼科医院重点研发项目（YNZD1201902）。赞助商或资助组织在这项研究的设计或实施中没有任何作用。

实验严格按照ARRIVE指南和美国国立卫生研究院实验室动物护理和使用指南进行，并遵守温州医科大学（WMU）机构动物护理和使用委员会和Joinn实验室（苏州）批准的协议。雄性Saanen山羊年龄为4至6个月，体重为19-23公斤，被安置在WMU动物设施中。雄性恒河猴年龄在5至6岁之间，体重为5-7公斤，被安置在Joinn动物设施中。将所有动物保持在受控温度（21±2°C）的空调室中，在12小时的光照/ 12小时黑暗循?...

<ol>
	<li>Benowitz, L., Yin, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rewiring+the+injured+CNS:+lessons+from+the+optic+nerve.">Rewiring the injured CNS: lessons from the optic nerve.</a> Experimental Neurology. 209 (2), 389-398 (2008).</li><li>Park, K. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Promoting+axon+regeneration+in+the+adult+CNS+by+modulation+of+the+PTEN/mTOR+pathway.">Promoting axon regeneration in the adult CNS by modulation of the PTEN/mTOR pathway.</a> Science. 322 (5903), 963-966 (2008).</li><li>Duan, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subtype-specific+regeneration+of+retinal+ganglion+cells+following+axotomy:+effects+of+osteopontin+and+mTOR+signaling.">Subtype-specific regeneration of retinal ganglion cells following axotomy: effects of osteopontin and mTOR signaling.</a> Neuron. 85 (6), 1244-1256 (2015).</li><li>Bei, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+visual+function+by+enhancing+conduction+in+regenerated+axons.">Restoration of visual function by enhancing conduction in regenerated axons.</a> Cell. 164 (1-2), 219-232 (2016).</li><li>He, Z., Jin, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+control+of+axon+regeneration.">Intrinsic control of axon regeneration.</a> Neuron. 90 (3), 437-451 (2016).</li><li>Yang, S. -. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+to+promote+long-distance+optic+nerve+regeneration.">Strategies to promote long-distance optic nerve regeneration.</a> Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 14, 119 (2020).</li><li>Foroozan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+treatments+for+nonarteritic+anterior+ischemic+optic+neuropathy.">New treatments for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.</a> Neurologic Clinics. 35 (1), 1-15 (2017).</li><li>Singman, E. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Indirect+traumatic+optic+neuropathy.">Indirect traumatic optic neuropathy.</a> Military Medical Research. 3, 2 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+evaluation+of+retinal+ganglion+cells+and+optic+nerve's+integrity+in+large+animals+by+multi-modality+analysis.">In vivo evaluation of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve's integrity in large animals by multi-modality analysis.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 197, 108117 (2020).</li><li>Tolbert, W. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+Rhesus+macaque+to+human:+structural+evolutionary+pathways+for+immunoglobulin+G+subclasses.">From Rhesus macaque to human: structural evolutionary pathways for immunoglobulin G subclasses.</a> mAbs. 11 (4), 709-724 (2019).</li><li>Preuss, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Specializations of the human visual system: the monkey model meets human reality. , 231-259 (2004).</li><li>Friedli, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pronounced+species+divergence+in+corticospinal+tract+reorganization+and+functional+recovery+after+lateralized+spinal+cord+injury+favors+primates.">Pronounced species divergence in corticospinal tract reorganization and functional recovery after lateralized spinal cord injury favors primates.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 7 (302), (2015).</li><li>Porciatti, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+assessment+of+retinal+ganglion+cell+function.">Electrophysiological assessment of retinal ganglion cell function.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 141, 164-170 (2015).</li><li>Smith, C. A., Vianna, J. R., Chauhan, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+retinal+ganglion+cell+damage.">Assessing retinal ganglion cell damage.</a> Eye. 31 (2), 209-217 (2017).</li><li>Schuman, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+coherence+tomography+and+histologic+measurements+of+nerve+fiber+layer+thickness+in+normal+and+glaucomatous+monkey+eyes.">Optical coherence tomography and histologic measurements of nerve fiber layer thickness in normal and glaucomatous monkey eyes.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 48 (8), 3645-3654 (2007).</li><li>You, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+reproducibility+of+VEP+recording+in+rats:+electrodes,+stimulus+source+and+peak+analysis.">Improving reproducibility of VEP recording in rats: electrodes, stimulus source and peak analysis.</a> Documenta Ophthalmologica. 123 (2), 109-119 (2011).</li><li>Odom, J. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ISCEV+standard+for+clinical+visual+evoked+potentials:+(2016+update).">ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials: (2016 update).</a> Documenta Ophthalmologica. 133 (1), 1-9 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silicone+oil-induced+ocular+hypertension+and+glaucomatous+neurodegeneration+in+mouse.">Silicone oil-induced ocular hypertension and glaucomatous neurodegeneration in mouse.</a> eLife. 8, 45881 (2019).</li><li>Seidman, S. H., Telford, L., Paige, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vertical,+horizontal,+and+torsional+eye+movement+responses+to+head+roll+in+the+squirrel+monkey.">Vertical, horizontal, and torsional eye movement responses to head roll in the squirrel monkey.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 104 (2), 218-226 (1995).</li><li>Porciatti, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mouse+pattern+electroretinogram.">The mouse pattern electroretinogram.</a> Documenta Ophthalmologica. 115 (3), 145-153 (2007).</li></ol>

在这项研究中，我们提出了山羊和恒河猴的VEP，PERG和OCT方案。这些 体内 方法可以应用于各种视神经病变的大型动物模型，例如青光眼，缺血性或创伤性视神经病变和视神经炎9。
PVEP比FVEP17更稳定和灵敏;但是，它不能在goat9中引发。因此，FVEP在山羊中进行，PVEP在我们的实验室中在恒河猴中进行，以评估视网膜 - 基?...

视神经（ON）由来自视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）的轴突组成，将视觉信号从视网膜传递到大脑。ON疾病，如青光眼，创伤性或缺血性视神经病变，经常导致不可逆的ON / RGC变性和破坏性视力丧失。虽然目前在啮齿动物模型的ON再生和RGC保护方面有许多突破1，2，3，4，5，6，但大多数ON疾病的临床治疗在过去半个世纪中基本保持不变，结果不尽如人意7，8.为了填补基础研究和临床实践之间的空白，使用ON疾病的大型动物模型的转化研究通常是必要和有益的，因为它们与人类的解剖学相似性比啮齿动物模型更接近。
山羊和恒河猴是我们实验室中用于模拟人类ON疾病的两种大型动物物种。山羊眼球ON和相邻结构（眼眶和鼻腔，颅底等）的大小与基于颅骨CT扫描的人类相似9。因此，山羊模型提供了在人类使用之前评估和改进治疗装置或外科手术的机会。恒河猴作为非人类灵长类动物（NHP），具有类似人类的独特视觉系统，这在其他物种中不存在10，11。此外，NHP对损伤和治疗的病理生理反应与人类非常相似12。
在 大型动物研究中，用于纵向评估ON和RGC的结构和功能的体内测试非常重要。视网膜电图（PERG）已被用于评估RGC功能。闪光视觉诱发电位（FVEP）反映了视网膜 - 基因 - 皮质通路在视觉系统中的完整性。因此，PERG与FVEP相结合可以反映ON函数9，13，14 。视网膜视相干断层扫描（OCT）成像可以显示具有高时间和空间分辨率的视网膜结构，从而能够测量视网膜神经节复合物（GCC）的厚度9，15。对于本研究中的电生理学检查，在测试前监测生命体征（热度，破裂率，血压）和血氧饱和度（SpO2）水平至关重要，因为这些参数对眼部血流有强大的影响，从而对视觉系统的功能有强大的影响。然而，为了简单起见，我们在进行OCT视网膜成像时没有监测生命体征。根据我们之前的研究9，OCT视网膜成像测量的GCC厚度相当稳定，节间变异系数接近3%。山羊和恒河猴的 体内 测试在我们之前的研究中已有详细描述9。在这里，我们介绍这些方法，以帮助提高实验透明度和可重复性。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>47.6 x 26.8 cm monitors</td>
			<td>DELL Inc.</td>
			<td>E2216HV</td>
			<td>The visual stimuli of contrast-reversal black-white checkerboards were displayed on screens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6.0 mm tracheal tube</td>
			<td>Henan Tuoren Medical Device Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>PVC 6.0</td>
			<td>ensure the airway</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>alligator clip</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>atropine</td>
			<td>Guangdong Jieyang Longyang Animal pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>reduce bronchial secretion and protect heart from vagal nerve activation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbomer Eye Gel</td>
			<td>Fabrik GmbH Subsidiary of Bausch &#38; Lomb</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>moisten the cornea and stabilize the recording electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ERG-Jet recording electrodes</td>
			<td>Roland Consult Stasche&#38;Finger GmbH</td>
			<td>2300 La Chaux-De-Fonds</td>
			<td>ERG recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eye speculum</td>
			<td>Shanghai Jinzhong Medical Device Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>ZYD020</td>
			<td>open palpebral fissure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heidelberg Spectralis OCT system</td>
			<td>Heidelberg Engineering</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OCT system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>(https://www.heidelbergengineering.com/media/e-learning/Totara-US/files/pdf-tutorials/2238-003_Spectralis-Training-Guide.pdf)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isoflurane</td>
			<td>RWD Life Science Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>R510-22</td>
			<td>isoflurane anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>male Saanen goats</td>
			<td>Caimu Livestock Company, country (Hangzhou, China)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>The male Saanen goats, aged from 4 to 6 months with weight of 19&#8211;23 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>needle electrode</td>
			<td>Roland Consult Stasche&#38;Finger GmbH</td>
			<td>U51-426-G-D</td>
			<td>use for FVEP ground electrode and PERG reference electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>periphery venous catheter intravenously</td>
			<td>BD shanghai Medical Device Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>383019</td>
			<td>intravenous access for atropine and propofol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>propofol</td>
			<td>Xian Lipont Enterprise Union Management Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>induce Isoflurane anesthesia in goat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tropicamide Phenylephrine Eye Drops</td>
			<td>SANTEN OY, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5% tropicamide and 5% phenylephrine hydrochloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>visual electrophysiology device</td>
			<td>Gotec Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>GT-2008V-III</td>
			<td>use for FVEP &#38; PERG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>xylazine</td>
			<td>Huamu Animal Health Products Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>xylazine anesthesia: intramuscular injection of xylazine 3mg/kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>zoletil50</td>
			<td>Virbac</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>induce Isoflurane anesthesia in monkey</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo methods to assess retinal ganglion cell and optic nerve function and structure in large animals

视神经从视网膜神经节细胞收集轴突信号，并将视觉信号传递到大脑。视神经损伤的大型动物模型对于将新的治疗策略从啮齿动物模型转化为临床应用至关重要，因为它们在大小和解剖结构上与人类更相似。在这里，我们描述了一些 体内 方法来评估大型动物视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）和视神经（ON）的功能和结构，包括视觉诱发电位（VEP），模式视网膜电镜（PERG）和光学相干断层扫描（OCT）。山羊和非人类灵长类动物都参与了这项研究。通过逐步介绍这些 体内 方法，我们希望提高不同实验室之间的实验再现性，并促进视神经病变的大型动物模型的使用。

图1A 显示了山羊中FVEP的代表性结果。虽然相同闪光强度下的波形具有相对相似性，但我们仍然建议检查波形两次。电子设备产生的电磁波会干扰采集到的电信号，导致基线噪声高，波形重复性差。因此，建议在电生理检查过程中确保没有多余的电子设备插入周围环境，以避免此类干扰，建议至少重复两次测量，以确定实验结果的稳定性和可重复性。当给两只眼睛打补丁时，...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Methods to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Function and Structure in Large Animals at JoVE.com

In Vivo Methods to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Function and Structure in Large Animals

在这里，我们在山羊和恒河猴中进行了几次 体内 测试（闪光视觉诱发电位，模式视网膜电镜和视相干断层扫描），以了解视神经及其神经元的结构和功能。

体内 大型动物视网膜神经节细胞及视神经功能及结构的评估方法

The optic nerve collects axons signals from the retinal ganglion cells and transmits visual signal to the brain. Large animal models of optic nerve injury ...

大家好！这是来自温州眼科医院的张轶奎。上神经缺乏来自食兰素神经节细胞的埃克森氏体，然后将视觉信号传递到大脑。较大的上神经损伤模型对于将新型治疗从机器人模型转化为淋巴应用至关重要。在这里，我们描述了一些体内方法来评估大型动物上神经中食管蛋白神经节细胞的结构和功能。通过逐步介绍这种方法，我们希望增加实验性生殖障碍，并促进更大的视神经症模型的使用。用电子剃须刀剃须。并且，用70%酒精准备三次，以清洁皮肤并暴露皮下静脉。静脉注射外周静脉蓖麻。然后滴去阿托品和丙泊酚。用六毫米气管插管给山羊插管，并连接到人工呼吸器。在氧气中用3.5%异氟醚以恒定的2升管理流速维持麻醉。将温度传感器放在山羊的舌头下。将血氧饱和度切口夹在山羊耳近端。将血压袖带绑在大腿底部。钳夹心电图按顺序切开四肢。然后，我们可以监测山羊的重要指标。剃掉头发，在额骨中心用倍他定和70%酒精消毒皮肤三次。打开装有剪刀和指甲的消毒袋。做皮肤切口，用剪刀露出头骨。用于植入额骨中心的钢螺钉。剃掉头发，用β-丁烷和70%酒精在枕骨两只耳朵的中间点消毒皮肤三次。做皮肤切口。用于植入枕骨两只耳朵中间点的钢螺钉。接地针电极皮下插入额颅螺钉下方。活性电极和参比电极分别用鳄鱼夹连接到额叶和枕部螺钉上，以减少电极阳痿。遮盖一只眼睛。将局部麻醉滴眼液涂抹在眼表。两侧的瞳孔被瞳孔散大滴眼液放大。将山羊的头部放在充满气体的刺激器中，瞄准流动光。将黑色毯子放在刺激器和山羊头上五分钟。眼睑窥器用于完全暴露其瞳孔。检查电极组织接触阳痿。确保每个阳痿在10公里以下，以避免来自同一房间内其他电气设备的电磁干扰。在没有光刺激的情况下检查基线噪音。开始 FVEP 录制。请注意，在每种光强度下进行FVEP记录两次。请注意，如果角膜看起来干燥，请用人工泪液润湿角膜。对侧眼重复有关步骤。以不同的光强度连续开始FVEP记录。对于每个记录，平均64条迹线以产生一个波形。FVEP波形中的第一个正和主动峰被指定为P1和N1。灭菌接地电极位于耳垂中。灭菌的活性电极和参比电极分别沿中线和额叶和枕骨皮下插入。眼睑窥器用于完全暴露其瞳孔。遮盖一只眼睛。连续记录另一只眼睛在不同空间频率下的VEP响应模式。用鳄鱼夹连接到接地电极。将两个灭菌的针头参比电极放置在皮肤下，两侧侧侧肱后方一厘米处。眼睑窥器用于完全暴露其瞳孔。局部应用人工泪液后，将两个消毒的ERG记录电极置于角膜的中心。每只眼睛前方放置两个刺激器，观察距离为50厘米。确保阳痿低于10公里。在没有光刺激的情况下跟踪基线噪声。瞄准流动的光。从两只眼睛同时以不同的空间频率连续开始模式ERG记录。最后，返回屏幕以记录图案ERG，无需视觉刺激器和主动控制。对于三个 CPD 模式 ERG，带通滤波器的功率范围设置为 1 至 75 赫兹。带通滤波器从1赫兹到50赫兹，可在不影响其振幅的情况下平滑形状。波形中的第一个正峰和主动峰被指定为P1和N1。将图案ERG振幅从N1测量到 P1.To 减少电极阳痿，将灭菌的针头参比放置在额皮下。并将灭菌的针头参比电极放置在皮肤下一侧侧纵梁后面一厘米处。将消毒的ERG记录电极放置在角膜上，局部应用人工撕裂。遮盖一只眼睛。显示器放置在50厘米的观看距离处。眼睑窥器用于完全暴露其瞳孔。然后，将山羊放在下巴托上。将山羊与相机对齐，通过修改其头部位置，将其视神经头发送到共聚焦扫描激光眼底镜图像中。单击开始按钮进入检测结束阶段。等待机器完成加载。按黄色开始按钮开始正式成像。调整操纵杆以均匀照亮红外图像，以提高图像质量。向前滑动照相机，直到右上方屏幕上显示直立的视网膜OCT图像。修改操纵杆，使其在水平视网膜OCT图像中均匀地跳舞。按下操纵杆上的按钮以自动捕捉图像。按住此操纵杆以保持实时图像屏幕上的图像质量，直到图像执行完成。然后按获取。选择高质量的初始照片。右键单击并选择设置引用。按后续按钮以允许程序自动将当前扫描与基线扫描匹配。匹配后，按下操纵杆上的按钮以激活自动实时跟踪。单击测量按钮进入测量平台。选择橡皮擦工具并擦除RFL线，该线由机器自动标记。选择线条绘制工具以手动勾勒 IPL 和 INL 之间的边界。在红线和蓝线之间是海湾合作委员会综合体。恒河猴的视网膜改变成像是通过使用与山羊相同的设备和程序进行的。图A显示了山羊中具有代表性的FVEP。图B显示了山羊中具有代表性的ERG波形。图C显示了恒河猴中具有代表性的FVEP模式。而且，图D显示了恒河猴中具有代表性的ERG波形。图二显示了视神经头周围的代表性视网膜OCT图像以及山羊和恒河猴不同外围区域GCC复合物的厚度。大型动物模型在转化研究中发挥着重要作用。在许多情况下，小动物模型中有前途的治疗效果未能转化为人类患者。在这项研究中，我们介绍了山羊和恒河猴中FVEP，PERG和OCT的视频方案。这种体内方法可以应用于各种视神经症的较大模型，如青光眼缺血性或创伤性视神经病变和视神经炎。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

In Vivo Methods to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Function and Structure in Large Animals

Methods for Experimental Manipulations after Optic Nerve Transection in the Mammalian CNS

在哺乳动物的中枢神经系统视神经横断后的实验操作方法

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. The optic nerve can be ...

科研

神经科学

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

小鼠视网膜神经节细胞的转染在体内电穿孔

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural ...

An Optic Nerve Crush Injury Murine Model to Study Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival

一个视神经挤压伤的小鼠模型，研究视网膜神经节细胞生存

Injury to the optic nerve can lead to axonal degeneration, followed by a gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which results in irreversible ...

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

使用超声波血脑屏障破坏和锰增强MRI的脑功能成像

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Retrograde Labeling of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Adult Zebrafish with Fluorescent Dyes

视网膜神经节细胞逆行标记的成年斑马鱼与荧光染料

As retrograde labeling retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can isolate RGCs somata from dying sites, it has become the gold standard for counting RGCs in RGCs ...

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice

在视神经纤维通过诚信小鼠对比增强MRI 活体成像

The rodent visual system encompasses retinal ganglion cells and their axons that form the optic nerve to enter thalamic and midbrain centers, and ...

Imaging Serotonergic Fibers in the Mouse Spinal Cord Using the CLARITY/CUBIC Technique

影像学检查HT能纤维在小鼠脊髓使用CLARITY / CUBIC技术

Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal ...

Single-cell RNA-Seq of Defined Subsets of Retinal Ganglion Cells

视网膜神经节细胞定义子集的单细胞RNA-Seq

The discovery of cell type-specific markers can provide insight into cellular function and the origins of cellular heterogeneity. With a recent push for ...

Optical Coherence Tomography: Imaging Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vivo

Optical Coherence Tomography: Imaging Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vivo

光学相干断层扫描: 成像小鼠视网膜神经节细胞在体内

Structural changes in the retina are common manifestations of ophthalmic diseases. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables their identification in ...

Partial Optic Nerve Transection in Rats: A Model Established with a New Operative Approach to Assess Secondary Degeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells

大鼠部分视神经切断术: 建立一种新的手术方法评价视网膜神经节细胞二次变性的模型

Previous studies have shown that the secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) occurs commonly in glaucoma. Partial optic nerve transection ...

体内 大型动物视网膜神经节细胞及视神经功能及结构的评估方法

体内大型动物视网膜神经节细胞及视神经功能及结构的评估方法