Name: a reporter based cellular assay for monitoring splicing efficiency
Uploaded: 2021-09-15T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Reporter Based Cellular Assay for Monitoring Splicing Efficiency at JoVE.com

Este trabalho foi apoiado por fundos para s.S. dos Institutos Nacionais de Saúde (R21CA170786 e R01GM127464) e para a American Cancer Society (o Institutional Research Grant 74-001-34-IRG) e para S.S. e W.M. do Valley Research Partnership Program (P1-4009 e VRP77). O conteúdo é de responsabilidade exclusiva dos autores e não representa necessariamente as opiniões oficiais dos Institutos Nacionais de Saúde.

1. Reagentes e tampões
NOTA: Toda a esterilização utilizando filtros de vácuo deve ser realizada com membrana de 0,2 μm de polietroéfone (PES) em um armário de biossegurança.
<ol><li>Prepare a água sem RNase adicionando 1,0 mL de dietilpirto (DEPC) a 1,0 L de água desionizada, misture por pelo menos 1 hora à temperatura ambiente (RT), autoclave duas vezes e depois esfrie para RT antes de usar.</li>
	<li>Prepare o DMEM (Modified Eagle Medium, meio de águia modificada) de Dulbecco ...

<ol>
	<li>Zhuang, Y., Weiner, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+compensatory+base+change+in+U1+snRNA+suppresses+a+5'+splice+site+mutation.">A compensatory base change in U1 snRNA suppresses a 5' splice site mutation.</a> Cell. 46 (6), 827-835 (1986).</li><li>Scotti, M. M., Swanson, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+mis-splicing+in+disease.">RNA mis-splicing in disease.</a> Nature Review Genetics. 17 (1), 19-32 (2016).</li><li>Ward, A. J., Cooper, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pathobiology+of+splicing.">The pathobiology of splicing.</a> Journal of Pathology. 220 (2), 152-163 (2010).</li><li>Scalet, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disease-causing+variants+of+the+conserved++2T+of+5'+splice+sites+can+be+rescued+by+engineered+U1snRNAs.">Disease-causing variants of the conserved +2T of 5' splice sites can be rescued by engineered U1snRNAs.</a> Human Mutatation. 40 (1), 48-52 (2019).</li><li>Yamazaki, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+modified+U1+small+nuclear+RNA+for+rescue+from+exon+7+skipping+caused+by+5'-splice+site+mutation+of+human+cathepsin+A+gene.">Use of modified U1 small nuclear RNA for rescue from exon 7 skipping caused by 5'-splice site mutation of human cathepsin A gene.</a> Gene. 677, 41-48 (2018).</li><li>Yanaizu, M., Sakai, K., Tosaki, Y., Kino, Y., Satoh, J. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+nuclear+RNA-mediated+modulation+of+splicing+reveals+a+therapeutic+strategy+for+a+TREM2+mutation+and+its+post-transcriptional+regulation.">Small nuclear RNA-mediated modulation of splicing reveals a therapeutic strategy for a TREM2 mutation and its post-transcriptional regulation.</a> Science Reports. 8 (1), 6937 (2018).</li><li>Balestra, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Splicing+mutations+impairing+CDKL5+expression+and+activity+can+be+efficiently+rescued+by+U1snRNA-based+therapy.">Splicing mutations impairing CDKL5 expression and activity can be efficiently rescued by U1snRNA-based therapy.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (17), 20174130 (2019).</li><li>Donadon, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exon-specific+U1+snRNAs+improve+ELP1+exon+20+definition+and+rescue+ELP1+protein+expression+in+a+familial+dysautonomia+mouse+model.">Exon-specific U1 snRNAs improve ELP1 exon 20 definition and rescue ELP1 protein expression in a familial dysautonomia mouse model.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 27 (14), 2466-2476 (2018).</li><li>Desjardins, P., Conklin, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NanoDrop+microvolume+quantitation+of+nucleic+acids.">NanoDrop microvolume quantitation of nucleic acids.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (45), e2565 (2010).</li><li>Summer, H., Gramer, R., Droge, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Denaturing+urea+polyacrylamide+gel+electrophoresis+(Urea+PAGE).">Denaturing urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Urea PAGE).</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (32), e1485 (2009).</li><li>Dominski, Z., Kole, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selection+of+splice+sites+in+pre-mRNAs+with+short+internal+exons.">Selection of splice sites in pre-mRNAs with short internal exons.</a> Molecular Cell Biology. 11 (12), 6075-6083 (1991).</li><li>Amir-Ahmady, B., Boutz, P. L., Markovtsov, V., Phillips, M. L., Black, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exon+repression+by+polypyrimidine+tract+binding+protein.">Exon repression by polypyrimidine tract binding protein.</a> RNA. 11 (5), 699-716 (2005).</li><li>Le Guedard-Mereuze, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequence+contexts+that+determine+the+pathogenicity+of+base+substitutions+at+position++3+of+donor+splice-sites.">Sequence contexts that determine the pathogenicity of base substitutions at position +3 of donor splice-sites.</a> Human Mutation. 30 (9), 1329-1339 (2009).</li><li>Sharma, S., Wongpalee, S. P., Vashisht, A., Wohlschlegel, J. A., Black, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem-loop+4+of+U1+snRNA+is+essential+for+splicing+and+interacts+with+the+U2+snRNP-specific+SF3A1+protein+during+spliceosome+assembly.">Stem-loop 4 of U1 snRNA is essential for splicing and interacts with the U2 snRNP-specific SF3A1 protein during spliceosome assembly.</a> Genes and Development. 28 (22), 2518-2531 (2014).</li><li>Steitz, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Functions of the abundant U-snRNPs. Structure and function of major and minor small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. , 115-154 (1988).</li><li>Fortes, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibiting+expression+of+specific+genes+in+mammalian+cells+with+5'+end-mutated+U1+small+nuclear+RNAs+targeted+to+terminal+exons+of+pre-mRNA.">Inhibiting expression of specific genes in mammalian cells with 5' end-mutated U1 small nuclear RNAs targeted to terminal exons of pre-mRNA.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 100 (14), 8264-8269 (2003).</li><li>Roca, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Widespread+recognition+of+5'+splice+sites+by+noncanonical+base-pairing+to+U1+snRNA+involving+bulged+nucleotides.">Widespread recognition of 5' splice sites by noncanonical base-pairing to U1 snRNA involving bulged nucleotides.</a> Genes and Development. 26 (10), 1098-1109 (2012).</li><li>Roca, X., Krainer, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recognition+of+atypical+5'+splice+sites+by+shifted+base-pairing+to+U1+snRNA.">Recognition of atypical 5' splice sites by shifted base-pairing to U1 snRNA.</a> Nature Structural Molecular Biology. 16 (2), 176-182 (2009).</li><li>Taladriz-Sender, A., Campbell, E., Burley, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Splice-switching+small+molecules:+A+new+therapeutic+approach+to+modulate+gene+expression.">Splice-switching small molecules: A new therapeutic approach to modulate gene expression.</a> Methods. 167, 134-142 (2019).</li><li>Hamid, F. M., Makeyev, E. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mechanism+underlying+position-specific+regulation+of+alternative+splicing.">A mechanism underlying position-specific regulation of alternative splicing.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (21), 12455-12468 (2017).</li><li>Martelly, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+roles+for+human+U1+snRNA+stem-loops+in+pre-mRNA+splicing.">Synergistic roles for human U1 snRNA stem-loops in pre-mRNA splicing.</a> RNA Biology. , 1-18 (2021).</li></ol>

O ensaio pode ser adaptado para análise de emendas em linhas celulares diferentes de HeLa, no entanto, fatores que afetam a eficiência da transfecção, como a confluência celular e a quantidade de DNA podem precisar ser otimizados. A proporção de construção repórter para U1 é outro parâmetro crítico que pode precisar ser determinado dependendo dos níveis de expressão observados em outros tipos de células. A qualidade do RNA extraído é fundamental para a análise de emendas; portanto, o uso de água sem R...

O emenda pré-mRNA é uma etapa essencial de processamento que remove introns não codificantes e ligantes precisamente exons de codificação para formar mRNA maduro. Reconhecimento de sequências de consenso em junções exon-intron, referidas como local de 5'-emendas e 3'-splices, por componentes do maquinário de emenda inicia o processo de emenda. A pequena ribonucleoproteína nuclear U1 (snRNP) reconhece o local de 5'-splice por emparelhamento base do SnRNA U1 com o pré-mRNA1. Mutações geneticamente herdadas que alteram sequências de 5'emendas estão associadas a muitas doenças2,3. Prevê-se que a perda da base de snRNA U1 com os sites mutantes de 5'-emendas causa emenda aberrante, o que pode comprometer a tradução da transcrição afetada. Uma abordagem terapêutica potencial para corrigir os defeitos de emenda envolve a supressão de mutações por snRNA U1 modificado carregando alterações de nucleotídeos compensatórios em sua região de 5′que baseiam-se com o local de 5'-splice. Tais SnRNAs modificadas, também referidas como exon específicas U1 snRNAs, têm sido consideradas eficazes na reversão de defeitos de emenda, resultando em aumento da expressão proteica do mRNA4, 5,6,7,8 resgatados.
Aqui, descrevemos o ensaio de complementação do U1 snRNP, um ensaio de emenda celular baseado em repórter que permite a avaliação do efeito das mutações de 5's na emenda de um exon e também pode ser usado para o desenvolvimento de SnRNAs U1 modificadas para permitir o resgate da inclusão exon. Também fornecemos protocolos para monitoramento das transcrições de repórteres emendadas por extensão primer e RT-PCR, e para determinar a expressão de SNRNAs U1 modificadas por extensão primer e RT-qPCR.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagent Grade Deionized Water</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23-751628</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5758-25ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) powder packet</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12100-046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S233-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), Australian Source, Heat Inactivated</td>
			<td>Omega Scientific</td>
			<td>FB-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4458-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydroxide, Standard Solution 1.0N</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2567-16A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric Acid, Certified ACS Plus, 36.5 to 38.0%</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A144-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable PES Bottle Top Filters</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB12566510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA Disodium Salt Dihydrate</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0105-2.5KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.5% Trypsin (10x), no phenol red</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15090046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagent</td>
			<td>BP358-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagent</td>
			<td>BP366-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagent</td>
			<td>BP332-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagent</td>
			<td>BP362-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfection medium - Opti-MEM&#8482; I Reduced Serum Medium, no phenol red</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11058021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfection Reagent - Lipofectamine&#8482; 2000</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13778150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIzol&#8482; Reagent</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15596018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform (Approx. 0.75% Ethanol as Preservative/Molecular Biology)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1145-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol, Absolute (200 Proof), Molecular Biology Grade, Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP2818-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol, Molecular Biology Grade, Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP2618-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycogen (5 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AM9510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Direct-zol RNA Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>R2052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP, [&#947;-32P]- 6000Ci/mmol 150mCi/ml Lead, 1 mCi</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>NEG035C001MC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 Polynucleotide Kinase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0201L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Size exclusion beands - Sephadex&#174; G-25</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G2580-10G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Size exclusion mini columns</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1415-0600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pBR322 DNA-MspI Digest</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>N3032S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low Molecular Weight Marker, 10-100 nt</td>
			<td>Affymetrix</td>
			<td>76410 100 UL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rnase inactivating reagents - RNaseZAP&#8482;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2020-250ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTP Mix (10 mM ea)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>18427013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNaseOUT&#8482; Recombinant Ribonuclease Inhibitor</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10777019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reverse Transcriptase - M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>28025013</td>
			<td>used for primer extension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10342020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Random Hexamers (50 &#181;M)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>N8080127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Real time PCR mix - SYBR&#8482; Select Master Mix</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4472903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperScript&#8482; III Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>18080093</td>
			<td>used for cDNA preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>18080093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5X First-Strand Buffer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>18080093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide (&#8805;99.5%)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP228-100</td>
			<td>Review Material Safety Data Sheets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromophenol Blue sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>114405-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene Cyanol FF</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>2650-17-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Base (White Crystals or Crystalline Powder/Molecular Biology)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP152-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boric Acid (Crystalline/Electrophoresis)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP168-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylamide: Bis-Acrylamide 19:1 (40% Solution/Electrophoresis)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1406-1</td>
			<td>Review Material Safety Data Sheets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urea (Colorless-to-White Crystals or Crystalline Powder/Mol. Biol.)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP169-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium peroxodisulphate (APS) &#8805;98%, Pro-Pure, Proteomics Grade</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>M133-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sigmacote</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SL2-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) &#8805;99%, Ultrapure</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>0761-25ML</td>
			<td>Review Material Safety Data Sheets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adjustable Slab Gel Systems, Expedeon</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>ASG-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vertical Gel Wrap&#8482; Glass Plate Sets, 16.5 x 14.5cm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>NGP-125NR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vertical Gel Wrap&#8482; Glass Plate Sets, 16.5 x 22.0cm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>NGP-200NR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vertical Gel Wrap&#8482; Glass Plate Sets, 16.5 x 38.7cm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>NGP-400NR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GE Storage Phosphor Screens</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>GE28-9564</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Typhoon&#8482; FLA 7000 Biomolecular Imager</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>28-9610-73 AB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beckman Coulter LS6500 Liquid Scintillation Counter</td>
			<td>GMI</td>
			<td>8043-30-1194</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C1000 Touch Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuantStudio 6 Flex Real-Time PCR Systems</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a reporter based cellular assay for monitoring splicing efficiency

Durante a expressão genética, o passo vital da emenda pré-mRNA envolve o reconhecimento preciso de locais de emenda e a montagem eficiente de complexos emendas omais para unir exons e remover introns antes da exportação citoplasmática do mRNA maduro. A eficiência do splicing pode ser alterada pela presença de mutações em locais de emenda, pela influência de fatores de emenda trans-ação ou pela atividade terapêutica. Aqui, descrevemos o protocolo para um ensaio celular que pode ser aplicado para monitorar a eficiência de emenda de qualquer exon dado. O ensaio usa um plasmídeo adaptável codificado 3-exon/2-intron minigene reporter, que pode ser expresso em células de mamíferos por transfecção transitória. Após a transfecção, o RNA celular total é isolado, e a eficiência do splicing de exon no mRNA repórter é determinada por extensão de primer ou reação em cadeia de transcriptase-polimerase reversa semi-quantitativa (RT-PCR). Descrevemos como o impacto das mutações associadas à doença de 5′ podem ser determinados introduzindo-as no repórter; e como a supressão dessas mutações pode ser alcançada por co-transfecção com u1 pequeno RNA nuclear (snRNA) construir carregando mutações compensatórias em sua região de 5′ que baseiam-se com os 5'-splices em junções exon-intron em pré-mRNAs. Assim, o repórter pode ser usado para o desenho de partículas U1 terapêuticas para melhorar o reconhecimento de locais de emenda mutantes de 5′. A inserção de sites regulatórios de ação cis, como emendar melhorador ou sequências silenciadores, no repórter também pode ser usada para examinar o papel do U1 snRNP na regulação mediada por um fator alternativo específico de emenda. Finalmente, as células expressas por repórteres podem ser incubadas com pequenas moléculas para determinar o efeito de potenciais terapêuticas na emenda pré-mRNA constitutiva ou em exons que carregam locais de emenda mutantes de 5′. No geral, o ensaio do repórter pode ser aplicado para monitorar a eficiência do splicing em uma variedade de condições para estudar mecanismos fundamentais de emenda e doenças associadas à emenda.

O repórter dup51, um minigene de três exon-dois intron, foi derivado do gene humano β-globina e foi descrito anteriormente (Figura 1A)11,12 . Criamos um repórter mutante, Dup51p, introduzindo mutações associadas à síndrome de Usher de 5'-splices que ocorrem no exon 3 do gene protocadherin 15 (PCDH15). A sequência do local de 5'-splice na junção exon 2-intron 2 foi alterada de CAG/GUUGGUAUC ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Reporter Based Cellular Assay for Monitoring Splicing Efficiency at JoVE.com

A Reporter Based Cellular Assay for Monitoring Splicing Efficiency

Este protocolo descreve um ensaio de repórter minigene para monitorar o impacto de mutações de 5'-splices no splicing e desenvolve snRNA supressor U1 para o resgate da inibição de emenda induzida por mutação. As construções de snRNA do repórter e supressor U1 são expressas em células HeLa, e o splicing é analisado por extensão de primer ou RT-PCR.

Um ensaio celular baseado em repórter para monitorar a eficiência do splicing

During gene expression, the vital step of pre-mRNA splicing involves accurate recognition of splice sites and efficient assembly of spliceosomal complexes ...

Este protocolo descreve um ensaio celular para monitorar a eficiência do splicing, usando um repórter gerenciador adaptável. Este repórter Assay pode ser usado para estudar os efeitos da doença Mutações associadas nos locais da Exxon ou emendas, e para projetar terapia, em particular uma das partículas, para melhorar o reconhecimento de locais de emenda mutante a cinco pontos. A passagem nas células Hela aspira o meio gasto e incuba as células com três mililitros de 0,2 5% de viagens contendo um EDTA milimola, a 37 graus Celsius por três minutos.Após a incubação em sete mililitros de DMEM frescos e transfira a suspensão celular para um tubo de 10 mililitros. Centrifugar as células. Em seguida, resuspenque a pelota celular em 10 mililitros de DMEM fresco, e plaque as células em um novo prato de cultura tecidual em 20% de confluência, para transsfecção transitória.Conte as células hela com um slide de citómetro hemo limpo e prepare uma suspensão com uma densidade de 2,5 vezes 10 para as quintas células por mililitro, semente um mililitro da suspensão celular em cada poço de uma placa de 12 poços e incubar durante a noite a 37 graus Celsius. No dia seguinte aspirar o meio gasto e adicionar 800 microliters de DMEM fresco com soro à placa. Prepare as misturas de transfecção e o vórtice por 15 segundos.Em seguida, centrifufique as misturas e incuba-as à temperatura ambiente por cinco minutos. Após a incubação adicione todos os 200 microliters da transfecção misture em um poço da placa de 12 bem helacelular para alcançar um volume final de um mililitro por poço, e incubar a placa a 37 graus Celsius por 48 horas. As reações de rotulagem preparadas estão incubando.Resuspend os 25 quilos Dalton molecular peso corte de peso de exclusão de tamanho por vórtice suave por 10 segundos. Em seguida, transfira 600 microliters das contas resuspended para uma mini coluna descartável, colocado em um tubo de coleta de 1,5 mililitro, e devolva o estoque de contas para quatro graus Celsius. Centrifugar a coluna e descartar o fluxo através delas.Em seguida, lave as contas duas vezes adicionando 300 microliters de RNA água livre à coluna. Após a segunda lavagem, transfira a mini coluna para um novo tubo de centrífugas de 1,5 mililitro e adicione a mistura de reação de quinase à coluna. Centrifugar a coluna e coletar o fluxo contendo os oligonucleotídeos rotulados P32.Adicione dois microgramas de RNA extraídos das células heli em tubos de microclamagem microlitra e adicione água livre de RNA para compor o volume a 6,55 microliters. Em seguida, adicione 0,9 microliters uma mistura mestre a cada tubo PCR contendo as amostras de RNA, e incubar os tubos primeiro a 65 graus Celsius por cinco minutos, e depois no gelo por um minuto. Em seguida, às 2,55 microliters, uma mistura mestre dois, em cada tubo contendo o RNA e master mix um, e incubar os tubos em temperatura ambiente por 10 minutos.Após a incubação, transfira os tubos para um cicloviário térmico e incuba primeiro a 50 graus Celsius por 60 minutos, e depois a 70 graus Celsius, por 15 minutos. Após a incubação, adicione 10 microliters de 2X rna de carregamento de RNA a cada amostra e prossiga para separar os fragmentos por página UIA. Síntese de DNA do Percy.Adicione dois microgramas de RNA extraídos das células de hela transectadas, em tubos de microncentrifuge de 200 microniliteres e adicione água livre de RNAs para compor o volume a 11 microlitrais baixos. Em seguida, adicione dois microliters, uma mistura mestre uma para cada amostra e incubar primeiro a 65 graus Celsius por cinco minutos, depois no gelo por um minuto. Em seguida, adicione sete microliters, uma mistura mestre dois em cada tubo e incubar os tubos à temperatura ambiente por 10 minutos, seguido de incubação a 50 graus Celsius por 60 minutos e 70 graus Celsius por 15 minutos.Em seguida, para PCR diluir a reação de DNA C para produzir uma concentração de 100 nanogramas por microliter, e transferir um microliter de cada amostra de CDNA para novos tubos PCR. Adicione 10,5 microliters da mistura mestre a cada tubo contendo CDNA e realize o PCR. Usando um termociclador depois que o PCR estiver completo.Adicione 12,5 microliters de 2X de DNA formamida carregando corante em cada tubo. Aqueça as amostras a 95 graus Celsius por cinco minutos e prossiga para realizar uma página UIA. Pipeta cinco microliters de CDNA diluída em poços individuais de uma placa qpcr de 96 poços triplicado.Em seguida, adicione 10 microliters de mistura PCR em tempo real a cada poço, sele as placas com uma película óptica e centrífuga para coletar as reações à parte inferior dos Poços, em seguida, execute o qpcr enquanto coleta os valores do ciclo de quantificação limiar de amplicon alvo. Antes de carregar os marcadores e amostras, limpe os Poços com tampão TBE para remover a ureia assentada. Em seguida, carregue 10 microlitres de cada amostra por poço e execute o gel a 300 a 500 volts por duas a três horas, ou até que o xileno chegue ao fundo.Depois de a eletroforese remover as placas de vidro do aparelho de eletroforese e separar cuidadosamente as duas placas para que o gel fique plano em qualquer superfície de vidro, em seguida, transfira o gel para um papel filtro e cubra-o com um plástico, usando um vácuo secador de gel secar o gel a 80 graus Celsius por 30 minutos, em seguida, coloque o gel seco em um de imagem fosfor para incubação durante a noite em temperatura ambiente. Quando expresso em células hela, o repórter de corte dup 51 minnijean expressa a transcrição completa madura em que a Exxon dois é emendada eficientemente. As cinco mutações principais do site de emendas e dup 51 P reduzem a inclusão da Exxon de 95 a 30% levando à formação de uma transcrição mais curta.Co-expressão do DUP 51 P com U15A SNRNA resgata a Exxon por dois emendas, e restaura a formação da transcrição completa. Em contraste, a co-expressão com variante u1 ou U15G selvagem não tem o efeito semelhante na emenda dup 51P. A detecção de transcrições variantes U15A, por extensão primária, usa o nucleotídeo de Oligo U1 de 7 a 26, que tem 20 nucleotídeos de comprimento e pares de base perto da adenina na quinta posição do U1 SNRNA.Somente na presença de DATP, u17 a 26 permite incorporar dois a três nucleotídeos para o tipo selvagem endógeno U1 SNRNA produzindo um produto de 22 ou 23 nucleotídeos longos. Para as variantes U15A e U15G termina após a adição de uma única adenosina produzindo um produto nucleotídeo de 21. Após a normalização da expressão U2 SNRNA, as variantes U1 5g e U15A foram expressas em três a cinco dobras sobre o SNRNA endógeno.A qualidade do RNA extraído é fundamental para a análise de emendas. Portanto, o uso de água livre de RNA e descontaminação de serviços com agentes inativados rnas é altamente recomendado. O sistema de relatórios descrito aqui pode ser aplicado para estudar o papel do U1 SN RNAs na regulamentação de emenda para reverter o efeito de mutações de emenda de preço flash para silenciamento genético usando rnas U1SN modificados.

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SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity

Scramblases translocate phospholipids across the membrane bilayer bidirectionally in an ATP-independent manner. The first scramblase to be identified and biochemically verified was opsin, the apoprotein of the photoreceptor rhodopsin. Rhodopsin is a G protein-coupled receptor localized in rod photoreceptor disc membranes of the retina where it is responsible for the perception of light. Rhodopsin&#39;s scramblase activity does not depend on its ligand 11-cis-retinal, i.e., the apoprotein opsin is also active as a scramblase. Although constitutive and regulated phospholipid scrambling play an important role in cell physiology, only a few phospholipid scramblases have been identified so far besides opsin. Here we describe a fluorescence-based assay of opsin&#39;s scramblase activity. Opsin is reconstituted into large unilamellar liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and a trace quantity of fluorescent NBD-labeled PC (1-palmitoyl-2-{6-[7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl}-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). Scramblase activity is determined by measuring the extent to which NBD-PC molecules located in the inner leaflet of the vesicle are able to access the outer leaflet where their fluorescence is chemically eliminated by a reducing agent that cannot cross the membrane. The methods we describe have general applicability and can be used to identify and characterize scramblase activities of other membrane proteins.

We describe a fluorescence-based assay to measure phospholipid scrambling in large unilamellar liposomes reconstituted with opsin.

Um ensaio baseado em fluorescência de Fosfolípido scramblase Atividade

Scramblases translocate phospholipids across the membrane bilayer bidirectionally in an ATP-independent manner. The first scramblase to be identified and ...

Bioquímica

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Direct electrochemical detection of c-type cytochrome complexes embedded in the bacterial outer membrane (outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes; OM c-Cyts) has recently emerged as a novel whole-cell analytical method to characterize the bacterial electron transport from the respiratory chain to the cell exterior, referred to as the extracellular electron transport (EET). While the pathway and kinetics of the electron flow during the EET reaction have been investigated, a whole-cell electrochemical method to examine the impact of cation transport associated with EET has not yet been established. In the present study, an example of a biochemical technique to examine the deuterium kinetic isotope effect (KIE) on EET through OM c-Cyts using a model microbe, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, is described. The KIE on the EET process can be obtained if the EET through OM c-Cyts acts as the rate-limiting step in the microbial current production. To that end, before the addition of D2O, the supernatant solution was replaced with fresh media containing a sufficient amount of the electron donor to support the rate of upstream metabolic reactions, and to remove the planktonic cells from a uniform monolayer biofilm on the working electrode. Alternative methods to confirm the rate-limiting step in microbial current production as EET through OM c-Cyts are also described. Our technique of a whole-cell electrochemical assay for investigating proton transport kinetics can be applied to other electroactive microbial strains.

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Here we present a protocol of whole-cell electrochemical experiments to study the contribution of proton transport to the rate of extracellular electron transport via the outer-membrane cytochromes complex in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.

Eletroquímico deteção de deutério cinética efeito isotópico no transporte de elétrons extracelular em Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Direct electrochemical detection of c-type cytochrome complexes embedded in the bacterial outer membrane (outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes; OM ...

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

N6-isopentenyladenosine RNA modifications are functionally diverse and highly conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One of the most highly conserved N6-isopentenyladenosine modifications occurs at the A37 position in a subset of tRNAs. This modification improves translation efficiency and fidelity by increasing the affinity of the tRNA for the ribosome. Mutation of enzymes responsible for this modification in eukaryotes are associated with several disease states, including mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer. Therefore, understanding the substrate specificity and biochemical activities of these enzymes is important for understanding of normal and pathologic eukaryotic biology. A diverse array of methods has been employed to characterize i6A modifications. Herein is described a direct approach for the detection of isopentenylation by Mod5. This method utilizes incubation of RNAs with a recombinant isopentenyl transferase, followed by RNase T1 digestion, and 1-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis to detect i6A modifications. In addition, the potential adaptability of this protocol to characterize other RNA-modifying enzymes is discussed.

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

Here, we describe a protocol for the biochemical characterization of the yeast RNA-modifying enzyme, Mod5, and discuss how this protocol could be applied to other RNA-modifying enzymes.

Um ensaio In Vitro para detectar a atividade de Transferase de tRNA-isopentenilo

N6-isopentenyladenosine RNA modifications are functionally diverse and highly conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One of the most highly conserved ...

A High-Throughput Luciferase Assay to Evaluate Proteolysis of the Single-Turnover Protease PCSK9

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a single-turnover protease which regulates serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and, consequently, cardiovascular disease. Although PCSK9 proteolysis is required for its full hypercholesterolemic effect, the evaluation of its proteolytic function is challenging: PCSK9 is only known to cleave itself, undergoes only a single turnover, and after proteolysis, retains its substrate in its active site as an auto-inhibitor. The methods presented here describe an assay which overcomes these challenges. The assay focuses on intermolecular proteolysis in a cell-based context and links successful cleavage to the secreted luciferase activity, which can be easily read out in the conditioned medium. Via sequential steps of mutagenesis, transient transfection, and a luciferase readout, the assay can probe PCSK9 proteolysis under conditions of either genetic or molecular perturbation in a high-throughput manner. This system is well suited for both the biochemical evaluation of clinically discovered missense single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as for the screening of small-molecule inhibitors of PCSK9 proteolysis.

This protocol presents a method to evaluate the proteolytic activity of an intrinsically low-activity, single turnover protease in a cellular context. Specifically, this method is applied to evaluate the proteolytic activity of PCSK9, a key driver of lipid metabolism whose proteolytic activity is required for its ultimate hypercholesterolemic function.

Um ensaio de Luciferase de alto rendimento para avaliar a proteólise de PCSK9 a Protease Single-volume de negócios

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a single-turnover protease which regulates serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and, ...

Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor  &#946; Reporter Assay

Plants are a source of food for many animals, and&#160;they can produce thousands of chemicals. Some of these compounds affect physiological processes in the vertebrates that consume them, such as endocrine function. Phytoestrogens, the most well studied endocrine-active phytochemicals, directly interact with the hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis of the vertebrate endocrine system. Here we present the novel use of a cell-based assay to screen plant extracts for the presence of compounds that have estrogenic biological activity. This assay uses mammalian cells engineered to highly express estrogen receptor beta (ER&#946;) and that have been transfected with a luciferase gene. Exposure to compounds with estrogenic activity results in the cells producing light. This assay is a reliable and simple way to test for biological estrogenic activity. It has several improvements over transient transfection assays, most notably, ease of use, the stability of the cells, and the sensitivity of the assay.

We have optimized a commercially available estrogen receptor &#946; reporter assay for screening human and nonhuman primate foods for estrogenic activity. We validated this assay by showing that the known estrogenic human food soy registers high, while other foods show no activity.

Triagem para Fitoestrogênios usando um receptor de estrogênio baseado em células β Reporter Assay

Plants are a source of food for many animals, and&#160;they can produce thousands of chemicals. Some of these compounds affect physiological processes in ...

An Electrochemiluminescence-Based Assay for MeCP2 Protein Variants

The ECLIA is a versatile method which is able to quantify endogenous and recombinant protein amounts in a 96-well format. To demonstrate ECLIA efficiency, this assay was used to analyze intrinsic levels of MeCP2 in mouse brain tissue and the uptake of TAT-MeCP2 in human dermal fibroblasts. The MeCP2-ECLIA produces highly accurate and reproducible measurements with low intra- and inter-assay error. In summary, we developed a quantitative method for the evaluation of MeCP2 protein variants that can be utilized in high-throughput screens.

The electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) is a novel approach for quantitative detection of endogenous and exogenously applied MeCP2 protein variants, which produces highly quantitative, accurate and reproducible measurements with low intra- and inter-assay error over a wide working range. Here, the protocol for the MeCP2-ECLIA in a 96-well format is described.

Um ensaio baseado em eletroquimiluminescência para variantes de proteína MeCP2

The ECLIA is a versatile method which is able to quantify endogenous and recombinant protein amounts in a 96-well format. To demonstrate ECLIA efficiency, ...

Assessment of Cellular Oxidation using a Subcellular Compartment-Specific Redox-Sensitive Green Fluorescent Protein

Measuring the intracellular oxidation/reduction balance provides an overview of the physiological and/or pathophysiological redox status of an organism. Thiols are especially important for illuminating the redox status of cells via their reduced dithiol and oxidized disulfide ratios. Engineered cysteine-containing fluorescent proteins open a new era for redox-sensitive biosensors. One of them, redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP), can easily be introduced into cells with adenoviral transduction, allowing the redox status of subcellular compartments to be evaluated without disrupting cellular processes. Reduced cysteines and oxidized cystines of roGFP have excitation maxima at 488 nm and 405 nm, respectively, with emission at 525 nm. Assessing the ratios of these reduced and oxidized forms allows the convenient calculation of redox balance within the cell. In this method article, immortalized human triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) were used to assess redox status within the living cell. The protocol steps include MDA-MB-231 cell line transduction with adenovirus to express cytosolic roGFP, treatment with H2O2, and assessment of cysteine and cystine ratio with both flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.

This protocol describes the assessment of subcellular compartment-specific redox status within the cell. A redox-sensitive fluorescent probe allows convenient ratiometric analysis in intact cells.

Avaliação da oxidação celular usando uma proteína fluorescente verde específica do compartimento subcelular

Measuring the intracellular oxidation/reduction balance provides an overview of the physiological and/or pathophysiological redox status of an organism. ...

Complementation of Splicing Activity by a Galectin-3 - U1 snRNP Complex on Beads

Classic depletion-reconstitution experiments indicate that galectin-3 is a required splicing factor in nuclear extracts. The mechanism of incorporation of galectin-3 into the splicing pathway is addressed in this paper. Sedimentation of HeLa cell nuclear extracts on 12%-32% glycerol gradients yields fractions enriched in an endogenous ~10S particle that contains galectin-3 and U1 snRNP. We now describe a protocol to deplete nuclear extracts of U1 snRNP with concomitant loss of splicing activity. Splicing activity in the U1-depleted extract can be reconstituted by the galectin-3 - U1 snRNP particle trapped on agarose beads covalently coupled with anti-galectin-3 antibodies. The results indicate that the galectin-3 - U1 snRNP - pre-mRNA ternary complex is a functional E complex leading to intermediates and products of the splicing reaction and that galectin-3 enters the splicing pathway through its association with U1 snRNP. The scheme of using complexes affinity- or immuno-selected on beads to reconstitute splicing activity in extracts depleted of a specific splicing factor may be generally applicable to other systems.

This article describes the experimental procedures for (a) depletion of U1 snRNP from nuclear extracts, with concomitant loss of splicing activity; and (b) reconstitution of splicing activity in the U1-depleted extract by galectin-3 - U1 snRNP particles bound to beads covalently coupled with anti-galectin-3 antibodies.

Complementação da Atividade de Emenda por um Complexo Galectin-3 - U1 snRNP on Beads

Classic depletion-reconstitution experiments indicate that galectin-3 is a required splicing factor in nuclear extracts. The mechanism of incorporation of ...

NMR-Based Fragment Screening in a Minimum Sample but Maximum Automation Mode

Fragment-based screening (FBS) is a well-validated and accepted concept within the drug discovery process both in academia and industry. The greatest advantage of NMR-based fragment screening is its ability not only to detect binders over 7-8 orders of magnitude of affinity but also to monitor purity and chemical quality of the fragments and thus to produce high quality hits and minimal false positives or false negatives. A prerequisite within the FBS is to perform initial and periodic quality control of the fragment library, determining solubility and chemical integrity of the fragments in relevant buffers, and establishing multiple libraries to cover diverse scaffolds to accommodate various macromolecule target classes (proteins/RNA/DNA). Further, an extensive NMR-based screening protocol optimization with respect to sample quantities, speed of acquisition and analysis at the level of biological construct/fragment-space, in condition-space (buffer, additives, ions, pH, and temperature) and in ligand-space (ligand analogues, ligand concentration) is required. At least in academia, these screening efforts have so far been undertaken manually in a very limited fashion, leading to limited availability of screening infrastructure not only in the drug development process but also in the context of chemical probe development. In order to meet the requirements economically, advanced workflows are presented. They take advantage of the latest state-of-the-art advanced hardware, with which the liquid sample collection can be filled in a temperature-controlled fashion into the NMR-tubes in an automated manner. 1H/19F NMR ligand-based spectra are then collected at a given temperature. High-throughput sample changer (HT sample changer) can handle more than 500 samples in temperature-controlled blocks. This together with advanced software tools speeds up data acquisition and analysis. Further, application of screening routines on protein and RNA samples are described to make aware of the established protocols for a broad user base in biomacromolecular research.

Fragment-based screening by NMR is a robust method to rapidly identify small molecule binders to biomacromolecules (DNA, RNA, or proteins). Protocols describing automation-based sample preparation, NMR experiments &#38; acquisition conditions, and analysis workflows are presented. The technique allows for optimal exploitation of both 1H and 19F NMR-active nuclei for detection.

Triagem de fragmentos baseada em RMN em uma amostra mínima, mas no modo de automação máxima

Fragment-based screening (FBS) is a well-validated and accepted concept within the drug discovery process both in academia and industry. The greatest ...

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

RNA adopts diverse structural folds, which are essential for its functions and thereby can impact diverse processes in the cell. In addition, the structure and function of an RNA can be modulated by various trans-acting factors, such as proteins, metabolites or other RNAs. Frameshifting RNA molecules, for instance, are regulatory RNAs located in coding regions, which direct translating ribosomes into an alternative open reading frame, and thereby act as gene switches. They may also adopt different folds after binding to proteins or other trans-factors. To dissect the role of RNA-binding proteins in translation and how they modulate RNA structure and stability, it is crucial to study the interplay and mechanical features of these RNA-protein complexes simultaneously.&#160;This work illustrates how to employ single-molecule-fluorescence-coupled optical tweezers to explore the conformational and thermodynamic landscape of RNA-protein complexes at a high resolution. As an example, the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 programmed ribosomal frameshifting element with the trans-acting factor short isoform of zinc-finger antiviral protein is elaborated. In addition, fluorescence-labeled ribosomes were monitored using the confocal unit, which would ultimately enable the study of translation elongation. The fluorescence coupled OT assay can be widely applied to explore diverse RNA-protein complexes or trans-acting factors regulating translation and could facilitate studies of RNA-based gene regulation.

This protocol presents a complete experimental workflow for studying RNA-protein interactions using optical tweezers. Several possible experimental setups are outlined including the combination of optical tweezers with confocal microscopy.