Name: a reporter based cellular assay for monitoring splicing efficiency
Uploaded: 2021-09-15T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Reporter Based Cellular Assay for Monitoring Splicing Efficiency at JoVE.com

Este trabajo fue apoyado por fondos a S.S. de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (R21CA170786 y R01GM127464) y la Sociedad Americana del Cáncer (la Subvención de Investigación Institucional 74-001-34-IRG) y a S.S. y W.M. del Programa de Asociación de Investigación del Valle (P1-4009 y VRP77). El contenido es responsabilidad exclusiva de los autores y no representa necesariamente las opiniones oficiales de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud.

1. Reactivos y tampones
NOTA: Toda la esterilización con filtros de vacío debe realizarse con una membrana de polietersulfona (PES) de 0,2 μm en un gabinete de bioseguridad.
<ol><li>Prepare agua sin RNasa agregando 1.0 ml de dietilpirocarbonato (DEPC) a 1.0 L de agua desionizada, mezcle durante al menos 1 hora a temperatura ambiente (RT), autoclave dos veces y luego enfríe a RT antes de usar.</li>
	<li>Prepare el Medio Águila Modificada (DMEM) de Dulbecco mezclando un paquete de polvo d...

<ol>
	<li>Zhuang, Y., Weiner, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+compensatory+base+change+in+U1+snRNA+suppresses+a+5'+splice+site+mutation.">A compensatory base change in U1 snRNA suppresses a 5' splice site mutation.</a> Cell. 46 (6), 827-835 (1986).</li><li>Scotti, M. M., Swanson, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+mis-splicing+in+disease.">RNA mis-splicing in disease.</a> Nature Review Genetics. 17 (1), 19-32 (2016).</li><li>Ward, A. J., Cooper, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pathobiology+of+splicing.">The pathobiology of splicing.</a> Journal of Pathology. 220 (2), 152-163 (2010).</li><li>Scalet, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disease-causing+variants+of+the+conserved++2T+of+5'+splice+sites+can+be+rescued+by+engineered+U1snRNAs.">Disease-causing variants of the conserved +2T of 5' splice sites can be rescued by engineered U1snRNAs.</a> Human Mutatation. 40 (1), 48-52 (2019).</li><li>Yamazaki, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+modified+U1+small+nuclear+RNA+for+rescue+from+exon+7+skipping+caused+by+5'-splice+site+mutation+of+human+cathepsin+A+gene.">Use of modified U1 small nuclear RNA for rescue from exon 7 skipping caused by 5'-splice site mutation of human cathepsin A gene.</a> Gene. 677, 41-48 (2018).</li><li>Yanaizu, M., Sakai, K., Tosaki, Y., Kino, Y., Satoh, J. 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(45), e2565 (2010).</li><li>Summer, H., Gramer, R., Droge, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Denaturing+urea+polyacrylamide+gel+electrophoresis+(Urea+PAGE).">Denaturing urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Urea PAGE).</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (32), e1485 (2009).</li><li>Dominski, Z., Kole, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selection+of+splice+sites+in+pre-mRNAs+with+short+internal+exons.">Selection of splice sites in pre-mRNAs with short internal exons.</a> Molecular Cell Biology. 11 (12), 6075-6083 (1991).</li><li>Amir-Ahmady, B., Boutz, P. L., Markovtsov, V., Phillips, M. L., Black, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exon+repression+by+polypyrimidine+tract+binding+protein.">Exon repression by polypyrimidine tract binding protein.</a> RNA. 11 (5), 699-716 (2005).</li><li>Le Guedard-Mereuze, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequence+contexts+that+determine+the+pathogenicity+of+base+substitutions+at+position++3+of+donor+splice-sites.">Sequence contexts that determine the pathogenicity of base substitutions at position +3 of donor splice-sites.</a> Human Mutation. 30 (9), 1329-1339 (2009).</li><li>Sharma, S., Wongpalee, S. P., Vashisht, A., Wohlschlegel, J. A., Black, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem-loop+4+of+U1+snRNA+is+essential+for+splicing+and+interacts+with+the+U2+snRNP-specific+SF3A1+protein+during+spliceosome+assembly.">Stem-loop 4 of U1 snRNA is essential for splicing and interacts with the U2 snRNP-specific SF3A1 protein during spliceosome assembly.</a> Genes and Development. 28 (22), 2518-2531 (2014).</li><li>Steitz, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Functions of the abundant U-snRNPs. Structure and function of major and minor small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. , 115-154 (1988).</li><li>Fortes, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibiting+expression+of+specific+genes+in+mammalian+cells+with+5'+end-mutated+U1+small+nuclear+RNAs+targeted+to+terminal+exons+of+pre-mRNA.">Inhibiting expression of specific genes in mammalian cells with 5' end-mutated U1 small nuclear RNAs targeted to terminal exons of pre-mRNA.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 100 (14), 8264-8269 (2003).</li><li>Roca, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Widespread+recognition+of+5'+splice+sites+by+noncanonical+base-pairing+to+U1+snRNA+involving+bulged+nucleotides.">Widespread recognition of 5' splice sites by noncanonical base-pairing to U1 snRNA involving bulged nucleotides.</a> Genes and Development. 26 (10), 1098-1109 (2012).</li><li>Roca, X., Krainer, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recognition+of+atypical+5'+splice+sites+by+shifted+base-pairing+to+U1+snRNA.">Recognition of atypical 5' splice sites by shifted base-pairing to U1 snRNA.</a> Nature Structural Molecular Biology. 16 (2), 176-182 (2009).</li><li>Taladriz-Sender, A., Campbell, E., Burley, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Splice-switching+small+molecules:+A+new+therapeutic+approach+to+modulate+gene+expression.">Splice-switching small molecules: A new therapeutic approach to modulate gene expression.</a> Methods. 167, 134-142 (2019).</li><li>Hamid, F. M., Makeyev, E. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mechanism+underlying+position-specific+regulation+of+alternative+splicing.">A mechanism underlying position-specific regulation of alternative splicing.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (21), 12455-12468 (2017).</li><li>Martelly, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+roles+for+human+U1+snRNA+stem-loops+in+pre-mRNA+splicing.">Synergistic roles for human U1 snRNA stem-loops in pre-mRNA splicing.</a> RNA Biology. , 1-18 (2021).</li></ol>

El ensayo se puede adaptar para el análisis de empalme en líneas celulares distintas de HeLa, sin embargo, es posible que sea necesario optimizar los factores que afectan la eficiencia de la transfección, como la confluencia celular y la cantidad de ADN. La relación de constructo reportero-U1 es otro parámetro crítico que puede necesitar ser determinado dependiendo de los niveles de expresión observados en otros tipos de células. La calidad del ARN extraído es crítica para el análisis de empalme; por lo tanto,...

El empalme pre-ARNm es un paso de procesamiento esencial que elimina los intrones no codificantes y liga con precisión los exones codificantes para formar ARNm maduro. El reconocimiento de secuencias de consenso en las uniones exón-intrón, denominadas sitio de empalme de 5′ y sitio de empalme de 3′, por componentes de la maquinaria de empalme inicia el proceso de empalme. La ribonucleoproteína nuclear pequeña U1 (snRNP) reconoce el sitio de empalme 5′ por emparejamiento de bases del snRNA U1 con el pre-ARNm1. Las mutaciones heredadas genéticamente que alteran las secuencias del sitio de empalme 5′ se asocian con muchas enfermedades2,3. Se predice que la pérdida de emparejamiento base de SnRNA U1 con los sitios de empalme mutantes de 5'causa un empalme aberrante, que puede comprometer la traducción de la transcripción afectada. Un enfoque terapéutico potencial para corregir los defectos de empalme implica la supresión de mutaciones por snRNA U1 modificado que transporta cambios de nucleótidos compensatorios en su región de 5′que se basa con el sitio de empalme de 5'. Se ha encontrado que estos snRNAs U1 modificados, también conocidos como snRNAs U1 específicos del exón, son efectivos para revertir los defectos de empalme, lo que resulta en una mayor expresión de proteínas del ARNm rescatado4,5,6,7,8.
Aquí, describimos el ensayo de complementación U1 snRNP, un ensayo de empalme celular basado en reporteros que permite la evaluación del efecto de las mutaciones de 5′-ss en el empalme de un exón y también se puede usar para el desarrollo de snRNAs U1 modificados para permitir el rescate de la inclusión de exones. También proporcionamos protocolos para el monitoreo de las transcripciones de reportero empalmadas por extensión de imprimación y RT-PCR, y para determinar la expresión de snRNAs U1 modificados por extensión de imprimación y RT-qPCR.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagent Grade Deionized Water</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23-751628</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5758-25ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) powder packet</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12100-046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S233-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), Australian Source, Heat Inactivated</td>
			<td>Omega Scientific</td>
			<td>FB-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (P/S)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4458-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydroxide, Standard Solution 1.0N</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2567-16A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric Acid, Certified ACS Plus, 36.5 to 38.0%</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A144-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable PES Bottle Top Filters</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB12566510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA Disodium Salt Dihydrate</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0105-2.5KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.5% Trypsin (10x), no phenol red</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15090046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagent</td>
			<td>BP358-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagent</td>
			<td>BP366-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagent</td>
			<td>BP332-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagent</td>
			<td>BP362-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfection medium - Opti-MEM&#8482; I Reduced Serum Medium, no phenol red</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11058021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfection Reagent - Lipofectamine&#8482; 2000</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13778150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIzol&#8482; Reagent</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15596018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform (Approx. 0.75% Ethanol as Preservative/Molecular Biology)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1145-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol, Absolute (200 Proof), Molecular Biology Grade, Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP2818-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol, Molecular Biology Grade, Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP2618-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycogen (5 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AM9510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Direct-zol RNA Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>R2052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP, [&#947;-32P]- 6000Ci/mmol 150mCi/ml Lead, 1 mCi</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>NEG035C001MC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 Polynucleotide Kinase</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0201L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Size exclusion beands - Sephadex&#174; G-25</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G2580-10G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Size exclusion mini columns</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1415-0600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pBR322 DNA-MspI Digest</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>N3032S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low Molecular Weight Marker, 10-100 nt</td>
			<td>Affymetrix</td>
			<td>76410 100 UL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rnase inactivating reagents - RNaseZAP&#8482;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2020-250ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dNTP Mix (10 mM ea)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>18427013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNaseOUT&#8482; Recombinant Ribonuclease Inhibitor</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10777019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reverse Transcriptase - M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>28025013</td>
			<td>used for primer extension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10342020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Random Hexamers (50 &#181;M)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>N8080127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Real time PCR mix - SYBR&#8482; Select Master Mix</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4472903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperScript&#8482; III Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>18080093</td>
			<td>used for cDNA preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>18080093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5X First-Strand Buffer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>18080093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide (&#8805;99.5%)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP228-100</td>
			<td>Review Material Safety Data Sheets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromophenol Blue sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>114405-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene Cyanol FF</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>2650-17-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Base (White Crystals or Crystalline Powder/Molecular Biology)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP152-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boric Acid (Crystalline/Electrophoresis)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP168-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylamide: Bis-Acrylamide 19:1 (40% Solution/Electrophoresis)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1406-1</td>
			<td>Review Material Safety Data Sheets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urea (Colorless-to-White Crystals or Crystalline Powder/Mol. Biol.)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP169-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium peroxodisulphate (APS) &#8805;98%, Pro-Pure, Proteomics Grade</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>M133-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sigmacote</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SL2-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) &#8805;99%, Ultrapure</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>0761-25ML</td>
			<td>Review Material Safety Data Sheets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adjustable Slab Gel Systems, Expedeon</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>ASG-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vertical Gel Wrap&#8482; Glass Plate Sets, 16.5 x 14.5cm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>NGP-125NR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vertical Gel Wrap&#8482; Glass Plate Sets, 16.5 x 22.0cm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>NGP-200NR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vertical Gel Wrap&#8482; Glass Plate Sets, 16.5 x 38.7cm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>NGP-400NR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GE Storage Phosphor Screens</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>GE28-9564</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Typhoon&#8482; FLA 7000 Biomolecular Imager</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>28-9610-73 AB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beckman Coulter LS6500 Liquid Scintillation Counter</td>
			<td>GMI</td>
			<td>8043-30-1194</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C1000 Touch Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuantStudio 6 Flex Real-Time PCR Systems</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a reporter based cellular assay for monitoring splicing efficiency

Durante la expresión génica, el paso vital del empalme pre-ARNm implica el reconocimiento preciso de los sitios de empalme y el ensamblaje eficiente de los complejos espliceosómicos para unir exones y eliminar los intrones antes de la exportación citoplasmática del ARNm maduro. La eficiencia del empalme puede verse alterada por la presencia de mutaciones en los sitios de empalme, la influencia de los factores de empalme de acción trans o la actividad de la terapéutica. Aquí, describimos el protocolo para un ensayo celular que se puede aplicar para monitorear la eficiencia de empalme de cualquier exón dado. El ensayo utiliza un plásmido adaptable codificado 3-exon/2-intron minigene reporter, que puede expresarse en células de mamíferos por transfección transitoria. Después de la transfección, se aísla el ARN celular total, y la eficiencia del empalme de exones en el ARNm reportero se determina mediante la extensión del cebador o la reacción en cadena semicuantitativa de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa (RT-PCR). Describimos cómo se puede determinar el impacto de las mutaciones del sitio de empalme 5′ asociadas a la enfermedad introduciéndolas en el reportero; y cómo la supresión de estas mutaciones se puede lograr mediante la coinfección con el ARN nuclear pequeño (snRNA) U1 que lleva mutaciones compensatorias en su región de 5′ que se fusiona con los sitios de empalme 5′ en las uniones exón-intrón en pre-ARNm. Por lo tanto, el reportero se puede utilizar para el diseño de partículas terapéuticas de U1 para mejorar el reconocimiento de los sitios de empalme mutantes de 5 '. La inserción de sitios reguladores de acción cis, como secuencias de potenciador de empalme o silenciador, en el informador también se puede utilizar para examinar el papel de U1 snRNP en la regulación mediada por un factor de empalme alternativo específico. Finalmente, las células que expresan al reportero se pueden incubar con moléculas pequeñas para determinar el efecto de la terapéutica potencial en el empalme constitutivo de pre-ARNm o en exones que transportan sitios de empalme mutantes de 5 '. En general, el ensayo de reportero se puede aplicar para monitorear la eficiencia del empalme en una variedad de condiciones para estudiar los mecanismos fundamentales de empalme y las enfermedades asociadas al empalme.

El reportero de empalme Dup51, un minigén de tres exones-dos intrón, se derivó del gen humano β-globina y ha sido descrito previamente (Figura 1A)11,12 . Creamos un reportero mutante, Dup51p, introduciendo mutaciones en el sitio de empalme 5' asociadas al síndrome de Usher que ocurren en el exón 3 del gen de la protocadherina 15 (PCDH15)13. La secuencia del sitio de empalme 5' en la unión exón...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Reporter Based Cellular Assay for Monitoring Splicing Efficiency at JoVE.com

A Reporter Based Cellular Assay for Monitoring Splicing Efficiency

Este protocolo describe un ensayo de reportero de minigenes para monitorear el impacto de las mutaciones del sitio de empalme 5'en el empalme y desarrolla snRNA supresor U1 para el rescate de la inhibición del empalme inducida por la mutación. Las construcciones de snRNA U1 reportero y supresor se expresan en células HeLa, y el empalme se analiza por extensión de cebador o RT-PCR.

Un ensayo celular basado en reporteros para monitorear la eficiencia del empalme

During gene expression, the vital step of pre-mRNA splicing involves accurate recognition of splice sites and efficient assembly of spliceosomal complexes ...

Este protocolo describe un ensayo celular para monitorear la eficiencia de empalme, utilizando un informador de administración adaptable. Este ensayo reportero se puede utilizar para estudiar los efectos de las mutaciones asociadas a la enfermedad en los sitios Exxon o de empalme, y para diseñar terapia, particularmente una partícula, para mejorar el reconocimiento de los sitios de empalme mutantes a cinco puntos. El paso en las células Hela aspira el medio gastado e incuba las células con tres mililitros de 0,2 5%viajes en la que contienen un milimolar EDTA, a 37 grados centígrados durante tres minutos.Después de la incubación a siete mililitros de DMEM fresco y transferir la suspensión celular a un tubo de 10 mililitros. Centrifugar las células. Luego resuspenda el pellet celular en 10 mililitros de DMEM fresco y coloque las células en una nueva placa de cultivo de tejidos al 20% de confluencia, para transfección transitoria.Cuente las células hela con un portaobjetos de hemo citómetro limpio y prepare una suspensión con una densidad de 2.5 veces 10 a la quinta célula por mililitro, selle un mililitro de la suspensión celular en cada pozo de una placa de 12 pocillos e incube durante la noche a 37 grados centígrados. Al día siguiente aspirar el medio gastado y añadir 800 microlitros de DMEM fresco con suero a la placa. Preparar las mezclas de transfección y Vortex durante 15 segundos.Luego centrifuga las mezclas e incuérralas a temperatura ambiente durante cinco minutos. Después de la incubación, agregue los 200 microlitros de la mezcla de transfección en un pozo de la placa de células hela de 12 pocillos para lograr un volumen final de un mililitro por pozo, e incube la placa a 37 grados Celsius durante 48 horas. Las reacciones de etiquetado preparadas se están incubando.Resusped las perlas de exclusión de tamaño de corte de peso molecular Dalton de 25 kilos mediante un vórtice suave durante 10 segundos. A continuación, transfiera 600 microlitros de las cuentas resuspendidas a una mini columna desechable, colocada en un tubo de recolección de 1,5 mililitros, y devuelva el stock de cuentas a cuatro grados centígrados. Centrifugar la columna y descartar el flujo a través de ellas.Luego lave las perlas dos veces agregando 300 microlitros de agua libre de ARN a la columna. Después del segundo lavado, transfiera la mini columna a un nuevo tubo centrífugo de 1,5 mililitros y agregue la mezcla de reacción de quinasa a la columna. Centrifugar la columna y recoger el flujo a través de la contención de los oligonucleótidos marcados P32.Agregue dos microgramos de ARN extraído de las células heli en tubos de microcentrífuga de 200 microlitros y agregue agua libre de ARN para completar el volumen a 6.55 microlitros. A continuación, agregue 0.9 microlitros, una mezcla maestra a cada tubo de PCR que contenga las muestras de ARN, e incube los tubos primero a 65 grados Celsius durante cinco minutos, y luego en hielo durante un minuto. A continuación, a 2,55 microlitros, una mezcla maestra de dos, a cada tubo que contiene el ARN y una mezcla maestra uno, e incubar los tubos a temperatura ambiente durante 10 minutos.Después de la incubación, transfiera los tubos a un termociclador e incube primero a 50 grados centígrados durante 60 minutos, y luego a 70 grados centígrados, durante 15 minutos. Después de la incubación, agregue 10 microlitros de colorante de carga de ARN de formamida 2X a cada muestra, y proceda a separar los fragmentos por página UIA. Síntesis de ADN de Percy.Agregue dos microgramos de ARN extraído de las células hela transectadas, en tubos de microncentrífuga de 200 microlitros y agregue agua libre de ARN para compensar el volumen a un bajo 11 microlitros. A continuación, agregue dos microlitros, una mezcla maestra a cada muestra e incube primero a 65 grados Celsius durante cinco minutos, luego en hielo durante un minuto. A continuación, agregue siete microlitros, una mezcla maestra de dos a cada tubo e incube los tubos a temperatura ambiente durante 10 minutos, seguido de la incubación a 50 grados Celsius durante 60 minutos y 70 grados Celsius durante 15 minutos.A continuación, para la PCR diluir la reacción del ADN C para producir una concentración de 100 nanogramos por microlitro, y transferir un microlitro de cada muestra de CDNA a nuevos tubos de PCR. Agregue 10.5 microlitros de la mezcla maestra a cada tubo que contenga CDNA y realice la PCR. Uso de un termociclador Después de que se complete la PCR.Agregue 12.5 microlitros de colorante de carga de ADN de formamida 2X a cada tubo. Calentar las muestras a 95 grados centígrados durante cinco minutos, y proceder a realizar una página UIA. Pipetear cinco microlitros de CDNA diluido en pozos individuales de un triplicado de placa qpcr de 96 pocillos.A continuación, agregue 10 microlitros de mezcla de PCR en tiempo real a cada pozo, selle las placas con una película óptica y centrífuga para recolectar las reacciones al fondo de los pozos, luego realice el qpcr mientras recopila los valores del ciclo de cuantificación del umbral del amplicón objetivo. Antes de cargar los marcadores y las muestras, enjuague los pozos con tampón TBE para eliminar la urea asentada. Luego cargue 10 microlitros de cada muestra por pozo y ejecute el gel a 300 a 500 voltios durante dos o tres horas, o hasta que el xileno llegue al fondo.Después de la electroforesis, retire las placas de vidrio del aparato de electroforesis y separe cuidadosamente las dos placas para que el gel quede plano en cualquiera de las superficies de vidrio, luego transfiera el gel a un papel de filtro y cúbralo con una envoltura de plástico, usando un secador de gel, seque al vacío el gel a 80 grados centígrados durante 30 minutos. luego coloque el gel seco en un cassette de imágenes de fósforo para incubar durante la noche a temperatura ambiente. Cuando se expresa en celdas hela, el reportero de corte dup 51 minnijean expresa la transcripción madura de longitud completa en la que Exxon dos se empalma de manera eficiente. Las cinco mutaciones del sitio de empalme primario y dup 51 P reducen la inclusión de Exxon dos del 95 al 30%, lo que lleva a la formación de una transcripción más corta.La coexpresión de dup 51 P con U15A SNRNA rescata a Exxon dos empalmes y restaura la formación de la transcripción completa. Por el contrario, la coexpresión con la variante salvaje de tipo U1 o U15G no tiene el efecto similar en el empalme dup 51P. La detección de transcripciones de variantes U15A, por extensión primaria utiliza el oligonucleótido U1 siete a 26, que es de 20 nucleótidos largos y pares de bases cerca de la adenina en la quinta posición del SNRNA U1.En presencia de DATP solo, U1 siete a 26 permite incorporar de dos a tres nucleótidos para el SNRNA U1 tipo salvaje endógeno que produce un producto largo de 22 o 23 nucleótidos. Para las variantes U15A y U15G, la extensión termina después de agregar una sola adenosina que produce un producto de 21 nucleótidos. Después de la normalización a la expresión de SNRNA U2, las variantes transfectadas de U1 wild-type U1 5g y U15A se expresaron de tres a cinco veces sobre el SNRNA endógeno.La calidad del ARN extraído es crítica para el análisis de empalme. Por lo tanto, el uso de agua libre de ARN y la descontaminación de los servicios con agentes inactivadores de ARN es muy recomendable. El sistema de informes descrito aquí se puede aplicar para estudiar el papel de los ARN de SN U1 en las regulaciones de empalme para revertir el efecto de las mutaciones de empalme de precios flash para el silenciamiento de genes utilizando ARN de modificación de U1SN.

a-reporter-based-cellular-assay-for-monitoring-splicing-efficiency

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biochemistry

Unit 1

Transcription: DNA to RNA

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity

Scramblases translocate phospholipids across the membrane bilayer bidirectionally in an ATP-independent manner. The first scramblase to be identified and biochemically verified was opsin, the apoprotein of the photoreceptor rhodopsin. Rhodopsin is a G protein-coupled receptor localized in rod photoreceptor disc membranes of the retina where it is responsible for the perception of light. Rhodopsin&#39;s scramblase activity does not depend on its ligand 11-cis-retinal, i.e., the apoprotein opsin is also active as a scramblase. Although constitutive and regulated phospholipid scrambling play an important role in cell physiology, only a few phospholipid scramblases have been identified so far besides opsin. Here we describe a fluorescence-based assay of opsin&#39;s scramblase activity. Opsin is reconstituted into large unilamellar liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and a trace quantity of fluorescent NBD-labeled PC (1-palmitoyl-2-{6-[7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl}-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). Scramblase activity is determined by measuring the extent to which NBD-PC molecules located in the inner leaflet of the vesicle are able to access the outer leaflet where their fluorescence is chemically eliminated by a reducing agent that cannot cross the membrane. The methods we describe have general applicability and can be used to identify and characterize scramblase activities of other membrane proteins.

We describe a fluorescence-based assay to measure phospholipid scrambling in large unilamellar liposomes reconstituted with opsin.

Un ensayo basado en la fluorescencia de fosfolípido escramblasa Actividad

Scramblases translocate phospholipids across the membrane bilayer bidirectionally in an ATP-independent manner. The first scramblase to be identified and ...

Investigación

Bioquímica

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Direct electrochemical detection of c-type cytochrome complexes embedded in the bacterial outer membrane (outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes; OM c-Cyts) has recently emerged as a novel whole-cell analytical method to characterize the bacterial electron transport from the respiratory chain to the cell exterior, referred to as the extracellular electron transport (EET). While the pathway and kinetics of the electron flow during the EET reaction have been investigated, a whole-cell electrochemical method to examine the impact of cation transport associated with EET has not yet been established. In the present study, an example of a biochemical technique to examine the deuterium kinetic isotope effect (KIE) on EET through OM c-Cyts using a model microbe, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, is described. The KIE on the EET process can be obtained if the EET through OM c-Cyts acts as the rate-limiting step in the microbial current production. To that end, before the addition of D2O, the supernatant solution was replaced with fresh media containing a sufficient amount of the electron donor to support the rate of upstream metabolic reactions, and to remove the planktonic cells from a uniform monolayer biofilm on the working electrode. Alternative methods to confirm the rate-limiting step in microbial current production as EET through OM c-Cyts are also described. Our technique of a whole-cell electrochemical assay for investigating proton transport kinetics can be applied to other electroactive microbial strains.

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Here we present a protocol of whole-cell electrochemical experiments to study the contribution of proton transport to the rate of extracellular electron transport via the outer-membrane cytochromes complex in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.

Electroquímico detección de deuterio cinético isótopo efecto en extracelular transporte de electrones en la Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Direct electrochemical detection of c-type cytochrome complexes embedded in the bacterial outer membrane (outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes; OM ...

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

N6-isopentenyladenosine RNA modifications are functionally diverse and highly conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One of the most highly conserved N6-isopentenyladenosine modifications occurs at the A37 position in a subset of tRNAs. This modification improves translation efficiency and fidelity by increasing the affinity of the tRNA for the ribosome. Mutation of enzymes responsible for this modification in eukaryotes are associated with several disease states, including mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer. Therefore, understanding the substrate specificity and biochemical activities of these enzymes is important for understanding of normal and pathologic eukaryotic biology. A diverse array of methods has been employed to characterize i6A modifications. Herein is described a direct approach for the detection of isopentenylation by Mod5. This method utilizes incubation of RNAs with a recombinant isopentenyl transferase, followed by RNase T1 digestion, and 1-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis to detect i6A modifications. In addition, the potential adaptability of this protocol to characterize other RNA-modifying enzymes is discussed.

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

Here, we describe a protocol for the biochemical characterization of the yeast RNA-modifying enzyme, Mod5, and discuss how this protocol could be applied to other RNA-modifying enzymes.

Un ensayo In Vitro para detectar actividad de transferasa de Isopentenyl tRNA

N6-isopentenyladenosine RNA modifications are functionally diverse and highly conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One of the most highly conserved ...

A High-Throughput Luciferase Assay to Evaluate Proteolysis of the Single-Turnover Protease PCSK9

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a single-turnover protease which regulates serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and, consequently, cardiovascular disease. Although PCSK9 proteolysis is required for its full hypercholesterolemic effect, the evaluation of its proteolytic function is challenging: PCSK9 is only known to cleave itself, undergoes only a single turnover, and after proteolysis, retains its substrate in its active site as an auto-inhibitor. The methods presented here describe an assay which overcomes these challenges. The assay focuses on intermolecular proteolysis in a cell-based context and links successful cleavage to the secreted luciferase activity, which can be easily read out in the conditioned medium. Via sequential steps of mutagenesis, transient transfection, and a luciferase readout, the assay can probe PCSK9 proteolysis under conditions of either genetic or molecular perturbation in a high-throughput manner. This system is well suited for both the biochemical evaluation of clinically discovered missense single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as for the screening of small-molecule inhibitors of PCSK9 proteolysis.

This protocol presents a method to evaluate the proteolytic activity of an intrinsically low-activity, single turnover protease in a cellular context. Specifically, this method is applied to evaluate the proteolytic activity of PCSK9, a key driver of lipid metabolism whose proteolytic activity is required for its ultimate hypercholesterolemic function.

Un ensayo de luciferasa de alto rendimiento para evaluar la proteólisis de la facturación única proteasa PCSK9

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a single-turnover protease which regulates serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and, ...

Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor  &#946; Reporter Assay

Plants are a source of food for many animals, and&#160;they can produce thousands of chemicals. Some of these compounds affect physiological processes in the vertebrates that consume them, such as endocrine function. Phytoestrogens, the most well studied endocrine-active phytochemicals, directly interact with the hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis of the vertebrate endocrine system. Here we present the novel use of a cell-based assay to screen plant extracts for the presence of compounds that have estrogenic biological activity. This assay uses mammalian cells engineered to highly express estrogen receptor beta (ER&#946;) and that have been transfected with a luciferase gene. Exposure to compounds with estrogenic activity results in the cells producing light. This assay is a reliable and simple way to test for biological estrogenic activity. It has several improvements over transient transfection assays, most notably, ease of use, the stability of the cells, and the sensitivity of the assay.

We have optimized a commercially available estrogen receptor &#946; reporter assay for screening human and nonhuman primate foods for estrogenic activity. We validated this assay by showing that the known estrogenic human food soy registers high, while other foods show no activity.

Detección de fitoestrógenos usando un ensayo de receptores de estrógeno a base de células β Reporter

Plants are a source of food for many animals, and&#160;they can produce thousands of chemicals. Some of these compounds affect physiological processes in ...

An Electrochemiluminescence-Based Assay for MeCP2 Protein Variants

The ECLIA is a versatile method which is able to quantify endogenous and recombinant protein amounts in a 96-well format. To demonstrate ECLIA efficiency, this assay was used to analyze intrinsic levels of MeCP2 in mouse brain tissue and the uptake of TAT-MeCP2 in human dermal fibroblasts. The MeCP2-ECLIA produces highly accurate and reproducible measurements with low intra- and inter-assay error. In summary, we developed a quantitative method for the evaluation of MeCP2 protein variants that can be utilized in high-throughput screens.

The electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) is a novel approach for quantitative detection of endogenous and exogenously applied MeCP2 protein variants, which produces highly quantitative, accurate and reproducible measurements with low intra- and inter-assay error over a wide working range. Here, the protocol for the MeCP2-ECLIA in a 96-well format is described.

Un ensayo basado en electroquimioluminiscencia para variantes de proteínames MeCP2

The ECLIA is a versatile method which is able to quantify endogenous and recombinant protein amounts in a 96-well format. To demonstrate ECLIA efficiency, ...

Assessment of Cellular Oxidation using a Subcellular Compartment-Specific Redox-Sensitive Green Fluorescent Protein

Measuring the intracellular oxidation/reduction balance provides an overview of the physiological and/or pathophysiological redox status of an organism. Thiols are especially important for illuminating the redox status of cells via their reduced dithiol and oxidized disulfide ratios. Engineered cysteine-containing fluorescent proteins open a new era for redox-sensitive biosensors. One of them, redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP), can easily be introduced into cells with adenoviral transduction, allowing the redox status of subcellular compartments to be evaluated without disrupting cellular processes. Reduced cysteines and oxidized cystines of roGFP have excitation maxima at 488 nm and 405 nm, respectively, with emission at 525 nm. Assessing the ratios of these reduced and oxidized forms allows the convenient calculation of redox balance within the cell. In this method article, immortalized human triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) were used to assess redox status within the living cell. The protocol steps include MDA-MB-231 cell line transduction with adenovirus to express cytosolic roGFP, treatment with H2O2, and assessment of cysteine and cystine ratio with both flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.

This protocol describes the assessment of subcellular compartment-specific redox status within the cell. A redox-sensitive fluorescent probe allows convenient ratiometric analysis in intact cells.

Evaluación de la oxidación celular utilizando una proteína fluorescente verde sensible al redox específica del compartimento subcelular

Measuring the intracellular oxidation/reduction balance provides an overview of the physiological and/or pathophysiological redox status of an organism. ...

Complementation of Splicing Activity by a Galectin-3 - U1 snRNP Complex on Beads

Classic depletion-reconstitution experiments indicate that galectin-3 is a required splicing factor in nuclear extracts. The mechanism of incorporation of galectin-3 into the splicing pathway is addressed in this paper. Sedimentation of HeLa cell nuclear extracts on 12%-32% glycerol gradients yields fractions enriched in an endogenous ~10S particle that contains galectin-3 and U1 snRNP. We now describe a protocol to deplete nuclear extracts of U1 snRNP with concomitant loss of splicing activity. Splicing activity in the U1-depleted extract can be reconstituted by the galectin-3 - U1 snRNP particle trapped on agarose beads covalently coupled with anti-galectin-3 antibodies. The results indicate that the galectin-3 - U1 snRNP - pre-mRNA ternary complex is a functional E complex leading to intermediates and products of the splicing reaction and that galectin-3 enters the splicing pathway through its association with U1 snRNP. The scheme of using complexes affinity- or immuno-selected on beads to reconstitute splicing activity in extracts depleted of a specific splicing factor may be generally applicable to other systems.

This article describes the experimental procedures for (a) depletion of U1 snRNP from nuclear extracts, with concomitant loss of splicing activity; and (b) reconstitution of splicing activity in the U1-depleted extract by galectin-3 - U1 snRNP particles bound to beads covalently coupled with anti-galectin-3 antibodies.

Complementación de la actividad de empalme por un complejo de galectina-3 - U1 snRNP en perlas

Classic depletion-reconstitution experiments indicate that galectin-3 is a required splicing factor in nuclear extracts. The mechanism of incorporation of ...

NMR-Based Fragment Screening in a Minimum Sample but Maximum Automation Mode

Fragment-based screening (FBS) is a well-validated and accepted concept within the drug discovery process both in academia and industry. The greatest advantage of NMR-based fragment screening is its ability not only to detect binders over 7-8 orders of magnitude of affinity but also to monitor purity and chemical quality of the fragments and thus to produce high quality hits and minimal false positives or false negatives. A prerequisite within the FBS is to perform initial and periodic quality control of the fragment library, determining solubility and chemical integrity of the fragments in relevant buffers, and establishing multiple libraries to cover diverse scaffolds to accommodate various macromolecule target classes (proteins/RNA/DNA). Further, an extensive NMR-based screening protocol optimization with respect to sample quantities, speed of acquisition and analysis at the level of biological construct/fragment-space, in condition-space (buffer, additives, ions, pH, and temperature) and in ligand-space (ligand analogues, ligand concentration) is required. At least in academia, these screening efforts have so far been undertaken manually in a very limited fashion, leading to limited availability of screening infrastructure not only in the drug development process but also in the context of chemical probe development. In order to meet the requirements economically, advanced workflows are presented. They take advantage of the latest state-of-the-art advanced hardware, with which the liquid sample collection can be filled in a temperature-controlled fashion into the NMR-tubes in an automated manner. 1H/19F NMR ligand-based spectra are then collected at a given temperature. High-throughput sample changer (HT sample changer) can handle more than 500 samples in temperature-controlled blocks. This together with advanced software tools speeds up data acquisition and analysis. Further, application of screening routines on protein and RNA samples are described to make aware of the established protocols for a broad user base in biomacromolecular research.

Fragment-based screening by NMR is a robust method to rapidly identify small molecule binders to biomacromolecules (DNA, RNA, or proteins). Protocols describing automation-based sample preparation, NMR experiments &#38; acquisition conditions, and analysis workflows are presented. The technique allows for optimal exploitation of both 1H and 19F NMR-active nuclei for detection.

Cribado de fragmentos basado en RMN en una muestra mínima pero en modo de automatización máxima

Fragment-based screening (FBS) is a well-validated and accepted concept within the drug discovery process both in academia and industry. The greatest ...

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

RNA adopts diverse structural folds, which are essential for its functions and thereby can impact diverse processes in the cell. In addition, the structure and function of an RNA can be modulated by various trans-acting factors, such as proteins, metabolites or other RNAs. Frameshifting RNA molecules, for instance, are regulatory RNAs located in coding regions, which direct translating ribosomes into an alternative open reading frame, and thereby act as gene switches. They may also adopt different folds after binding to proteins or other trans-factors. To dissect the role of RNA-binding proteins in translation and how they modulate RNA structure and stability, it is crucial to study the interplay and mechanical features of these RNA-protein complexes simultaneously.&#160;This work illustrates how to employ single-molecule-fluorescence-coupled optical tweezers to explore the conformational and thermodynamic landscape of RNA-protein complexes at a high resolution. As an example, the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 programmed ribosomal frameshifting element with the trans-acting factor short isoform of zinc-finger antiviral protein is elaborated. In addition, fluorescence-labeled ribosomes were monitored using the confocal unit, which would ultimately enable the study of translation elongation. The fluorescence coupled OT assay can be widely applied to explore diverse RNA-protein complexes or trans-acting factors regulating translation and could facilitate studies of RNA-based gene regulation.

This protocol presents a complete experimental workflow for studying RNA-protein interactions using optical tweezers. Several possible experimental setups are outlined including the combination of optical tweezers with confocal microscopy.