Name: in vivo wireless optogenetic control of skilled motor behavior
Uploaded: 2021-11-22T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了UNAM-PAPIIT项目 IA203520的支持。我们感谢IFC动物设施在小鼠菌落维护方面的帮助和IT支持的计算单元，特别是Francisco Perez-Eugenio。

涉及动物使用的程序按照当地和国家指南进行，并得到相应的机构动物护理和使用委员会（细胞生理学研究所IACUC协议VLH151-19）的批准。Drd1-Cre转基因雄性小鼠27，产后35-40天，C57BL / 6背景在当前方案中使用。小鼠在以下条件下保存：温度22±1°C;湿度 55%;光照计划12/12小时，晚上7点熄灯，并在产后第21天断奶。断奶的幼崽被安置在2-5的同性组中。动物被安置在带有微屏障顶部的静态?...

<ol>
	<li>Balbinot, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post-stroke+kinematic+analysis+in+rats+reveals+similar+reaching+abnormalities+as+humans.">Post-stroke kinematic analysis in rats reveals similar reaching abnormalities as humans.</a> Scientific Report. 8 (1), 8738 (2018).</li><li>Klein, A., Sacrey, L. A., Whishaw, I. Q., Dunnett, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+rodent+skilled+reaching+as+a+translational+model+for+investigating+brain+damage+and+disease.">The use of rodent skilled reaching as a translational model for investigating brain damage and disease.</a> Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews. 36 (3), 1030-1042 (2012).</li><li>MacLellan, C. L., Gyawali, S., Colbourne, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skilled+reaching+impairments+follow+intrastriatal+hemorrhagic+stroke+in+rats.">Skilled reaching impairments follow intrastriatal hemorrhagic stroke in rats.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 175 (1), 82-89 (2006).</li><li>Evenden, J. L., Robbins, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+unilateral+6-hydroxydopamine+lesions+of+the+caudate-putamen+on+skilled+forepaw+use+in+the+rat.">Effects of unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the caudate-putamen on skilled forepaw use in the rat.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 14 (1), 61-68 (1984).</li><li>Rodgers, R. A., Travers, B. G., Mason, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bimanual+reach+to+grasp+movements+in+youth+with+and+without+autism+spectrum+disorder.">Bimanual reach to grasp movements in youth with and without autism spectrum disorder.</a> Frontiers in Psychology. 9, 2720 (2019).</li><li>Sacrey, L. A. -. O., Zwaigenbaum, L., Bryson, S., Brian, J., Smith, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+reach-to-grasp+movement+in+infants+later+diagnosed+with+autism+spectrum+disorder:+a+high-risk+sibling+cohort+study.">The reach-to-grasp movement in infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: a high-risk sibling cohort study.</a> Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. 10 (1), 41 (2018).</li><li>Azim, E., Jiang, J., Alstermark, B., Jessell, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skilled+reaching+relies+on+a+V2a+propriospinal+internal+copy+circuit.">Skilled reaching relies on a V2a propriospinal internal copy circuit.</a> Nature. 508 (7496), 357-363 (2014).</li><li>Marques, J. M., Olsson, I. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performance+of+juvenile+mice+in+a+reach-to-grasp+task.">Performance of juvenile mice in a reach-to-grasp task.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 193 (1), 82-85 (2010).</li><li>Miklyaeva, E. I., Castaneda, E., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skilled+reaching+deficits+in+unilateral+dopamine-depleted+rats:+Impairments+in+movement+and+posture+and+compensatory+adjustments.">Skilled reaching deficits in unilateral dopamine-depleted rats: Impairments in movement and posture and compensatory adjustments.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 14 (11), 7148-7158 (1994).</li><li>Vaidya, M., Kording, K., Saleh, M., Takahashi, K., Hatsopoulos, N. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+coordination+during+reach-to-grasp.">Neural coordination during reach-to-grasp.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 114 (3), 1827-1836 (2015).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deconstruction+of+corticospinal+circuits+for+goal-directed+motor+skills.">Deconstruction of corticospinal circuits for goal-directed motor skills.</a> Cell. 171 (2), 440-455 (2017).</li><li>Xu, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+formation+and+selective+stabilization+of+synapses+for+enduring+motor+memories.">Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories.</a> Nature. 462 (7275), 915-919 (2009).</li><li>Ian, Q. W., Sergio, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+of+skilled+forelimb+reaching+in+the+rat:+A+proximally+driven+movement+with+a+single+distal+rotatory+component.">The structure of skilled forelimb reaching in the rat: A proximally driven movement with a single distal rotatory component.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 41 (1), 49-59 (1990).</li><li>Proske, U., Gandevia, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+proprioceptive+senses:+their+roles+in+signaling+body+shape,+body+position+and+movement,+and+muscle+force.">The proprioceptive senses: their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force.</a> Physiological Reviews. 92 (4), 1651-1697 (2012).</li><li>Yttri, E. A., Dudman, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Opponent+and+bidirectional+control+of+movement+velocity+in+the+basal+ganglia.">Opponent and bidirectional control of movement velocity in the basal ganglia.</a> Nature. 533 (7603), 402-406 (2016).</li><li>Donchin, O., Gribova, A., Steinberg, O., Bergman, H., Vaadia, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+motor+cortex+is+involved+in+bimanual+coordination.">Primary motor cortex is involved in bimanual coordination.</a> Nature. 395 (6699), 274-278 (1998).</li><li>Brus-Ramer, M., Carmel, J. B., Martin, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+cortex+bilateral+motor+representation+depends+on+subcortical+and+interhemispheric+interactions.">Motor cortex bilateral motor representation depends on subcortical and interhemispheric interactions.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (19), 6196-6206 (2009).</li><li>d'Avella, A., Saltiel, P., Bizzi, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combinations+of+muscle+synergies+in+the+construction+of+a+natural+motor+behavior.">Combinations of muscle synergies in the construction of a natural motor behavior.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 6 (3), 300-308 (2003).</li><li>Fattori, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hand+orientation+during+reach-to-grasp+movements+modulates+neuronal+activity+in+the+medial+posterior+parietal+area+V6A.">Hand orientation during reach-to-grasp movements modulates neuronal activity in the medial posterior parietal area V6A.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (6), 1928-1936 (2009).</li><li>vanden Berg, F. E., Swinnen, S. P., Wenderoth, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excitability+of+the+motor+cortex+ipsilateral+to+the+moving+body+side+depends+on+spatio-temporal+task+complexity+and+hemispheric+specialization.">Excitability of the motor cortex ipsilateral to the moving body side depends on spatio-temporal task complexity and hemispheric specialization.</a> PLoS One. 6 (3), 17742 (2011).</li><li>vanden Berg, F. E., Swinnen, S. P., Wenderoth, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Involvement+of+the+primary+motor+cortex+in+controlling+movements+executed+with+the+ipsilateral+hand+differs+between+left-+and+right-handers.">Involvement of the primary motor cortex in controlling movements executed with the ipsilateral hand differs between left- and right-handers.</a> Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 23 (11), 3456-3469 (2011).</li><li>Verstynen, T., Diedrichsen, J., Albert, N., Aparicio, P., Ivry, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ipsilateral+motor+cortex+activity+during+unimanual+hand+movements+relates+to+task+complexity.">Ipsilateral motor cortex activity during unimanual hand movements relates to task complexity.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 93 (3), 1209-1222 (2005).</li><li>Lopez-Huerta, V. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Striatal+bilateral+control+of+skilled+forelimb+movement.">Striatal bilateral control of skilled forelimb movement.</a> Cell Reports. 34 (3), 108651 (2021).</li><li>Lopez-Huerta, V. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neostriatum:+two+entities,+one+structure.">The neostriatum: two entities, one structure.</a> Brain Structure and Function. 221 (3), 1737-1749 (2016).</li><li>Becker, M. I., Calame, D. J., Wrobel, J., Person, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Online+control+of+reach+accuracy+in+mice.">Online control of reach accuracy in mice.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 124 (6), 1637-1655 (2020).</li><li>Jaidar, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synchronized+activation+of+striatal+direct+and+indirect+pathways+underlies+the+behavior+in+unilateral+dopamine-depleted+mice.">Synchronized activation of striatal direct and indirect pathways underlies the behavior in unilateral dopamine-depleted mice.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 49 (11), 1512-1528 (2019).</li><li>Gong, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+Cre+recombinase+to+specific+neuron+populations+with+bacterial+artificial+chromosome+constructs.">Targeting Cre recombinase to specific neuron populations with bacterial artificial chromosome constructs.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 27 (37), 9817-9823 (2007).</li><li>Rowland, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Food+or+fluid+restriction+in+common+laboratory+animals:+balancing+welfare+considerations+with+scientific+inquiry.">Food or fluid restriction in common laboratory animals: balancing welfare considerations with scientific inquiry.</a> Comparative Medicine. 57 (2), 149-160 (2007).</li><li>Ullman-Culler&#233;, M. H., Foltz, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Body+condition+scoring:+a+rapid+and+accurate+method+for+assessing+health+status+in+mice.">Body condition scoring: a rapid and accurate method for assessing health status in mice.</a> Laboratory Animal Science. 49 (3), 319-323 (1999).</li><li>Chen, C. C., Gilmore, A., Zuo, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+motor+skill+learning+by+single-pellet+reaching+tasks+in+mice.">Study motor skill learning by single-pellet reaching tasks in mice.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (85), e51238 (2014).</li><li>Fink, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presynaptic+inhibition+of+spinal+sensory+feedback+ensures+smooth+movement.">Presynaptic inhibition of spinal sensory feedback ensures smooth movement.</a> Nature. 509 (7498), 43-48 (2014).</li><li>Li, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Refinement+of+learned+skilled+movement+representation+in+motor+cortex+deep+output+layer.">Refinement of learned skilled movement representation in motor cortex deep output layer.</a> Nature Communication. 8, 15834 (2017).</li><li>Overduin, S. A., d'Avella, A., Carmena, J. M., Bizzi, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microstimulation+activates+a+handful+of+muscle+synergies.">Microstimulation activates a handful of muscle synergies.</a> Neuron. 76 (6), 1071-1077 (2012).</li><li>Miyazaki, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large+Timescale+interrogation+of+neuronal+function+by+fiberless+optogenetics+using+lanthanide+micro-particles.">Large Timescale interrogation of neuronal function by fiberless optogenetics using lanthanide micro-particles.</a> Cell Reports. 26 (4), 1033-1043 (2019).</li><li>Yang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wireless+multilateral+devices+for+optogenetic+studies+of+individual+and+social+behaviors.">Wireless multilateral devices for optogenetic studies of individual and social behaviors.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 24 (7), 1035-1045 (2021).</li><li>Kampasi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiberless+multicolor+neural+optoelectrode+for+in+vivo+circuit+analysis.">Fiberless multicolor neural optoelectrode for in vivo circuit analysis.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 30961 (2016).</li><li>Allen, B. D., Singer, A. C., Boyden, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Principles+of+designing+interpretable+optogenetic+behavior+experiments.">Principles of designing interpretable optogenetic behavior experiments.</a> Learning &amp; Memory. 22 (4), 232-238 (2015).</li><li>Packer, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Nature Methods. 9, 1202-1205 (2012).</li></ol>

在明确定义的行为范式中使用神经元群体的光遗传学操作正在推进我们对运动控制机制的知识7，23。无线方法特别适用于需要对多种动物进行测试或自由移动的任务34，35。然而，随着技术和设备的改进，它应该是任何行为任务与光遗传学相结合的首选34，36。
<p ...

在我们执行的大多数运动中都存在运动技能行为，并且已知在几种脑部疾病中受到影响1，2，3，4，5，6。实施允许研究熟练运动的发展，学习和表现的任务对于理解运动功能的神经生物学基础至关重要，特别是在脑损伤，神经退行性和神经发育障碍的模型中2，7，8，9，10，11，12，13.在日常生活行动中，伸手和取回物体是常规的，这是在早期发育过程中获得的首批运动技能之一，然后在5，6年中得到完善。它包括一种复杂的行为，需要感觉运动过程，例如对物体特征的感知，运动计划，动作选择，运动执行，身体协调和速度调制7，14，15，16。因此，单手动高灵活性任务需要两个半球的许多大脑结构的参与16，17，18，19，20，21，22。在小鼠中，单个颗粒伸手抓取任务的特征是可以单独控制和分析的几个阶段7，13，23。该特征允许研究特定神经元亚群在不同阶段的习得和行为表现的贡献，并为运动系统的详细研究13，23，24提供平台。运动发生在几秒钟内;因此，高速摄像应用于熟练运动轨迹7，25的不同阶段的运动学分析。可以从视频中提取几个参数，包括身体姿势，轨迹，速度和错误类型25。运动学分析可用于检测无线光遗传学操作过程中的细微变化7，23。
使用小型化发光二极管（LED）通过无线头戴式系统传递光，可以在动物执行任务时进行远程光遗传学控制。无线光遗传学控制器接受来自刺激器的单脉冲或连续触发命令，并将红外（IR）信号发送到连接到微型LED23，26的接收器。目前的方案将这种无线光遗传学方法与灵巧性任务的高速摄像相结合，以剖析特定神经元群体在精细运动行为执行期间的作用23。由于这是一项单项任务，因此可以评估两个半球结构的参与情况。传统上，大脑以高度不对称的方式控制身体运动;然而，高灵巧性任务需要许多大脑结构的仔细协调和控制，包括同侧核和细胞核10，20，21，22，23内神经元亚群的差异贡献。该协议表明，来自两个半球的皮质下结构控制前肢23的轨迹。这种范式可以适用于研究脑部疾病的其他大脑区域和模型。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anaesthesia machine</td>
			<td>RWD</td>
			<td>R583S</td>
			<td>Isoflurane vaporizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesket</td>
			<td>PiSA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Breadboard</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>MB3090/M</td>
			<td>Solid aluminum optical breadboard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera lense</td>
			<td>Canon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>50mmf/ 1.4 manual focus lenses (c-mount)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera system</td>
			<td>BrainVision</td>
			<td>MiCAM02</td>
			<td>Camera controller and synchronizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton swabs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CS solution</td>
			<td>PiSA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sodium chloride solution 9%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Customized training chamber</td>
			<td>In house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill bit #105</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>2 615 010 5AE</td>
			<td>Engraving cutter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dustless precission chocolate pellets</td>
			<td>Bio-Serv</td>
			<td>F05301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl Alcohol</td>
			<td>J.T.&#160; Baker</td>
			<td>9000-02</td>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eyespears</td>
			<td>Ultracell</td>
			<td>40400-8</td>
			<td>Eyespears of absorbent PVA material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluriso</td>
			<td>VetOne</td>
			<td>V1 502017-250</td>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass capillaries</td>
			<td>Drumond Scientific</td>
			<td>3-000-203-G/X</td>
			<td>Pipettes for NanoJect II</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hidrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>Farmacom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Antiseptic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-speed camera</td>
			<td>BrainVision</td>
			<td>MiCAM02-CMOS</td>
			<td>Monochrome high-speed cameras</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared emmiter</td>
			<td>Teleopto</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin syringe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED cannula</td>
			<td>Teleopto</td>
			<td>TelC-c-l-d</td>
			<td>LED cannula 250um 487nm light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette 10 uL</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Z740436</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-pipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter</td>
			<td>P-87</td>
			<td>Horizontal puller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope LSM780</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mock receiver</td>
			<td>Teleopto</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoJect II</td>
			<td>Drumond Scientific</td>
			<td>3-000-204</td>
			<td>Micro injector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen tank</td>
			<td>Infra</td>
			<td>na</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pAAV-EF1a-double.floxed-hChR2(H134R)-mCherry-WPRE- HGHpA</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>20297</td>
			<td>Viral vector for ChR-2 expression</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate saline buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-4417</td>
			<td>Phosphate saline buffer tablets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tips 10 uL</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>AM12635</td>
			<td>0.5-10 uL&#160; volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pisabental</td>
			<td>PiSA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sodium pentobarbital</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexiglass</td>
			<td>commercial</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Acrylic sheet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone iodine</td>
			<td>Farmacom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Antiseptic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Procin</td>
			<td>PiSA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Xylacine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puralube</td>
			<td>Perrigo pharma</td>
			<td>1228112</td>
			<td>Eye lubricant 15% mineral oil/85% petrolatum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary tool</td>
			<td>Kmoon</td>
			<td>Mini grinder</td>
			<td>Standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic apparatus</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>51730D</td>
			<td>Digital apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super-Bond C&#38;B</td>
			<td>Sun Medical</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dental cement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical dispossable cap</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teleopto remote controller</td>
			<td>Teleopto</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tg Drd1-Cre mouse line</td>
			<td>Gensat</td>
			<td>036916-UCD</td>
			<td>Transgene insertion FK150Gsat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue adhesive</td>
			<td>3M Vetbond</td>
			<td>1469SB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TPI Vibratome 1000 plus</td>
			<td>Peico</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Microtome</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield mounting media with DAPI</td>
			<td>Vector laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1200</td>
			<td>Mounting media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wireless receiver</td>
			<td>Teleopto</td>
			<td>TELER-1-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo wireless optogenetic control of skilled motor behavior

精细运动技能在日常生活中是必不可少的，在几种神经系统疾病中可能会受到损害。这些任务的获取和执行需要感觉 - 运动整合，并涉及对双侧脑回路的精确控制。在动物模型中实施单手动行为范式将提高对大脑结构（如纹状体）对复杂运动行为的贡献的理解，因为它允许在任务执行期间在控制条件和疾病中操纵和记录特定细胞核的神经活动。 
自创建以来，光遗传学一直是通过对神经元群体进行选择性和靶向激活或抑制来询问大脑的主要工具。光遗传学与行为测定的结合揭示了特定大脑功能的潜在机制。带有小型发光二极管（LED）的无线头戴式系统允许在完全自由移动的动物中进行远程光遗传学控制。这避免了有线系统对动物行为限制较少的限制，而不会影响发光效率。目前的协议将无线光遗传学方法与高速摄像相结合，用于单手动灵巧性任务，以剖析特定神经元群体对精细运动行为的贡献。

伸手可及的任务是一种范式，广泛用于研究不同实验操作下精细技能运动的塑造，学习，表现和运动学。小鼠在几天内学会执行任务，并在训练5天后达到平台，准确率超过55%（图2A，B）。与之前报道的类似，一定比例的动物没有适当地执行任务（29.62%），这些动物应从进一步分析中排除30。这些包括非学习小鼠的子集（6/54只小鼠，11.1%），从?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior at JoVE.com 

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior (Video) | JoVE 

本实验方案描述了如何在单个颗粒到达抓取任务中使用无线光遗传学与高速摄像相结合，以表征参与自由移动小鼠中熟练运动行为表现的神经回路。

体内 熟练运动行为的无线光遗传学控制

Fine motor skills are essential in everyday life and can be compromised in several nervous system disorders. The acquisition and performance of these ...

目前的方案有助于研究熟练运动行为背后的大脑机制。无线光遗传学允许操纵特定的神经元，而受试者在自由运动中执行任务。结合高速摄像，可以对精细运动行为进行详细分析。该方法可以帮助理解神经发育和神经退行性疾病的运动问题。这些技术也可用于研究其他行为范式中的大脑功能。来自我实验室的本科生Diana Rodriguez-Munoz将协助实验。对于外科手术，首先根据目标结构的背腹坐标准备所需长度的LED套管。为此，将玻璃纤维切割成比最终所需尺寸更长的长度，并用粗糙的砂纸将纤维尖端研磨至目标长度。然后，用细砂纸抛光纤维尖端。对于显微注射，用矿物油填充移液器，并将移液器放入显微注射器中。通过注入一些矿物油来确保显微注射器正常工作。接下来，通过应用眼药膏并用修剪器和脱毛膏从头皮上去除毛发来准备麻醉小鼠进行手术。然后，用含有8%聚维酮碘和70%乙醇的棉签擦拭头皮，各交替三次。消毒后，将小鼠置于立体定位装置中并固定头部，确保颅骨在内侧和前后轴上水平。使用手术刀沿着矢状轴在眼睛水平处的头皮上做一个一厘米的切口。然后，缩回皮肤以暴露颅骨并用棉签清洁骨膜。用盐水溶液和棉签清洁颅骨表面，并使用无菌吸收性眼矛解决表面的任何出血。然后，用棉签滴下2.5%的过氧化氢，让它作用几秒钟，使颅骨缝合线可见并具有更好的参考。几秒钟后，用干净的棉签彻底清洁该区域。使用最终尖端直径为15微米的玻璃移液器，定位前凸和λ，以检查颅骨是否在前后轴上水平。然后，使用标记在所选坐标上方的头皮上绘制一个参考点。在参考点，使用小而圆的牙钻头，用旋转工具以低到中速对颅骨施加轻柔的压力，进行一毫米直径的开颅手术。完成后，将毛细血管向选定的前后坐标（AP）和内侧坐标（ML）移动。在毛细管中加载300至400纳升的CreE依赖性腺相关病毒或AAV，例如AAV1，D-flox通道视紫红质mCherry以表达感兴趣区域的通道视紫红质。AAV可用作表达报告蛋白的对照。在确保尖端不堵塞后，在背侧纹状体的背腹侧减去3.35毫米坐标处将玻璃移液器引入大脑，并使用自动注射器以每秒23纳升的速度注射200纳升病毒。注射后等待10分钟，然后缓慢取出玻璃移液器，以避免溢出。然后，用棉签清洁并干燥任何残留物。接下来，将玻璃LED套管连接到立体定位臂上，并使用bregma作为参考校准坐标。然后，缓慢插入套管以避免组织损伤，并将其放置在注射部位上方100微米处。一旦LED套管就位，在开颅手术边缘加入一滴100微升的组织粘合剂。使用无菌刷子将新鲜制备的牙科水泥混合物一点一点地涂抹在套管连接器周围，构建层，直到颅骨被覆盖并且连接器牢固地连接到颅骨上，使针脚完全自由。当水泥完全干燥时，使用组织粘合剂关闭植入物周围的皮肤。然后，将小鼠置于33摄氏度加热垫上的恢复笼中，同时监测不适或疼痛的迹象。用普通相机记录动物的行为，并从腔室前部每秒捕获30至60帧。可以在训练室下方以45度角放置一面镜子，以监测动物的姿势。当小鼠开始到达颗粒时，用遥控器手动转动LED套管，以便在执行行为不超过两秒钟的时间内进行连续刺激。刺激装置触发470纳米的LED，强度为每毫米平方1毫瓦。通过伸手抓取任务研究了动物在光遗传学操作下的精细运动行为。小鼠在几天内学会了执行任务，并达到了超过55%的准确率，经过五天的训练后达到了高原。通过高速摄像跟踪运动轨迹，从而可以分析运动学。对行进距离、速度、加速度、终点和轨迹等参数进行可量化评估。在错过的试验中，小鼠开始比命中试验更远离颗粒的抓取运动。此外，错误与小鼠姿势显着相关，通过命中和错过试验期间身体角度的差异来显示。与对照条件相比，表达D1多巴胺的多刺投射神经元（SPN）的对侧激活降低了抓取成功率。在光遗传学刺激期间，爪子轨迹在行进距离上增加，导致无法瞄准颗粒并且初始误差类型1增加。主成分分析（PCA）表明，对侧D1 SPN激活期间的所有试验轨迹都分离成一个集群，与对照集群几乎没有重叠，表明相似性较低。PCA分析显示，同侧DSPN的激活导致轨迹色散增加。因此，同侧D1 SPN激活在不改变行为结果的情况下修改了到达轨迹。执行此方案时，请注意正确放置套管，以免在训练期间脱落。这种方法可用于其他行为范式，以研究运动行为，感觉处理，学习和记忆。无线光遗传学将允许在真正自由移动的受试者中研究自然主义行为及其神经生物学基础。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster (Video) | JoVE 

Optogenetic刺激的逃避行为<em&gt;果蝇</em

A  growing number of genetically encoded tools are becoming available that allow non-invasive  manipulation of the neural activity of specific neurons in ...

科研

神经科学

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo (Video) | JoVE 

单个锥体神经元的高保真光遗传学控制方法<em&gt;在体内</em

Optogenetic methods  have emerged as a powerful tool for elucidating neural circuit activity  underlying a diverse set of behaviors across a broad range ...

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System (Video) | JoVE 

在啮齿动物中枢神经系统的体内光遗传学刺激

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution ...

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord (Video) | JoVE 

一个程序，植入脊柱商会纵<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;鼠标脊髓成像

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices (Video) | JoVE 

在脑片恐惧电路体外光遗传学解剖

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice (Video) | JoVE 

Optogenetic 在行为小鼠海马θ振荡中的作用

Extensive data on relationships of neural network oscillations to behavior and organization of neuronal discharge across brain regions call for new tools ...

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons (Video) | JoVE 

跟踪果蝇幼虫行为对嗅神经元 Optogenetic 刺激的反应

The ability of insects to navigate toward odor sources is based on the activities of their first-order olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While a ...

In Vivo Targeted Expression of Optogenetic Proteins Using Silk/AAV Films

In Vivo Targeted Expression of Optogenetic Proteins Using Silk/AAV Films (Video) | JoVE 

在 vivosilk/aav 薄膜在光基因表达中的靶向表达

The quest to understand how neural circuits process information in order to drive behavioral output has been greatly aided by recently-developed optical ...

In Vivo Optical Calcium Imaging of Learning-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster

In Vivo Optical Calcium Imaging of Learning-Induced Synaptic Plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster (Video) | JoVE 

在Vivo光学钙成像学习诱导突触可塑性在果蝇黑色素增生

Decades of research in many model organisms have led to the current concept of synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory formation. ...

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (Video) | JoVE 

利用颅内磁刺激测量和操纵人体运动系统中功能特定的神经通路

Understanding interactions between brain areas is important for the study of goal-directed behavior. Functional neuroimaging of brain connectivity has ...