Name: flow cytometric analysis of multiple mitochondrial parameters in human induced pluripotent stem cells and their neural and glial derivatives
Uploaded: 2021-11-08T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometric Analysis of Multiple Mitochondrial Parameters in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Neural and Glial Derivatives at JoVE.com

Vi takker venligst Molecular Imaging Centre og Flow Cytometry Core Facility ved Universitetet i Bergen i Norge. Dette arbejde blev støttet af midler fra Det Norske Forskningsråd (Bevillingsnummer: 229652), Rakel og Otto Kr.Bruuns legat og China Scholarship Council (projektnummer: 201906220275).

BEMÆRK: Se materialetabellen og den supplerende tabel S1 for opskrifter af alle medier og løsninger, der anvendes i denne protokol.
1. Differentiering af humane iPSC'er i NCS'er, dopaminerge (DA) neuroner og astrocytter
<ol><li>Forbered matrixbelagte plader.<ol><li>Tø et hætteglas med 5 ml matrix på is natten over. Fortynd 1 ml matrix med 99 ml kold Advanced Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium/Ham's F-12 (Advanced DMEM/F12) (1% endelig kon...

<ol>
	<li>Wang, Y., Xu, E., Musich, P. R., Lin, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+dysfunction+in+neurodegenerative+diseases+and+the+potential+countermeasure.">Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and the potential countermeasure.</a> CNS Neuroscience &amp; Therapeutics. 25 (7), 816-824 (2019).</li><li>Chen, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nicotinamide+riboside+and+metformin+ameliorate+mitophagy+defect+in+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+astrocytes+with+POLG+mutations.">Nicotinamide riboside and metformin ameliorate mitophagy defect in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes with POLG mutations.</a> Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 9, 737304 (2021).</li><li>Liang, K. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disease-specific+phenotypes+in+iPSC-derived+neural+stem+cells+with+POLG+mutations.">Disease-specific phenotypes in iPSC-derived neural stem cells with POLG mutations.</a> EMBO Molecular Medicine. 12 (10), 12146 (2020).</li><li>Chen, H., Chan, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+dynamics--fusion,+fission,+movement,+and+mitophagy--in+neurodegenerative+diseases.">Mitochondrial dynamics--fusion, fission, movement, and mitophagy--in neurodegenerative diseases.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 18, 169-176 (2009).</li><li>Lin, M. T., Beal, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+dysfunction+and+oxidative+stress+in+neurodegenerative+diseases.">Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases.</a> Nature. 443 (7113), 787-795 (2006).</li><li>Singh, A., Kukreti, R., Saso, L., Kukreti, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+stress:+A+key+modulator+in+neurodegenerative+diseases.">Oxidative stress: A key modulator in neurodegenerative diseases.</a> Molecules. 24 (8), 1583 (2019).</li><li>Kondadi, A. K., Anand, R., Reichert, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+interplay+between+cristae+biogenesis,+mitochondrial+dynamics+and+mitochondrial+DNA+integrity.">Functional interplay between cristae biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial DNA integrity.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (17), 4311 (2019).</li><li>Sterneckert, J. L., Reinhardt, P., Sch&#246;ler, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigating+human+disease+using+stem+cell+models.">Investigating human disease using stem cell models.</a> Nature Reviews. Genetics. 15 (9), 625-639 (2014).</li><li>Patani, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+stem+cell+models+of+disease+and+the+prognosis+of+academic+medicine.">Human stem cell models of disease and the prognosis of academic medicine.</a> Nature Medicine. 26 (4), 449 (2020).</li><li>Liang, K. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-acetylcysteine+amide+ameliorates+mitochondrial+dysfunction+and+reduces+oxidative+stress+in+hiPSC-derived+dopaminergic+neurons+with+POLG+mutation.">N-acetylcysteine amide ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction and reduces oxidative stress in hiPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons with POLG mutation.</a> Experimental Neurology. , 337 (2021).</li><li>Kikuchi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+iPS+cell-derived+dopaminergic+neurons+function+in+a+primate+Parkinson's+disease+model.">Human iPS cell-derived dopaminergic neurons function in a primate Parkinson's disease model.</a> Nature. 548 (7669), 592-596 (2017).</li><li>Juopperi, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Astrocytes+generated+from+patient+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+recapitulate+features+of+Huntington's+disease+patient+cells.">Astrocytes generated from patient induced pluripotent stem cells recapitulate features of Huntington's disease patient cells.</a> Molecular Brain. 5, 17 (2012).</li><li>Liang, K. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell+derived+astrocytes+with+POLG+mutations+and+mitochondrial+dysfunction+including+abnormal+NAD++metabolism+is+toxic+for+neurons.">Stem cell derived astrocytes with POLG mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction including abnormal NAD+ metabolism is toxic for neurons.</a> bioRxiv. , (2020).</li><li>Liu, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+neural+crest+stem+cells+derived+from+human+ESCs+and+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells:+induction,+maintenance,+and+differentiation+into+functional+schwann+cells.">Human neural crest stem cells derived from human ESCs and induced pluripotent stem cells: induction, maintenance, and differentiation into functional schwann cells.</a> Stem Cells Translational Medicine. 1 (4), 266-278 (2012).</li><li>Hong, Y. J., Do, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+lineage+differentiation+from+pluripotent+stem+cells+to+mimic+human+brain+tissues.">Neural lineage differentiation from pluripotent stem cells to mimic human brain tissues.</a> Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 7, 400 (2019).</li><li>Lundin, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+iPS-derived+astroglia+from+a+stable+neural+precursor+state+show+improved+functionality+compared+with+conventional+astrocytic+models.">Human iPS-derived astroglia from a stable neural precursor state show improved functionality compared with conventional astrocytic models.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 10 (3), 1030-1045 (2018).</li><li>Liang, K. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-acetylcysteine+amide+ameliorates+mitochondrial+dysfunction+and+reduces+oxidative+stress+in+hiPSC-derived+dopaminergic+neurons+with+POLG+mutation.">N-acetylcysteine amide ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction and reduces oxidative stress in hiPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons with POLG mutation.</a> Experimental Neurology. 337, 113536 (2021).</li><li>Pendergrass, W., Wolf, N., Poot, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+MitoTracker+Green&#8482;+and+CMXrosamine+to+measure+changes+in+mitochondrial+membrane+potentials+in+living+cells+and+tissues.">Efficacy of MitoTracker Green&#8482; and CMXrosamine to measure changes in mitochondrial membrane potentials in living cells and tissues.</a> Cytometry. Part A. 61 (2), 162-169 (2004).</li><li>Keij, J. F., Bell-Prince, C., Steinkamp, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Staining+of+mitochondrial+membranes+with+10-nonyl+acridine+orange,+MitoFluor+Green,+and+MitoTracker+Green+is+affected+by+mitochondrial+membrane+potential+altering+drugs.">Staining of mitochondrial membranes with 10-nonyl acridine orange, MitoFluor Green, and MitoTracker Green is affected by mitochondrial membrane potential altering drugs.</a> Cytometry. 39 (3), 203-210 (2000).</li><li>Buckman, J. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MitoTracker+labeling+in+primary+neuronal+and+astrocytic+cultures:+influence+of+mitochondrial+membrane+potential+and+oxidants.">MitoTracker labeling in primary neuronal and astrocytic cultures: influence of mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidants.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 104 (2), 165-176 (2001).</li><li>Zanchetta, L. M., Kirk, D., Lyng, F., Walsh, J., Murphy, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-density-dependent+changes+in+mitochondrial+membrane+potential+and+reactive+oxygen+species+production+in+human+skin+cells+post+sunlight+exposure.">Cell-density-dependent changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species production in human skin cells post sunlight exposure.</a> Photodermatology, Photoimmunology &amp; Photomedicine. 26 (6), 311-317 (2010).</li></ol>

Heri er protokoller til generering af iPSC -afledte neuroner og astrocytter og evaluering af flere aspekter af mitokondriefunktion ved hjælp af flowcytometri. Disse protokoller muliggør effektiv omdannelse af humane iPSC'er til både neuroner og gliablissytter og den detaljerede karakterisering af mitokondriefunktionen, hovedsagelig i levende celler. Protokollerne giver også en co-farvning flow cytometri-baseret strategi til erhvervelse og analyse af flere mitokondriefunktioner, herunder volumen, MMP og mitokondrie RO...

Mitokondrier er essentielle organeller, der findes i næsten alle eukaryote celler. Mitokondrier er ansvarlige for energiforsyning ved at producere adenosintrifosfat (ATP) via oxidativ phosphorylering og fungere som metaboliske formidlere for biosyntese og metabolisme. Mitokondrier er dybt involveret i mange andre vigtige cellulære processer, såsom ROS-generering, celledød og intracellulær Ca2+ regulering. Mitokondrie dysfunktion har været forbundet med forskellige neurodegenerative sygdomme, herunder Parkinsons sygdom (PD), Alzheimers sygdom (AD), Huntingtons sygdom (HD), Friedreichs ataksi (FRDA) og amyotrofisk lateral sklerose (ALS)1. Øget mitokondrie dysfunktion og mtDNA abnormitet menes også at bidrage til menneskets aldring 2,3.
Forskellige typer mitokondriedysfunktion forekommer i neurodegenerative sygdomme, og ændringer i mitokondrievolumen, MMP-depolarisering, produktion af ROS og ændringer i mtDNA-kopinummer er almindelige 4,5,6,7. Derfor er evnen til at måle disse og andre mitokondriefunktioner af stor betydning, når man studerer sygdomsmekanismer og tester potentielle terapeutiske midler. I betragtning af manglen på dyremodeller, der trofast replikerer humane neurodegenerative sygdomme, er etablering af egnede in vitro-modelsystemer, der rekapitulerer den menneskelige sygdom i hjerneceller, et vigtigt skridt i retning af en større forståelse af disse sygdomme og udvikling af nye terapier 2,3,8,9.
Humane iPSC'er kan bruges til at generere forskellige hjerneceller, herunder neuronale og ikke-neuronale celler (dvs. gliaceller), og mitokondrieskader forbundet med neurodegenerativ sygdom er fundet i begge celletyper 3,10,11,12,13. Passende metoder til iPSC-differentiering i neurale og gliale afstamninger er tilgængelige14,15,16. Disse celler giver en unik menneskelig / patientplatform til in vitro sygdomsmodellering og lægemiddelscreening. Da disse stammer fra patienter, giver iPSC-afledte neuroner og gliaceller sygdomsmodeller, der mere præcist afspejler, hvad der sker hos mennesker.
Til dato er der kun få praktiske og pålidelige metoder til måling af flere mitokondrielle funktionelle parametre i iPSC'er, især levende neuroner og gliaceller, tilgængelige. Anvendelsen af flowcytometri giver forskeren et kraftfuldt værktøj til måling af biologiske parametre, herunder mitokondriefunktion, i enkeltceller. Denne protokol indeholder detaljer om generering af forskellige typer hjerneceller, herunder neurale stamceller (NSC'er), neuroner og glialastrocytter fra iPSC'er samt nye flowcytometribaserede tilgange til måling af flere mitokondrieparametre i forskellige celletyper, herunder iPSC'er og iPSC-afledte neurale og glialceller. Protokollen giver også en co-farvningsstrategi til brug af flowcytometri til måling af mitokondrievolumen, MMP, mitokondrie-ROS-niveau, MRC-komplekser og TFAM. Ved at inkorporere målinger af mitokondrievolumen eller masse tillader disse protokoller også måling af både det samlede niveau og det specifikke niveau pr. Mitokondrieenhed.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Oct4</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab19857, RRID:AB_445175</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:100, 10 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution; use Alexa Fluor &#174; 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG&#160; (1:400, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalog # A-11008) as secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-SSEA4</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab16287, RRID:AB_778073</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:100, 10 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution; use Alexa Fluor &#174; 594 goat anti-mouse IgG (1:800, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalog # A-11005) as secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Sox2</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab97959, RRID:AB_2341193</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:100, 10 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution; use Alexa Fluor &#174; 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG&#160; (1:400, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalog # A-11008) as secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Pax6</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab5790, RRID:AB_305110</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:100, 10 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution; use Alexa Fluor &#174; 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG&#160; (1:400, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalog # A-11008) as secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Nestin</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-23927, RRID:AB_627994</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:50, 20 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution; use Alexa Fluor &#174; 594 goat anti-mouse IgG (1:800, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalog # A-11005) as secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-GFAP</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab4674, RRID:AB_304558</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:100, 10 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution;&#160; use Alexa Fluor &#174; 594 goat anti-chicken IgG (1:800, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalog # A-11042) as secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-S100&#946;&#160; conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab196442, RRID:AB_2722596</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:400, 2.5 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-TH</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab75875, RRID:AB_1310786</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:100, 10 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution; use Alexa Fluor &#174; 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG&#160; (1:400, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalog # A-11008) as secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Tuj 1</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab78078, RRID:AB_2256751</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:1000, 1 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution; use Alexa Fluor &#174; 594 goat anti-mouse IgG (1:800, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalog # A-11005) as secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Synaptophysin</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab32127, RRID:AB_2286949</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:100, 10 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution; use Alexa Fluor &#174; 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG&#160; (1:400, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalog # A-11008) as secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-PSD-95</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab2723, RRID:AB_303248</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:100, 10 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution;&#160; use Alexa Fluor &#174; 594 goat anti-chicken IgG (1:800, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalog # A-11042) as secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-TFAM conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab198308</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:400, 2.5 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution; use mouse monoclonal IgG2b&#160; Alexa Fluor&#174; 488 as an isotype control.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-TOMM20 conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>Cat# sc-17764 RRID:AB_628381</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:400, 2.5 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution; use mouse monoclonal IgG2a&#160; Alexa Fluor&#174; 488 as an isotype control.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-NDUFB10</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab196019</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:1000, 1 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution; use Alexa Fluor &#174; 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG&#160; (1:400, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalog # A-11008) as secondary antibody; use rabbit monoclonal IgG as an isotype control.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-SDHA</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab137040</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:1000, 1 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution;&#160; use Alexa Fluor &#174; 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG&#160; (1:400, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalog # A-11008) as secondary antibody; use rabbit monoclonal IgG as an isotype control.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-COX IV</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab14744, RRID:AB_301443</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody; use as 1:1000, 1 &#956;L in 1000 &#956;L staining solution; use&#160; Alexa Fluor &#174; 488 goat anti-mouse IgG&#160; (1:400, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalog # A-11001) as secondary antibody; use mouse monoclonal IgG as an isotype control.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Activin A</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>120-14E</td>
			<td>Astrocyte differentiation medium ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ABM Basal Medium</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-3187</td>
			<td>Basal medium for astrocyte culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AGM SingleQuots Supplement Pack</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-4123</td>
			<td>Supplement for astrocyte culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15240062</td>
			<td>CDM ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Advanced DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12634010</td>
			<td>Basal medium for dilute Geltrex</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Europa Bioproducts</td>
			<td>EQBAH62-1000</td>
			<td>Blocking agent to prevent non-specific binding of antibodies in immunostaining assays and CDM ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BDNF</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>450-02</td>
			<td>DA neurons medium ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 Supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td>Astrocyte differentiation medium ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Accuri C6 Plus Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemically Defined Lipid Concentrate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11905031</td>
			<td>CDM ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase IV</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17104019</td>
			<td>Reagent for gentle dissociation of human iPSCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD Microscope Camera Leica DFC3000 G</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning non-treated culture dishes</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CLS430589</td>
			<td>Suspension culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14190250</td>
			<td>Used for a variety of cell culture wash</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F-12, GlutaMAX supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10565018</td>
			<td>Astrocyte differentiation basal Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15575020</td>
			<td>Reagent for gentle dissociation of human iPSCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Essential 8 Basal Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A1516901</td>
			<td>Basal medium for iPSC culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Essential 8 Supplement (50X)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A1517101</td>
			<td>Supplement for iPSC culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF Recombinant Human Protein</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PHG0314</td>
			<td>Supplement for NSC culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF-basic (AA 10&#8211;155) Recombinant Human Protein</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PHG0024</td>
			<td>Supplement for NSC culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>12103C</td>
			<td>Medium ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF-basic</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>100-18B</td>
			<td>Astrocyte differentiation medium ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FCCP</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab120081</td>
			<td>Eliminates mitochondrial membrane potential and TMRE staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluid aspiration system BVC control</td>
			<td>Vacuubrand, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde (PFA) 16%</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>28908</td>
			<td>Cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Geltrex</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A1413302</td>
			<td>Used for attachment and maintenance of human iPSCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>Supplement for NSC culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GDNF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>450-10</td>
			<td>DA neurons medium ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8898</td>
			<td>Used for blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ham&#39;s F-12 Nutrient Mix</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>31765027</td>
			<td>Basal medium for CDM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heregulin beta-1 human</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SRP3055</td>
			<td>Astrocyte differentiation medium ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>H1399</td>
			<td>Stain the nuclei for confocal image</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heracell 150i CO2 Incubators</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21980032</td>
			<td>Basal medium for CDM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>1376497</td>
			<td>CDM ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>InSolution AMPK Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>171261</td>
			<td>Neural induction medium ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin-like Growth Factor-I human</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I3769</td>
			<td>Astrocyte differentiation medium ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut DMEM/F-12 medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12660012</td>
			<td>Basal medium for NSC culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L2020</td>
			<td>Promotes attachment and growth of neural cells in vitro</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica TCS SP8 STED confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monothioglycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M6145</td>
			<td>CDM ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MitoTracker Green FM</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M7514</td>
			<td>Used for mitochondrial volume indicator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MitoSox Red</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M36008</td>
			<td>Used for mitochondrial ROS indicator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Acetyl-L-cysteine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7250</td>
			<td>Neural induction medium ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-2 Supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17502048</td>
			<td>Astrocyte differentiation medium ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal goat serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PCN5000</td>
			<td>Used for blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbital shakers - SSM1</td>
			<td>Stuart Equipment, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-ornithine solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4957</td>
			<td>Promotes attachment and growth of neural cells in vitro</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-D-lysine hydrobromide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7405</td>
			<td>Promotes attachment and growth of neural cells in vitro</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purmorphamine</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>72204</td>
			<td>Promotes DA neuron differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProLong Gold Antifade Mountant</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P36930</td>
			<td>Mounting the coverslip for confocal image</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS 1x</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>18912014</td>
			<td>Used for a variety of wash</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human/Mouse FGF-8b Protein</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>423-F8-025/CF</td>
			<td>Promotes DA neuron differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SB 431542</td>
			<td>Tocris Bioscience</td>
			<td>TB1614-GMP</td>
			<td>Neural Induction Medium ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StemPro Neural Supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A10508-01</td>
			<td>Supplement for NSCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TrypLE Express Enzyme</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12604013</td>
			<td>Cell dissociation reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transferrin</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>652202</td>
			<td>CDM ingredient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRITON X-100</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>9002-93-1</td>
			<td>Used for cells permeabilization in immunostaining assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMRE</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab113852</td>
			<td>Used for mitochondrial membrane potential staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water Bath Jb Academy Basic Jba5 JBA5 Grant Instruments</td>
			<td>Grant Instruments, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

flow cytometric analysis of multiple mitochondrial parameters in human induced pluripotent stem cells and their neural and glial derivatives

Mitokondrier er vigtige i patofysiologien af mange neurodegenerative sygdomme. Ændringer i mitokondrievolumen, mitokondriemembranpotentiale (MMP), mitokondrieproduktion af reaktive iltarter (ROS) og mitokondrie-DNA (mtDNA) kopinummer er ofte træk ved disse processer. Denne rapport beskriver en ny flowcytometribaseret tilgang til måling af flere mitokondrieparametre i forskellige celletyper, herunder humaninducerede pluripotente stamceller (iPSC'er) og iPSC-afledte neurale og gliaceller. Denne flowbaserede strategi bruger levende celler til at måle mitokondrievolumen, MMP og ROS-niveauer samt faste celler til at estimere komponenter i mitokondrie-respiratorisk kæde (MRC) og mtDNA-associerede proteiner såsom mitokondrietranskriptionsfaktor A (TFAM). 
Ved co-farvning med fluorescerende journalister, herunder MitoTracker Green (MTG), tetramethylrhodamin ethylester (TMRE) og MitoSox Red, kan ændringer i mitokondrievolumen, MMP og mitokondrie ROS kvantificeres og relateres til mitokondrieindhold. Dobbeltfarvning med antistoffer mod MRC-komplekse underenheder og translocase af ydre mitokondriemembran 20 (TOMM20) tillader vurdering af MRC-underenhedsekspression. Da mængden af TFAM er proportional med mtDNA-kopinummeret, giver målingen af TFAM pr. TOMM20 en indirekte måling af mtDNA pr. mitokondrievolumen. Hele protokollen kan udføres inden for 2-3 timer. Det er vigtigt, at disse protokoller tillader måling af mitokondrieparametre, både på det samlede niveau og det specifikke niveau pr. Mitokondrievolumen, ved hjælp af flowcytometri.

En skematisk beskrivelse af differentieringsmetoden og flowcytometriske strategier er vist i figur 3. Humane iPSC'er differentieres til neurale rosetter og løftes derefter ind i suspensionskultur til differentiering i neurale sfærer. Neurale sfærer differentieres yderligere og modnes til DA-neuroner. Neurale kugler dissocieres i enkeltceller for at generere glial astrocytter, omlagt i monolag som NSC'er og derefter differentieret til astrocytter. Denne protokol giver de strategier, der er...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometric Analysis of Multiple Mitochondrial Parameters in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Neural and Glial Derivatives at JoVE.com

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Multiple Mitochondrial Parameters in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Neural and Glial Derivatives

Denne undersøgelse rapporterer en ny tilgang til måling af flere mitokondrielle funktionelle parametre baseret på flowcytometri og dobbeltfarvning med to fluorescerende reportere eller antistoffer til påvisning af ændringer i mitokondrievolumen, mitokondriemembranpotentiale, reaktivt iltartsniveau, mitokondrie respiratorisk kædesammensætning og mitokondrie-DNA.

Flow cytometrisk analyse af flere mitokondrieparametre i humaninducerede pluripotente stamceller og deres neurale og gliale derivater

Mitochondria are important in the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative diseases. Changes in mitochondrial volume, mitochondrial membrane potential ...

Vores protokol giver forskeren et kraftfuldt værktøj til at gifte sig med flere mikroparametre på enkeltcelleniveau fra human IPS og deres neuro og klare derivater. Disse protokoller tillader lystighed af mitokondrieparametre, både på det samlede niveau og det specifikke niveau pr. Mitokondrievolumen, ved hjælp af flowcytometri. Denne teknik kan anvendes på flere celletyper, herunder dem fra andre neurodegenerative sygdomme.Så det kan derved hjælpe med at give indsigt i mekanismerne bag disse sygdomstyper og også potentielt hjælpe med terapeutisk screening. Til at begynde med sås cellerne separat i fire brønde i en seks brøndplade og inkuberer cellerne, indtil 50 til 60% konfluens er opnået. I slutningen af dyrkningsperioden skal du forberede fem individuelle farvningsopløsninger, der indeholder forskellige kombinationer af kulturmedium, FCCP, TMRE, MTG og mito sokkespredning.Tilføj dem i de respektive brønde, og inkuber cellerne som beskrevet i manuskriptet. Derefter aspireres mediet fra alle brønde og vaskes med PBS. Til celleløsning inkuberes cellerne med en milliliter celledissociationsreagens ved 37 grader Celsius i fem minutter.Neutraliser celledissociationsreagenset med en milliliter DMEM suppleret med 10% FBS. Saml derefter brøndindholdet i et 15 milliliter krønikerør. Pellet cellerne ned ved centrifikation og vask cellepellet med PBS en eller to gange.Aspirer alle supernatanten og efterlader ca. 100 mikroliter i røret. Suspender cellepillerne igen i 300 mikroliter PBS. Efter overførsel af cellesuspensionen til et 1,5 ml mikrocentrifugerør skal du holde røret i mørke ved stuetemperatur.Analyser cellerne ved hjælp af flowcytometeret med båndpasfilterindstillingerne beskrevet i tekstmanuskriptet. Afmonter ca. 1 million celler ved hjælp af celledissociationsreagens og pellet ned cellerne som vist tidligere. Neutraliser cellesuspensionen med DMEM plus 10% FBS og opsaml suspensionen i et 15 milliliter rør.Fix cellerne med en milliliter 1,6% paraformaldehyd ved stuetemperatur i 10 minutter. Permeaboliser cellerne med en milliliter iskold 90% methanol ved minus 20 grader Celsius i 20 minutter. Derefter blokeres prøverne i en milliliter blokerende buffer, og cellerne vaskes ved centrifugering med PBS, som demonstreret.For at detektere forskellige mitokondriekomplekser og underenheder inkuberes cellerne i 30 minutter med de respektive primære antistoffer, der er beskrevet i tekstmanuskriptet. Efter vask af cellerne en gang med PBS inkuberes cellerne med sekundært antistof i 30 minutter. Ved afslutningen af inkubationen vaskes og genoptages cellerne og PBS som påvist.Overfør cellesuspensionen til et 1,5 ml mikrocentrifugerør, der opbevares i mørke på is. Derefter analyseres cellerne på flowcytometeret og detekter signaler og filtrerer en ved hjælp af et 5 30/30 båndpasfilter. For hver celleunderpopulation skal du vælge et histogramplot og analysere medianfluorescensintensiteten eller MFI'en for de forskellige filterkanaler.Beregn TMRE-niveauerne, specifikke værdier for MMP ROS komplekse underenhed og TFAM, som beskrevet i tekstmanuskriptet. Flowcytometri og levende celler blev brugt til at undersøge MMP mitokondrievolumen og ROS-niveauer. I POLG DA-neuroner blev der observeret lavere specifik MMP og højere specifik ROS, mens der ikke blev observeret ændringer i mitokondrievolumen, total MMP og ROS.POLG astrocytter havde nedsat MMP, men ingen ændring i mitokondrievolumen og ROS. Flowcytometri og faste celler blev brugt til at undersøge niveauet af MRC-kompleks underenhed og TFAM. DA-neuroner viste øget kompleks en og TFAM versus kontrol, men ingen ændring i kompleks to niveauer.POLG astrocytter viste en reduktion af komplekse en fire og specifik TFAM. Da celletætheden også kan påvirke MMP og forholdet mellem MTG og MMP-fluorescens, er dette cellespecifikt. Tilpasning af denne protokol til andre celletyper vil sandsynligvis kræve optimering Efter denne procedure kan mikroskopisk baseret asis, for eksempel konfokal mikrokopi udføres, hvilket giver yderligere detaljer om mitokondriestrukturer.Så mens denne strategi registrerer mitokondriel dysfunktion i DA-neuroner og astrocytter fra en kendt mitokondriesygdom, kan disse teknikker også anvendes til at udforske mitokondriefunktion i enhver form for celle og sygdom.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

Generation of Neural Stem Cells from Discarded Human Fetal Cortical Tissue

Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside along the ventricular zone neuroepithelium during the development of the cortical plate. These early progenitors ...

Efficient Derivation of Human Neuronal Progenitors and Neurons from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

Effektiv derivering af humane Neuronal progenitorer og neuroner fra Pluripotente humane embryonale stamceller med småmolekyle Induktion

There is a large unfulfilled need for a clinically-suitable human neuronal cell source for repair or regeneration of the damaged central nervous system ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

Isolering og dyrkning af neurale kamceller fra embryonale Murin Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue

En cGMP-gældende Expansion Metode til aggregater af humane neurale Stem og stamceller arvet fra pluripotente stamceller eller fostrets hjerne Tissue

A cell expansion technique to amass large numbers of cells from a single specimen for research experiments and clinical trials would greatly benefit the ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Feeder-fri Udledning af neurale Crest stamceller fra menneskelige pluripotente stamceller

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a ...

Directed Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Instrueret Dopaminerg Neuron Differentiering fra menneskelige pluripotente stamceller

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta  (also known as A9 DA neurons) are the specific cell type that is lost in ...

Derivation of Adult Human Fibroblasts and their Direct Conversion into Expandable Neural Progenitor Cells

Udledning af Voksen humane fibroblaster og deres direkte konvertering til udvides Neural progenitorceller

Generation of&#160;induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) from adult skin fibroblasts and subsequent differentiation into somatic cells provides ...

Conversion of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) into Functional Spinal and Cranial Motor Neurons Using PiggyBac Vectors

Conversion of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs into Functional Spinal and Cranial Motor Neurons Using PiggyBac Vectors

Omdannelse af humane induceret pluripotente stamceller (iPSCs) til funktionel spinal og kraniel motor neuroner brug PiggyBac vektorer

We describe here a method to obtain functional spinal and cranial motor neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Direct conversion into ...

In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors

In vivo direkte omprogrammering af residente Gliale celler til Interneuroner ved intracerebral injektion af virale vektorer

Converting resident glia in the brain into functional and subtype-specific neurons in vivo provides a step forward towards the development of alternative ...