Name: biological preparation and mechanical technique for determining viscoelastic properties of zonular fibers
Uploaded: 2021-12-16T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biological Preparation and Mechanical Technique for Determining Viscoelastic Properties of Zonular Fibers at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了NIH R01 EY029130（S.B.）和P30 EY002687（S.B.），R01 HL53325和Ines Mandl研究基金会（R.P.M.），马凡基金会的支持，以及华盛顿大学眼科和视觉科学系的无限制资助，用于预防失明。J.R.还获得了健康科学与药学院的资助，以支持该项目。

所有动物实验均获得华盛顿大学动物研究委员会的批准，并遵守ARVO关于在眼科和视觉研究中使用动物的声明。
1. 专用零件的制造和设备的制造
<ol><li>专用零件的制造<ol>
<li>探头制造。以 图2A左面板所示的角度握住玻璃毛细管。从点烟器中取出一个火焰，从一端约2厘米处点燃，并保持在那里，直到末端弯曲90°，如图 2A</stron...

<ol>
	<li>Bassnett, S., Shi, Y., Vrensen, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+glass:+structural+determinants+of+eye+lens+transparency.">Biological glass: structural determinants of eye lens transparency.</a> Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences. 366 (1568), 1250-1264 (2011).</li><li>Bassnett, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zinn's+zonule.">Zinn's zonule.</a> Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 82, 100902 (2021).</li><li>Dureau, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiology+of+zonular+diseases.">Pathophysiology of zonular diseases.</a> Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 19 (1), 27-30 (2008).</li><li>Shi, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Latent-transforming+growth+factor+beta-binding+protein-2+(LTBP-2)+is+required+for+longevity+but+not+for+development+of+zonular+fibers.">Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein-2 (LTBP-2) is required for longevity but not for development of zonular fibers.</a> Matrix Biology. 95, 15-31 (2021).</li><li>Ushiki, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collagen+fibers,+reticular+fibers+and+elastic+fibers.+A+comprehensive+understanding+from+a+morphological+viewpoint.">Collagen fibers, reticular fibers and elastic fibers. A comprehensive understanding from a morphological viewpoint.</a> Archives of Histology and Cytology. 65 (2), 109-126 (2002).</li><li>Bassnett, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+preserving+and+visualizing+the+three-dimensional+structure+of+the+mouse+zonule.">A method for preserving and visualizing the three-dimensional structure of the mouse zonule.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 185, 107685 (2019).</li><li>Todorovic, V., Rifkin, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LTBPs,+more+than+just+an+escort+service.">LTBPs, more than just an escort service.</a> Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 113 (2), 410-418 (2012).</li><li>Mecham, R. P., Gibson, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microfibril-associated+glycoproteins+(MAGPs)+and+the+microfibrillar+niche.">The microfibril-associated glycoproteins (MAGPs) and the microfibrillar niche.</a> Matrix Biology. 47, 13-33 (2015).</li><li>Hubmacher, D., Reinhardt, D. P., Plesec, T., Schenke-Layland, K., Apte, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+eye+development+is+characterized+by+coordinated+expression+of+fibrillin+isoforms.">Human eye development is characterized by coordinated expression of fibrillin isoforms.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 55 (12), 7934-7944 (2014).</li><li>Inoue, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Latent+TGF-&#946;+binding+protein-2+is+essential+for+the+development+of+ciliary+zonule+microfibrils.">Latent TGF-&#946; binding protein-2 is essential for the development of ciliary zonule microfibrils.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 23 (21), 5672-5682 (2014).</li><li>De Maria, A., Wilmarth, P. A., David, L. L., Bassnett, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+analysis+of+the+bovine+and+human+ciliary+zonule.">Proteomic analysis of the bovine and human ciliary zonule.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 58 (1), 573-585 (2017).</li><li>Wright, D. M., Duance, V. C., Wess, T. J., Kielty, C. M., Purslow, P. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+supramolecular+organization+of+fibrillin-rich+microfibrils+determines+the+mechanical+properties+of+bovine+zonular+filaments.">The supramolecular organization of fibrillin-rich microfibrils determines the mechanical properties of bovine zonular filaments.</a> Journal of Experimental Biology. 202 (21), 3011-3020 (1999).</li><li>Bocskai, Z. I., Sandor, G. L., Kiss, Z., Bojtar, I., Nagy, Z. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+mechanical+behaviour+and+estimation+of+the+elastic+properties+of+porcine+zonular+fibres.">Evaluation of the mechanical behaviour and estimation of the elastic properties of porcine zonular fibres.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 47 (13), 3264-3271 (2014).</li><li>Fisher, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ciliary+body+in+accommodation.">The ciliary body in accommodation.</a> Transactions of the Ophthalmological Societies of the United Kingdom. 105, 208-219 (1986).</li><li>Michael, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elastic+properties+of+human+lens+zonules+as+a+function+of+age+in+presbyopes.">Elastic properties of human lens zonules as a function of age in presbyopes.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 53 (10), 6109-6114 (2012).</li><li>van Alphen, G. W., Graebel, W. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elasticity+of+tissues+involved+in+accommodation.">Elasticity of tissues involved in accommodation.</a> Vision Research. 31 (7-8), 1417-1438 (1991).</li><li>Green, E. M., Mansfield, J. C., Bell, J. S., Winlove, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+and+micromechanics+of+elastic+tissue.">The structure and micromechanics of elastic tissue.</a> Interface Focus. 4 (2), 20130058 (2014).</li><li>Jones, W., Rodriguez, J., Bassnett, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+deletion+of+fibrillin-1+in+the+mouse+eye+results+in+ectopia+lentis+and+other+ocular+phenotypes+associated+with+Marfan+syndrome.">Targeted deletion of fibrillin-1 in the mouse eye results in ectopia lentis and other ocular phenotypes associated with Marfan syndrome.</a> Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms. 12 (1), 037283 (2019).</li><li>Weinbaum, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deficiency+in+microfibril-associated+glycoprotein-1+leads+to+complex+phenotypes+in+multiple+organ+systems.">Deficiency in microfibril-associated glycoprotein-1 leads to complex phenotypes in multiple organ systems.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (37), 25533-25543 (2008).</li><li>Comeglio, P., Evans, A. L., Brice, G., Cooling, R. J., Child, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+FBN1+gene+mutations+in+patients+with+ectopia+lentis+and+marfanoid+habitus.">Identification of FBN1 gene mutations in patients with ectopia lentis and marfanoid habitus.</a> British Journal of Ophthalmology. 86 (12), 1359-1362 (2002).</li></ol>

区域是一种不寻常的ECM系统，其中光纤对称排列，并且可以通过沿光轴置换眼镜片来相同地操纵。该空间也可以很容易地进入而不会破坏细胞，从而允许在接近其原始状态的环境中研究纤维。引体向上技术利用这种ECM演示来操纵来自小鼠的脆弱纤维，这是一个遗传上可处理的系统，并准确地量化其机械性能。这使我们能够检查关键ECM蛋白（原纤维化素-118，LTBP-24和此处报道的MAGP-...

脊椎动物的眼睛包含一个活的光学晶状体，有助于将图像聚焦在视网膜上1。透镜通过一组精密的径向光纤悬挂在光轴上，如图1A所示。在一端，纤维附着在晶状体赤道上，在另一端，附着在睫状体的表面上。它们的长度范围从小鼠的150μm到人类的1 mm。这些纤维统称为Zinn2的带状体，睫状状体，或简称为状状带。眼外伤、疾病和某些遗传性疾病可影响区域纤维的完整性3，导致其最终衰竭并伴随视力丧失。在小鼠中，纤维的核心主要由蛋白质纤维菌素-2组成，周围是富含纤毛素-14的地幔。虽然区域纤维是眼睛独有的，但它们与身体其他部位发现的基于弹性蛋白的ECM纤维有许多相似之处。后者由纤毛素-1地幔5覆盖，并且具有与带状纤维相似的尺寸6。其他蛋白质，如潜伏转化生长因子β结合蛋白（LTBPs）和微纤维相关糖蛋白-1（MAGP-1），与两种类型的纤维有关7，8，9，10，11。带状纤维的弹性模量在0.18~1.50 MPa12、13、14、15、16之间，与弹性蛋白基纤维（0.3~1.2 MPa）相当17.这些结构和机械上的相似性使我们相信，对区域相关蛋白质的作用的任何见解都可能有助于阐明它们在其他ECM弹性纤维中的作用。
开发这里描述的方法的主要目的是深入了解特定区域蛋白在遗传性眼病进展中的作用。一般方法是将野生型小鼠中带状纤维的粘弹性与携带编码区状蛋白基因的靶向突变的小鼠的粘弹性特性进行比较。虽然以前已经使用了几种方法来测量带状纤维的弹性力学性能，但所有这些都是为更大的动物的眼睛设计的12，13，14，15，16。由于这些模型在遗传上是不可处理的;我们试图开发一种更适合小鼠小而细腻的眼睛的实验方法。
我们开发的用于评估小鼠区域纤维粘弹性的方法是我们称之为上拉测定法4，18的技术，如图1直观地总结。下面详细介绍了上拉方法和对结果的分析。我们首先描述设备的构造，包括项目中使用的三维（3D）打印部件。接下来，我们详细介绍了用于获取和准备实验眼睛的方案。最后，我们提供了有关如何获取数据以确定带状纤维粘弹性的分步说明。在代表性结果部分，我们分享了以前未发表的数据，这些数据来自缺乏MAGP-119的小鼠的带状纤维的粘弹性特性，以及从年龄匹配的野生型动物获得的对照集。最后，我们总结了该方法的优点和局限性的一般性评论，并提出了可能阐明环境和生化因素如何影响ECM纤维粘弹性的潜在实验的建议。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4-20 hex screws 3/4 inch long</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>SH25S075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4-20 nut</td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D SLA printer</td>
			<td>Anycubic</td>
			<td>Photon</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-40 screws 3/8 inch long, 2</td>
			<td>Hardware store</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capillaries, OD 1.2 mm and 3 inches long, no filament</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>1B120-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyanoacrylate (super) glue</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Scale accurate to 0.01 g</td>
			<td>Vernier</td>
			<td>OHAUS Scout 220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excel</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Spreadsheet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas cigarette lighter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inspection/dissection microscope</td>
			<td>Amscope</td>
			<td>SKU: SM-4NTP</td>
			<td>Working distance ~ 15 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator, Economy 4-axis</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>Kite-L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motorized micrometer</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>Z812B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Negative cylindrical lens</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LK1431L1</td>
			<td>-75 mm focal length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes, 50 mm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Post holder, 3 inches</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>PH3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Post, 4 inches</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>TR4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scale logging software</td>
			<td>Vernier</td>
			<td>LoggePro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Servo motor controller</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>KDC101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Servo motor controller software</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>APT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slotted base, 1</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>BA1S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slotted bases, 2</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>BA2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stand for micromanipular</td>
			<td>WPI</td>
			<td>M-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB-camera for microscope</td>
			<td>Amscope</td>
			<td>SKU: MD500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV activated glue with UV source</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

biological preparation and mechanical technique for determining viscoelastic properties of zonular fibers

弹性对于血管、肌肉和肺等组织的功能至关重要。这种性质主要来自细胞外基质（ECM），这是将细胞和组织结合在一起的蛋白质网状物。ECM网络的弹性特性如何与其组成相关，以及ECM的弛豫特性是否起生理作用，都是尚未完全解决的问题。部分挑战在于大多数 ECM 系统的复杂架构，以及在不影响其结构的情况下隔离 ECM 组件的困难。一个例外是区域，这是一种在脊椎动物眼中发现的ECM系统。该区域由数百至数千微米长的纤维组成，横跨晶状体和眼壁之间的无细胞空间。在本报告中，我们描述了一种机械技术，该技术利用区域的高度组织结构来量化其粘弹性并确定单个蛋白质组分的贡献。该方法涉及解剖固定的眼睛以暴露晶状体和区域，并采用引体向上技术，在监测其张力的同时均匀拉伸带状纤维。该技术相对便宜，但灵敏度足以检测缺乏特定区域蛋白或随着年龄的增长而产生的小鼠中区域纤维粘弹性特性的改变。虽然这里介绍的方法主要用于研究眼发育和疾病，但它也可以作为一个实验模型，用于探索有关弹性ECM的粘弹性性质以及外部因素（如离子浓度，温度和与信号分子的相互作用）的作用的更广泛问题。

这里描述的引体向上技术为确定小鼠中带状纤维的粘弹性特性提供了一种直接的方法。简而言之，首先通过在生理眼内压下注射固定剂来保存小鼠眼睛。这种方法保持了眼睛的自然膨胀，并保持纤维适当的预张紧（在初步实验证明它不会显着改变纤维的弹性或强度后，固定被认为是可以接受的）。然后通过解剖去除小鼠眼睛的后部，以暴露晶状体和悬挂它的带状纤维。眼睛的前部固定在平台上，?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biological Preparation and Mechanical Technique for Determining Viscoelastic Properties of Zonular Fibers at JoVE.com

Biological Preparation and Mechanical Technique for Determining Viscoelastic Properties of Zonular Fibers

该协议描述了研究细胞外基质粘弹性及其对蛋白质组成或环境因素的依赖性的方法。目标基质系统是鼠标区域。通过比较野生型带状纤维与缺乏微纤维相关糖蛋白-1的粘弹性行为来证明该方法的性能。

测定带状纤维粘弹性的生物制备及机械技术

Elasticity is essential to the function of tissues such as blood vessels, muscles, and lungs. This property is derived mostly from the extracellular ...

我们方法的重要性在于它能够回答以下问题，即将晶状体悬挂在眼睛内的纤维的带状纤维的粘弹性是什么？我们技术的主要优点是，它可以量化来自有和没有靶向基因修饰的小鼠的小而脆弱的区域纤维的粘弹性特性。编码微纤维蛋白的基因突变是几种遗传性综合征疾病的基础。使用我们的技术，我们可以研究特定突变如何改变微纤维的生物力学特性。首先，在安乐死小鼠后，使用细镊子去除眼睛。将固定针的尖端插入眼壁，并将其放置在玻璃体房的中心，注意不要损坏晶状体。小心地将刺穿的眼睛转移到充满4%多聚甲醛和磷酸盐缓冲盐水的管中。打开将针头连接到位于样品上方25厘米处的固定储液槽的阀门，该储液槽在固定期间保持相当于眼睛内15至20毫米汞柱的正压，并使样品固定过夜。第二天，取出固定针，在磷酸盐缓冲盐水中洗眼10分钟。通过使用眼科手术剪刀和体视显微镜，在靠近视神经头的眼睛壁上做一个全层切口。将切口向前延伸至赤道，然后绕眼睛的赤道周延伸，同时小心地保留微妙的睫状突和相关的带状纤维。通过移除地球背面来暴露晶状体的后表面。使用镊子将解剖的眼睛从缓冲溶液中取出，并将其置于角膜朝下的干擦拭布上。轻轻地将角膜拖过湿巾表面以使其干燥。在50毫米培养皿的底部涂抹一滴速溶胶，并将平台固定在其上。将盘子放在体视显微镜的载物台上，以便可以看到带有胶水的孔。为了将眼睛容纳在培养皿的平台孔中，请添加三微升速溶胶。小心地将其放入孔中并快速调整，使镜头的背面朝上。用干湿巾的一角轻轻擦干镜片的外露面。要测量区域粘弹性响应，请打开秤，将培养皿放在秤上，然后启动秤记录程序和相机软件。打开伺服电机控制器。在计算机上启动控制器应用程序，并以 50 微米为增量设置运动参数。在毛细管杆中创建 90 度弯曲。将弯曲的毛细管滑入毛细管探头支架，然后拧紧固定螺钉。在毛细管尖端，加入一小颗UV固化胶。使用机械手上的手动调整移动毛细管探头的尖端，并将其直接放在镜头的顶部。通过使用显微镜相机进行前视检查和侧视图，检查UV胶水的底部是否在镜头顶部居中。在通过相机观察时，降低探头尖端，直到UV胶与镜头接触并覆盖其上表面的1/3至1/2。使用380至400纳米波长和约1毫瓦强度的定向近可见UV光源固化胶水。将PBS溶液添加到培养皿中，直到眼睛被覆盖到至少两毫米的深度。将圆柱形透镜放在显微镜前，靠近培养皿，不要触摸它。同时，在计时器程序中启动日志记录。使用相机拍摄眼睛和探头的照片。60秒后，开始50微米的位移。每60秒重复一次，直到实验完成，如所有带状纤维断裂所示。在运行完成后保存缩放记录数据，并将其导出为兼容的电子表格格式。另外，保存在运行期间获得的镜头图片。将数据导入电子表格。使用第一个和最后一个刻度读数，插值背景读数中由于蒸发而随时间变化的漂移，然后从每个时间点的读数中减去插值的背景。在执行测定并校正蒸发后，粘弹性数据的图形被反转。瞬时和放松力的大小随着每步进增加约1， 000秒而增加，然后随着区域纤维开始断裂而下降，直到所有纤维断裂时达到1， 500秒的时间点。对于该演示，还比较了野生型小鼠和MAGP-1缺陷小鼠的粘弹性反应。在0到600秒的初始时间，这些图彼此相似，表明带状纤维的粘弹性没有显着改变。然而，在MAGP-1敲除小鼠中，纤维过早断裂。利用引体向上法对1个月和1岁阶段的野生型小鼠进行区状纤维断裂力。结果表明，野生型小鼠的纤维强度随着年龄的增长而增加。在这些步骤中，任何意外接触培养皿都可能导致眼壁相对于眼晶状体移动，从而可能损坏区域纤维。这种上拉测定有助于鉴定有助于微纤维拉伸强度的蛋白质。我们将使用这些信息来构建更逼真的区域光纤内部模型。

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Myo-mechanical Analysis of Isolated Skeletal Muscle

离体骨骼肌肌的力学分析

To assess the in vivo effects of therapeutic interventions for the treatment of muscle disease 1,2,3, quantitative methods are needed that measure force ...

科研

医学

Protocols for Assessing Radiofrequency Interactions with Gold Nanoparticles and Biological Systems for Non-invasive Hyperthermia Cancer Therapy

协议的射频评估与互动金纳米粒子和生物系统的非侵入性癌症热疗治疗

Cancer therapies  which are less toxic and invasive than their existing counterparts are highly  desirable. The use of RF electric-fields that penetrate ...

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

青光眼诱导在程序<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;大鼠模型和全安装视网膜准备

Glaucoma is a disease of the central nervous system affecting retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). RGC axons making up the optic nerve carry visual input to the ...

Proximal Cadaveric Femur Preparation for Fracture Strength Testing and Quantitative CT-based Finite Element Analysis

近端股骨尸制备基于CT的断裂强度测试和定量的有限元分析

Cadaveric fracture testing is routinely used to understand factors that affect proximal femur strength.  Because ex vivo biological tissues are prone to ...

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

大鼠舌的机械和粘弹性的体内评估

The tongue is a highly innervated and vascularized muscle hydrostat on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates. Its primary functions include ...

Assessment of the Anticoagulant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Endothelial Cells Using 3D Cell Culture and Non-anticoagulated Whole Blood

3D 细胞培养和非抗凝全血对内皮细胞抗凝及抗炎作用的评价

In vivo, endothelial cells are crucial for the natural anticoagulation of circulating blood. Consequently, endothelial cell activation leads to blood ...

Mechanical Ventilation Boot Camp Curriculum

机械通气训练营课程

Medical management of mechanically ventilated patients is challenging to novice providers. Incorrect management of this population may lead to increased ...

Mechanical Micronization of Lipoaspirates for Regenerative Therapy

再生疗法用脂质吸入剂的机械微化

Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) has become a regenerative tool for various diseases; however, legislation strictly regulates the clinical application of ...

Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion

在常规手部轮椅推进过程中确定和控制外部功率输出

The use of a manual wheelchair is critical to 1% of the world&#39;s population. Human powered wheeled mobility research has considerably matured, which ...

A Probing Device for Quantitatively Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Soft Tissues during Arthroscopy

定量测量关节镜期间软组织机械性能的探测装置

Probing in arthroscopic surgery is performed by pulling or pushing the soft tissue, which provides feedback for understanding the condition of the soft ...