Name: cantilever bending of murine femoral necks
Uploaded: 2022-01-05T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cantilever Bending of Murine Femoral Necks at JoVE.com

该研究得到了NIH P30AR069655和R01AR070613（H.A.A.）的支持。

动物研究得到了罗切斯特大学动物资源委员会的批准。本研究中使用的小鼠是C57BL / 6雄性和雌性，年龄在24-29周龄之间。将小鼠随意饲养在标准条件下，并随意提供食物和水。 通过 吸入二氧化碳进行安乐死后，随后进行宫颈脱位，收获20个右股骨（10个男性和10个女性）并在-20°C下冷冻直至测试。
1. 创建自定义3D打印安装指南
注意：可能...

<ol>
	<li>Reports of the Surgeon General. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Health+and+Osteoporosis:+A+Report+of+the+Surgeon+General.">Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General.</a> Reports of the Surgeon General. , (2004).</li><li>Veronese, N., Maggi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+and+social+costs+of+hip+fracture.">Epidemiology and social costs of hip fracture.</a> Injury. 49 (8), 1458-1460 (2018).</li><li>Gurumurthy, C. B., Lloyd, K. C. 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H., Muller, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femoral+stiffness+and+strength+critically+depend+on+loading+angle:+A+parametric+study+in+a+mouse-inbred+strain.">Femoral stiffness and strength critically depend on loading angle: A parametric study in a mouse-inbred strain.</a> Biomedical Engineering. 53 (3), 122-129 (2008).</li><li>CRC Press. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Bone Mechanics Handbook. Second end. , (2001).</li><li>Middleton, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relative+importance+of+genetics+and+phenotypic+plasticity+in+dictating+bone+morphology+and+mechanics+in+aged+mice:+evidence+from+an+artificial+selection+experiment.">The relative importance of genetics and phenotypic plasticity in dictating bone morphology and mechanics in aged mice: evidence from an artificial selection experiment.</a> Zoology (Jena). 111 (2), 135-147 (2008).</li><li>Jamsa, T., Koivukangas, A., Ryhanen, J., Jalovaara, P., Tuukkanen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femoral+neck+is+a+sensitive+indicator+of+bone+loss+in+immobilized+hind+limb+of+mouse.">Femoral neck is a sensitive indicator of bone loss in immobilized hind limb of mouse.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 14 (10), 1708-1713 (1999).</li><li>Kamal, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanical+properties+of+bone+in+a+mouse+model+of+Rett+syndrome.">Biomechanical properties of bone in a mouse model of Rett syndrome.</a> Bone. 71, 106-114 (2015).</li><li>Jamsa, T., Tuukkanen, J., Jalovaara, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femoral+neck+strength+of+mouse+in+two+loading+configurations:+Methods+evaluation+and+fracture+characteristics.">Femoral neck strength of mouse in two loading configurations: Methods evaluation and fracture characteristics.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 31 (8), 723-729 (1998).</li><li>Brent, M. B., Bruel, A., Thomsen, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PTH+(1-34)+and+growth+hormone+in+prevention+of+disuse+osteopenia+andsarcopenia+in+rats.">PTH (1-34) and growth hormone in prevention of disuse osteopenia andsarcopenia in rats.</a> Bone. 110, 244-253 (2018).</li><li>Bromer, F. D., Brent, M. B., Pedersen, M., Thomsen, J. S., Bruel, A., Foldager, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+normobaric+intermittent+hypoxia+therapy+on+bone+in+normal+and+disuse+osteopenic+mice.">The effect of normobaric intermittent hypoxia therapy on bone in normal and disuse osteopenic mice.</a> High Altitude Medicine and Biology. 22 (2), 225-234 (2021).</li><li>Vegger, J. B., Bruel, A., Brent, M. B., Thomsen, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disuse+osteopenia+induced+by+botulinum+toxin+is+similar+in+skeletally+mature+young+and+aged+female+C57BL/6J+mice.">Disuse osteopenia induced by botulinum toxin is similar in skeletally mature young and aged female C57BL/6J mice.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism. 36, 170-179 (2018).</li><li>Lodberg, A., Vegger, J. B., Jensen, M. V., Larsen, C. M., Thomsen, J. S., Bruel, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immobilization+induced+osteopenia+is+strain+specific+in+mice.">Immobilization induced osteopenia is strain specific in mice.</a> Bone Reports. 2, 59-67 (2015).</li><li>Varacallo, M. A., Fox, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoporosis+and+its+complications.">Osteoporosis and its complications.</a> Medical Clinics of North America. 98 (4), 817-831 (2014).</li><li>Melhus, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+osteoporosis+induced+by+ovariectomy+and+vitamin+D+deficiency+does+not+markedly+affect+fracture+healing+in+rats.">Experimental osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy and vitamin D deficiency does not markedly affect fracture healing in rats.</a> Acta Orthopaedica. 78 (3), 393-403 (2007).</li><li>Runge, W. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+changes+after+short-term+whole+body+vibration+are+confined+to+cancellous+bone.">Bone changes after short-term whole body vibration are confined to cancellous bone.</a> Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions. 18 (4), 485-492 (2018).</li><li>Neustadt, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Osteoporosis: A global health crisis. , (2017).</li></ol>

该协议概述了对小鼠股骨颈的可靠悬臂弯曲试验。发生在股颈的自然悬臂弯曲情况在标准的3点和4点弯曲试验中通常不显示5。这种测试方法更好，更可靠地复制了骨脆性患者所经历的股骨颈骨折类型。执行该协议时的主要重点是消除由于股骨轴灌封不一致而导致的可变性。至关重要的是，严格遵循协议第一和第四部分中概述的步骤将确保指南和加载协议的创建将复制本出版物中?...

骨折风险是与骨质疏松症相关的严重医学问题。仅在美国，每年就报告了超过150万例脆性骨折，其中髋部骨折，特别是股骨颈骨折是主要骨折类型1。据估计，18% 的女性和 6% 的男性在其一生中会出现股骨颈骨折2， 骨折后 1 年的死亡率大于 20%1。因此，允许对股骨颈部进行生物力学测试的小鼠模型可能适用于研究脆性骨折。小鼠模型还提供了强大的工具来阐明可能涉及骨质疏松症的可翻译细胞和分子事件。这是由于遗传报告基因的可用性，功能模型的获得和丧失以及分子技术和试剂的广泛库。小鼠骨骼的机械测试可以提供必要的结局指标，以确定骨骼健康、基因型和表型变异，从而解释疾病的病因，并根据骨骼质量和骨折风险的结局指标评估治疗3。
股骨颈的解剖结构会产生独特的机械负荷情况，这通常会导致弯曲（弯曲）骨折。股骨头被装入股骨近端的髋臼窝。这在股骨颈上产生悬臂弯曲场景，该股骨颈部刚性地连接到远端的股骨轴4。这与传统的股骨中骺端 3 点或 4 点弯曲试验不同。虽然这些测试是有帮助的，但它们不会复制通常导致骨质减少和骨质疏松症个体在骨折位置或载荷情况下的脆性骨折的负荷。
为了更好地评估小鼠的脆性骨折风险，寻求提高小鼠股骨颈悬臂弯曲试验的再现性。正如理论上预测的那样，股骨头相对于股骨干的载荷角已被证明会显著影响结局指标5，从而对报告结局的可靠性和可重复性提出了挑战。为了确保在样品制备过程中股骨正确和一致的对准，设计了指南，并根据对C57BL / 6小鼠股骨的μCT扫描进行的解剖学测量进行了3D打印。这些导轨旨在帮助始终如一地灌封样品，使股骨轴保持在垂直加载方向的~20°。选择这个角度是因为它最大限度地提高了刚度，同时最小化了沿股骨轴的最大弯曲力矩，这增加了股骨颈骨折的可能性，并导致更一致和可重复的测试5。导轨以各种尺寸进行3D打印，以适应样品之间的解剖学差异，并用于在丙烯酸骨水泥中灌封时将样品保持在稳定位置。刚度、最大力、屈服力和最大能量均根据力-位移图计算得出。该测试方法显示了上述生物力学结果的一致结果。通过实践和3D打印指南的帮助，可以最大限度地减少由于不对中引起的测量误差，从而获得可靠的结果测量。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&#188;&#8221; x &#188;&#8221; square aluminum tubing</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>48KU67</td>
			<td>Cut to lengths of 1/2&#34; to 1&#34; lengths</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 kN load cell</td>
			<td>Instron</td>
			<td>2527-130</td>
			<td>Any load cell with sub 1 N resolution can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3.5x-45x Zoom Stereo Boom Microscope</td>
			<td>Omano</td>
			<td>OM2300S-GX4</td>
			<td>Microscope used to precisely line up samples with loading platen.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printed guides</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Angled slots at 73.13&#176;, with diameters between 1.9 mm and 2.2 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printed mount</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Tapped with M10 threads to fit the mount attachment and with 2 M4 threaded holes adjacent sides to hold the aluminum tubing with sample in place.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylic Base Plate Material Kit</td>
			<td>Keystone Industries</td>
			<td>921392</td>
			<td>Mix 3.5 g of powder with 2 mL of liquid. This will be enough for approximately 8 samples, and will begin to harden quickly.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amira</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to compile &#181;CT scans</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biaxial stage</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to center femoral head of sample under the loading platen.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioMed Amber Resin</td>
			<td>formlabs</td>
			<td>RS-F2-BMAM-01</td>
			<td>Any resin from formlabs could be used for this project.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bluehill 3</td>
			<td>Instron</td>
			<td>V3.66</td>
			<td>Software used to set up loading protocol and collect load, displacement and time data.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ElectroPuls 10000</td>
			<td>Instron</td>
			<td>E10000</td>
			<td>Mechanical testing system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Faxitron UltraFocus</td>
			<td>Faxitron BioOptics</td>
			<td>2327A40311</td>
			<td>X-ray imaging system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Form 2</td>
			<td>formlabs</td>
			<td>F2</td>
			<td>Used to print the mount and guides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Form 2 Resin Tank LT</td>
			<td>formlabs</td>
			<td>RT-F2-02</td>
			<td>LT Tank was used to be compatible with the BioMed Resin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>National Institutes of Health</td>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>Used to assess &#181;CT and X-ray images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laxco iLED Series LED Light Source</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AMPSILED30W</td>
			<td>Light source used in conjugtion with microscope.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loading platen</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This can be any metal rod that is tapered to a diameter of approximately 2.5 mm. We used an M6 screw that was tapered on a lathe.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mount attachment</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To secure the 3D printed mount to the load cell. We used a M10/M6 threaded rod</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10010031</td>
			<td>Need to rehydrate the samples once acrylic base plate material has set.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plumber&#39;s putty</td>
			<td>Oatey</td>
			<td>31174</td>
			<td>Used to seal the end of the aluminum tubing when pouring acrylic base plate material in. Any clay or putty could be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PreForm</td>
			<td>formlabs</td>
			<td>Preform 3.15.2</td>
			<td>Formlabs software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td>Samples can be laid flat in culture dish and covered in PBS to rehydrate.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vivaCT 40</td>
			<td>Scanco</td>
			<td>&#181;CT 40</td>
			<td>Representative set or actual samples can be scanned prior to printing of guides to calculate femoral shaft angle and diameter.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cantilever bending of murine femoral necks

股骨颈骨折在骨质疏松症患者中很常见。已经开发了许多小鼠模型来评估疾病状态和疗法，并将生物力学测试作为主要结果测量。然而，传统的生物力学测试侧重于应用于长骨中轴的扭转或弯曲测试。这通常不是骨质疏松症个体中高危骨折的部位。因此，开发了一种生物力学测试方案，在悬臂弯曲负荷下测试小鼠股骨颈，以更好地复制骨质疏松症患者所经历的骨折类型。由于生物力学结果高度依赖于相对于股骨颈的弯曲载荷方向，因此创建了3D打印导轨以将股骨轴保持在相对于载荷方向的20°角。新方案通过降低对准的可变性（21.6°±1.5°，COV = 7.1%，n = 20）和提高测量生物力学结果的再现性（平均COV = 26.7%）来简化测试。使用3D打印导轨进行可靠标本对准的新方法通过减少由于标本不对准引起的测量误差来提高严谨性和再现性，这应该可以最大限度地减少小鼠骨质疏松症研究中的样本量。

当在导轨的帮助下灌封时，股骨轴在21.6°±1.5°处对齐。虽然这表示与20°的预期角度<10%的偏差，但通过预先测试平面X射线验证，雄性和雌性小鼠所有测试样品的灌封角变异系数（COV）分别为7.6%和6.5%（每组n = 10）（图5）。此外，应使用测试后的X射线来评估样品失效的模式。按照预期，在股颈中一直以分叉的方式观察到失败，其中一条骨折线平行于股骨轴，另一条线垂直于?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cantilever Bending of Murine Femoral Necks at JoVE.com

Cantilever Bending of Murine Femoral Necks

本方案描述了在悬臂弯曲设置中为小鼠股骨颈开发可重复测试平台。使用定制的3D打印导轨以最佳对齐方式一致且刚性地固定股骨。

鼠股颈悬臂弯曲

Fractures in the femoral neck are a common occurrence in individuals with osteoporosis. Many mouse models have been developed to assess disease states and ...

该协议中概述的悬臂弯曲设置为产生股骨颈骨折创造了一种可重复的方法，这种方法更具临床相关性，可用于小鼠研究以观察骨质疏松症。该协议创建了一个测试平台，可提高可重复性，从而降低结果测量的变异系数。因此，它可以最大限度地减少稳健研究所需的样本量。首先使用 1/4 英寸 x 1/4 英寸的方形铝管切割长度为 1/2 英寸到 1 英寸的管材部分。使用蚀刻工具用样品ID标记每个铝段。用腻子填充一半的管段，并将它们放入固定装置中以使其直立。将干净的股骨平放在工作台上，使前表面朝上。然后，将3D打印的导轨直接放在第三个转子的正下方，轴直径变得一致。用一只手握住近端和远端。将股骨牢牢地压在工作台上，然后用另一只手将3D打印的导轨放在股骨的中轴上，以防止股骨旋转到侧或内侧。然后，将它们放在相应的铝段前面。用骨水泥填充铝段，直到几乎装满，留下一点位移空间。将带导轨的股骨放置在正确的铝段中，并让骨水泥凝固。骨水泥硬化后，将样品放入室温PBS的培养皿中，并让它们再水化两个小时。使用机械测试系统连接和校准分辨率小于1牛顿的称重传感器。用方形槽连接一个夹具，以牢固地固定样品中的铝段。将固定螺钉固定在夹具的两侧，以将样品牢固地固定到位。然后，将装载压板连接到执行器中。将体视显微镜放在MTS正前方的表面上。如果需要额外的照明才能通过显微镜看到设置，请将光源放在系统周围。在MTS软件中，开始创建新的弯曲协议。确保协议将在位移控制中运行。将协议的加载速率设置为每秒 0.5 毫米。如果软件具有软键设置，请将软键“平衡”和“零扩展”添加到协议中。确保软件程序将以秒为单位记录时间，以牛顿为单位的负载，并以毫米为单位记录扩展或位移，最小采样率为100赫兹。保存新实验方案并返回软件程序的主屏幕，开始测试新的样本集。获得铝罐中样品的X射线图像。可以一次对多个样品进行成像。确保捕获样品的前视图，以便对灌封角度进行验证测量。将带有样品的铝段放入夹具中，然后拧紧固定螺钉。降低致动器，直到它距离股骨头几毫米。使用体视显微镜调整双轴载物台，以对齐股骨头的位置，直接在装载压板下方。将双轴载物台锁定到位。在MTS软件中，将执行器的位置归零，并使用添加的软键平衡平衡和零扩展来平衡称重传感器。然后，开始加载协议。根据装载压板和样品之间剩余的空间，测试只需要10到30秒。测试后，捕获样品的另一张前X射线。这将用于识别和记录骨折模式。这里给出了测量的小鼠股骨颈弯曲特性的变异系数或COV。COV 表示数据集的标准差和均值的比率，其减小表示围绕均值的各个数据点的分组更紧密。与执行类似测试的其他出版物相比，该协议降低了COV的最大负载。使用显示 0.2% 偏移线性拟合的代表性力位移曲线来推导刚度和屈服点。绘制选定的结果度量，显示均值和标准差，包括失效时的最大载荷、刚度、失效时的最大位移以及失效之间的功。星号表示使用单尾不成对 t 检验确定的显著差异。雄性小鼠的股骨颈比雌性小鼠的标本明显更强壮，更坚硬。此外，与雄性小鼠的标本相比，雌性股骨颈经历了更显着的变形和失败。这与女性较低的骨矿物质密度一致，并强调了该测试检测生理相关差异的敏感性。生物力学结果指标，包括最大载荷，刚度，最大位移和失效功，与灌封角绘制，并使用简单的线性回归对男性队列，女性队列和所有分组在一起的样本进行关联。黑色实线表示组样本的线性回归，虚线表示置信区间。灌封角度的可变性不会显著影响最大载荷、最大位移或失效工作。然而，随着灌封角度的增加，刚度增加。尝试使用此协议时要记住的最重要的事情是保持灌封过程和加载速率相同，以便更好地将结果与以前发布的数据进行比较。如果使用骨水泥的替代品，例如可以在测试后软化以去除样品的铋合金，则可以对样品进行其他程序，例如拉曼光谱，DEXA或三点弯曲，以阐明其他机械，化学和结构特性。

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Tissue Engineering of the Intestine in a Murine Model

小鼠模型肠组织工程

Tissue-engineered small intestine (TESI) has successfully been used to rescue Lewis rats after massive small bowel resection, resulting in return to ...

科研

生物工程

Method and Instrumented Fixture for Femoral Fracture Testing in a Sideways Fall-on-the-Hip Position

方法和股骨骨折测试在横盘整理的秋天在臀部位置检测的夹具

Mechanical testing of femora brings valuable insights into understanding the contribution of clinically-measureable variables such as bone mineral density ...

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc

一个<em&gt;体外</em鼠类的椎间盘&gt;器官培养模型

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a significant contributor to low back pain. The IVD is a fibrocartilaginous joint that serves to transmit and ...

Isolation of Primary Murine Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) by Flow Cytometry

Isolation of Primary Murine Retinal Ganglion Cells RGCs by Flow Cytometry

通过流式细胞术分离原代小鼠视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）

Neurodegenerative diseases often have a devastating impact on those affected. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is implicated in an array of diseases, ...

Retroductal Nanoparticle Injection to the Murine Submandibular Gland

Retroductal 纳米微粒注射液对小鼠颌下腺的治疗

Two common goals of salivary gland therapeutics are prevention and cure of tissue dysfunction following either autoimmune or radiation injury. By locally ...

Light-sheet Fluorescence Microscopy for the Study of the Murine Heart

光片荧光显微术在小鼠心脏研究中的应用

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy has been widely used for rapid image acquisition with a high axial resolution from micrometer to millimeter scale. ...

A Reliable and Reproducible Critical-Sized Segmental Femoral Defect Model in Rats Stabilized with a Custom External Fixator

一种可靠、可重复的可重复的大鼠部分股骨缺陷模型

Orthopedic research relies heavily on animal models to study mechanisms of bone healing in vivo as well as investigate the new treatment techniques. ...

Optical Imaging of Isolated Murine Ventricular Myocytes

分离的月毛心室肌细胞的光学成像

The ability to isolate adult cardiac myocytes has permitted researchers to study a variety of cardiac pathologies at the single cell level. While advances ...

Biomechanical Testing of Murine Tendons

鼠头的生物力学试验

Tendon disorders are common, affect people of all ages, and are often debilitating. Standard treatments, such as anti-inflammatory drugs, rehabilitation, ...

Transplantation of a 3D Bioprinted Patch in a Murine Model of Myocardial Infarction

心肌梗塞穆林模型中的 3D 生物打印贴片移植

Testing regenerative properties of 3D bioprinted cardiac patches in vivo using murine models of heart failure via permanent left anterior descending (LAD) ...