Name: quail chorioallantoic membrane - a tool for photodynamic diagnosis and therapy
Uploaded: 2022-04-28T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quail Chorioallantoic Membrane - A Tool for Photodynamic Diagnosis and Therapy at JoVE.com

The work was supported by VEGA 2/0042/21 and APVV 20-0129. The contribution of V. Hunto&#353;ov&#225; is the result of the project implementation: Open scientific community for modern interdisciplinary research in medicine (Acronym: OPENMED), ITMS2014+: 313011V455 supported by the Operational Program Integrated Infrastructure, funded by the ERDF.

The research was performed in compliance with institutional guidelines. All equipment and reagents must be autoclaved or sterilized with 70% ethanol or UV light.
1. Egg incubation
<ol>
	<li>Store fertilized quail eggs at 10-15 &#176;C for a maximum of 4-5 days before starting incubation. Use only clean and undamaged eggs.</li>
	<li>Incubate the eggs in a forced draught incubator for ~ 53-54 h. Lay the eggs horizontally with the egg rotation switched off, at 50%-60% humidity ...

<ol>
	<li>Nowak-Sliwinska, P., van Beijnum, J. R., van Berkel, M., vanden Bergh, H., Grif&#64257;oen, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+regrowth+following+photodynamic+therapy+in+the+chicken+embryo+chorioallantoic+membrane.">Vascular regrowth following photodynamic therapy in the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane.</a> Angiogenesis. 13 (4), 281-292 (2010).</li><li>van Leengoed, H. L. L. M., vander Veen, N., Versteeg, A. A. C., Ouellet, R., van Lier, J. E., Star, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-vivo+photodynamic+effects+of+phthalocyanines+in+a+skin-fold+observation+chamber+model:+role+of+central+metal+ion+and+degree+of+sulfonation.">In-vivo photodynamic effects of phthalocyanines in a skin-fold observation chamber model: role of central metal ion and degree of sulfonation.</a> Photochemistry Photobiology. 58 (4), 575-580 (1993).</li><li>Ainsworth, S. J., Stanley, R. L., Evans, D. J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+stages+of+the+Japanese+quail.">Developmental stages of the Japanese quail.</a> Journal of Anatomy. 216 (1), 3 (2010).</li><li>De Fouw, D. O., Rizzo, V. J., Steinfeld, R., Feinberg, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+of+the+microcirculation+in+the+chick+chorioallantoic+membrane+during+normal+angiogenesis.">Mapping of the microcirculation in the chick chorioallantoic membrane during normal angiogenesis.</a> Microvascular Research. 38 (2), 136-147 (1989).</li><li>Sandau, K., Kurz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modelling+of+vascular+growth+processes:+a+stochastic+biophysical+approach+to+embryonic+angiogenesis.">Modelling of vascular growth processes: a stochastic biophysical approach to embryonic angiogenesis.</a> Journal of Microscopy. 175 (3), 205-213 (1994).</li><li>Kurz, H., Ambrosy, S., Wilting, J., Marm&#233;, D., Christ, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proliferation+pattern+of+capillary+endothelial+cells+in+chorioallantoic+membrane+development+indicates+local+growth+control,+which+is+counteracted+by+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor+application.">Proliferation pattern of capillary endothelial cells in chorioallantoic membrane development indicates local growth control, which is counteracted by vascular endothelial growth factor application.</a> Developmental Dynamics. 203 (2), 174-186 (1995).</li><li>Huss, D., Poynter, G., Lansford, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Japanese+quail+(Coturnix+japonica)+as+laboratory+animal+model.">Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) as laboratory animal model.</a> Lab Animal. 37 (11), 513-519 (2008).</li><li>Gottfried, V., Lindenbaum, E. S., Kimel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chick+chorioallantoic+membrane+(CAM)+as+an+in-vivo+model+for+photodynamic+therapy.">The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) as an in-vivo model for photodynamic therapy.</a> Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, B: Biology. 12 (2), 204-207 (1992).</li><li>Mi&#353;kovsk&#253;, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypericin+-+a+new+antiviral+and+antitumor+photosensitizer:+mechanism+of+action+and+interaction+with+biological+molecules.">Hypericin - a new antiviral and antitumor photosensitizer: mechanism of action and interaction with biological molecules.</a> Current Drug Targets. 3 (1), 55-84 (2002).</li><li>&#268;avarga, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photodynamic+effect+of+hypericin+after+topical+application+in+the+ex+ovo+quail+chorioallantoic+membrane+model.">Photodynamic effect of hypericin after topical application in the ex ovo quail chorioallantoic membrane model.</a> Planta Medica. 80 (1), 56-62 (2014).</li><li>Martinez-Poveda, B., Quesada, A. R., Medina, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypericin+in+the+dark+inhibits+key+steps+of+angiogenesis+in+vitro.">Hypericin in the dark inhibits key steps of angiogenesis in vitro.</a> Europan Journal of Pharmacology. 516 (2), 97-103 (2005).</li><li>Datta, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unravelling+the+excellent+chemical+stability+and+bioavailability+of+solvent+responsive+curcumin-loaded+2-ethyl-2-oxazoline-grad-2-(4-dodecyloxyphenyl)-+2-oxazoline+copolymer+nanoparticles+for+drug+delivery.">Unravelling the excellent chemical stability and bioavailability of solvent responsive curcumin-loaded 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline-grad-2-(4-dodecyloxyphenyl)- 2-oxazoline copolymer nanoparticles for drug delivery.</a> Biomacromolecules. 19 (7), 2459-2471 (2018).</li><li>Hunto&#353;ov&#225;, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alkyl+Chain+length+in+poly(2-oxazoline)-based+amphiphilic+gradient+copolymers+regulates+the+delivery+of+hydrophobic+molecules:+a+case+of+the+biodistribution+and+the+photodynamic+activity+of+the+photosensitizer+hypericin.">Alkyl Chain length in poly(2-oxazoline)-based amphiphilic gradient copolymers regulates the delivery of hydrophobic molecules: a case of the biodistribution and the photodynamic activity of the photosensitizer hypericin.</a> Biomacromolecules. 22 (10), 4199-4216 (2021).</li><li>Bur&#237;kov&#225;, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypericin+fluorescence+kinetics+in+the+presence+of+low+density+lipoproteins:+study+on+quail+CAM+assay+for+topical+delivery.">Hypericin fluorescence kinetics in the presence of low density lipoproteins: study on quail CAM assay for topical delivery.</a> General Physiology and Biophysic. 35 (4), 459-468 (2016).</li><li>Lenkavska, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Benefits+of+hypericin+transport+and+delivery+by+low-+and+high-density+lipoproteins+to+cancer+cells:+From+in+vitro+to+ex+ovo.">Benefits of hypericin transport and delivery by low- and high-density lipoproteins to cancer cells: From in vitro to ex ovo.</a> Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 25, 214-224 (2019).</li><li>R&#252;ck, A., B&#246;hmler, A., Steiner, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PDT+with+TOOKAD+studied+in+the+chorioallantoic+membrane+of+fertilized+eggs.">PDT with TOOKAD studied in the chorioallantoic membrane of fertilized eggs.</a> Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2 (1), 79-90 (2005).</li><li>Gottfried, V., Davidi, R., Averbuj, C., Kimel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+damage+to+chorioallantoic+membrane+blood+vessels+by+porphycene-induced+photodynamic+therapy.">In vivo damage to chorioallantoic membrane blood vessels by porphycene-induced photodynamic therapy.</a> Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, B: Biology. 30 (2-3), 115-121 (1995).</li><li>Buzz&#225;, H. H., Silva, L. V., Moriyama, L. T., Bagnato, V. S., Kurachi, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+vascular+effect+of+Photodynamic+Therapy+in+chorioallantoic+membrane+using+different+photosensitizers.">Evaluation of vascular effect of Photodynamic Therapy in chorioallantoic membrane using different photosensitizers.</a> Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 138, 1-7 (2014).</li><li>Dougherty, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photodynamic+therapy.">Photodynamic therapy.</a> Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 90, 889-905 (1998).</li><li>Xiang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+optoacoustic+monitoring+of+vascular+damage+during+photodynamic+therapy+treatment+of+tumor.">Real-time optoacoustic monitoring of vascular damage during photodynamic therapy treatment of tumor.</a> Journal of Biomedical Optics. 12 (1), 01400-01408 (2007).</li><li>Foty, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+hanging+drop+cell+culture+protocol+for+generation+of+3D+spheroids.">A simple hanging drop cell culture protocol for generation of 3D spheroids.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (51), 2720 (2011).</li><li>Abramoff, M. D., Magelhaes, P. J., Ram, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image+Processing+with+ImageJ.">Image Processing with ImageJ.</a> Biophotonics International. 11 (7), 36-42 (2004).</li><li>Chomczynski, P., Sacchi, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-step+method+of+RNA+isolation+by+acid+guanidium+thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform+extraction.">Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 162 (1), 156-159 (1987).</li><li>M&#225;&#269;ajov&#225;, M., &#268;avarga, I., S&#253;korov&#225;, M., Valachovi&#269;, M., Novotn&#225;, V., Bil&#269;&#237;k, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+angiogenesis+by+topical+application+of+leptin+and+high+and+low+molecular+heparin+using+the+Japanese+quail+chorioallantoic+membrane+model.">Modulation of angiogenesis by topical application of leptin and high and low molecular heparin using the Japanese quail chorioallantoic membrane model.</a> Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 27 (6), 1488-1493 (2020).</li><li>Mangir, N., Dikici, S., Claeyssens, F., MacNeil, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+Ex+Ovo+chick+chorioallantoic+membrane+(CAM)+assay+to+evaluate+the+biocompatibility+and+angiogenic+response+to+biomaterials.">Using Ex Ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay to evaluate the biocompatibility and angiogenic response to biomaterials.</a> ACS Biomaterials Science Engineering. 5 (7), 3190-3200 (2019).</li><li>Marshall, K. M., Kanczler, J. M., Oreffo, R. O. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolving+applications+of+the+egg:+chorioallantoic+membrane+assay+and+ex+vivo+organotypic+culture+of+materials+for+bone+tissue+engineering.">Evolving applications of the egg: chorioallantoic membrane assay and ex vivo organotypic culture of materials for bone tissue engineering.</a> Journal of Tissue Engineering. 11, 1-25 (2020).</li><li>Merlos Rodrigo, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extending+the+applicability+of+in+ovo+and+ex+ovo+chicken+chorioallantoic+membrane+assays+to+study+cytostatic+activity+in+neuroblastoma+cells.">Extending the applicability of in ovo and ex ovo chicken chorioallantoic membrane assays to study cytostatic activity in neuroblastoma cells.</a> Frontiers in Oncology. 11, 1-10 (2021).</li><li>Meta, M., Kundekov&#225;, B., Bil&#269;&#237;k, B., M&#225;&#269;ajov&#225;, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+silicone+ring+application+on+CAM+vasculature+in+Japanese+Quail+(Coturnix+japonica).">The effect of silicone ring application on CAM vasculature in Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica).</a> Proceedings of the Student Scientific Conference Faculty of Natural Sciences of Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia. , 385-390 (2019).</li><li>Kohli, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pre-screening+the+intrinsic+angiogenic+capacity+of+biomaterials+in+an+optimised+ex+ovo+chorioallantoic+membrane+model.">Pre-screening the intrinsic angiogenic capacity of biomaterials in an optimised ex ovo chorioallantoic membrane model.</a> Journal of Tissue Engineering. 11, 1-15 (2020).</li><li>Kundekov&#225;, B., M&#225;&#269;ajov&#225;, M., Meta, M., &#268;avarga, I., Bil&#269;&#237;k, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chorioallantoic+membrane+models+of+various+avian+species+differences+and+applications.">Chorioallantoic membrane models of various avian species differences and applications.</a> Biology-Basel. 10 (4), 301 (2021).</li><li>Parsons-Wingerter, P., Elliott, K. E., Clark, J. I., Farr, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblast+growth+factor-2+selectively+stimulates+angiogenesis+of+small+vessels+in+arterial+tree.">Fibroblast growth factor-2 selectively stimulates angiogenesis of small vessels in arterial tree.</a> Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 20 (5), 1250-1256 (2000).</li><li>Buzz&#225;, H. H., Zangirolami, A. C., Davis, A., G&#243;mez-Garc&#237;a, P. B., Kurachi, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+analysis+of+a+tumor+model+in+the+chorioallantoic+membrane+used+for+the+evaluation+of+different+photosensitizers+for+photodynamic+therapy.">Fluorescence analysis of a tumor model in the chorioallantoic membrane used for the evaluation of different photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.</a> Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 19, 78-83 (2017).</li></ol>

For successful ex ovo cultivation, it is important to follow the protocol above. Moreover, if the eggs are not opened carefully enough or there is insufficient humidity during the cultivation, the yolk sack sticks to the shell and often ruptures. The start of an ex ovo cultivation at the time of about 60 h of egg incubation ensures the high survival rate of the embryos, as they are already large enough to survive the handling. At the later developmental stages, the CAM becomes thinner and adheres to the...

The chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model is well known and widely used in various areas of research. It is a richly vascularized extraembryonic organ that provides gas exchange and mineral transport1. Due to the transparency and accessibility of this membrane, individual blood vessels and their structural changes can be observed in real time2. Despite the advantages, chick CAM also has some limitations (e.g., larger breeding facilities, egg production, and feed consumption) that could be avoided by using other avian species. In this protocol, an alternative ex ovo CAM model using Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) embryo is described. Due to its small size, it allows the use of a much larger number of experimental individuals than chicken CAM. Moreover, the shorter 16-day embryonic development of quail embryos is another advantage. The first larger vessels on quail CAM appear on embryonic day (ED) 7. This can be directly compared with chick embryo development (stages 4-35); however, the later stages of development are no longer comparable and require less time for the quail embryo3. Of interest is the regular occurrence of microvascular branching similar to that of chicken CAMs4,5,6. Rapid sexual maturation, high egg production, and low-cost breeding are other examples that favor the use of this experimental model7.
An avian CAM model is often used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) studies8. PDT is used to treat several forms of cancer (small localized tumors) and other non-oncological diseases. Its principle is in the delivery of a fluorescent drug, a photosensitizer (PS), to the damaged tissue and its activation with light of the appropriate wavelength. One prospective PS used in research is hypericin, originally isolated from the medicinal plant St. John&#39;s wort (Hypericum perforatum)9. The strong photosensitizing effects of this compound are based on its photochemical and photophysical properties. These are characterized by multiple fluorescence excitation peaks in the 400-600 nm range, which induce the emission of fluorescence at about 600 nm. The absorption maxima of hypericin within the spectral band are in the 540-590 nm range, and the fluorescence maxima are in the 590-640 nm range9. To achieve these photosensitizing effects, hypericin is excited by laser light at a wavelength of 405 nm after local administration10. In the presence of light, hypericin can exhibit virucidal, antiproliferative, and cytotoxic effects11, while there is no systemic toxicity, and it is rapidly released from the organism. Hypericin is a lipophilic substance that forms water-insoluble, non-fluorescent aggregates, which is why several types of nanocarriers, such as polymeric nanoparticles12,13 or high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL, LDL)14,15, are used to help its delivery and penetration into the cells. Since CAM is a naturally immunodeficient system, tumor cells can be implanted directly on the membrane surface. The model is also well suited for recording the extent of PDT-induced vascular damage according to a defined score16,17. Light of lower intensity compared to PDT can be used for photodynamic diagnosis (PDD). Monitoring the tissue under violet excitation LED light also leads to photoactivation of photosensitizers18,19,20 that results in an emission of fluorescent light, yet it does not provide enough energy to start a PDT reaction and damage the cells. It makes it a good tool for tumor visualization and diagnosis or monitoring the pharmacokinetics of used PSs14,15.
This article describes the preparation of the quail ex ovo CAM assay with survival rates over 80%. This ex ovo culture was successfully applied in a large number of experiments.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>6-Well Cell Culture Plate</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>83.392</td>
			<td>Transparent polystyrene, sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 Incubator ESCO CCL-0508</td>
			<td>ESCO, Singapore</td>
			<td>CCL-050B-8</td>
			<td>CO2 cell culture incubator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cryocut Leica CM 1800</td>
			<td>Reichert-Jung, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>digital camera Canon EOS 6D II</td>
			<td>Canon, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>diode laser 405 nm</td>
			<td>Ocean Optics, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>67-68-5</td>
			<td>dimethyl sulfoxid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eosin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>15086-94-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>64-17-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fine brush size 2</td>
			<td>Faber-Castell</td>
			<td>281802</td>
			<td>brush for CAM separation and manipulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>111-30-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hematoxylin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>517-28-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hypericin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>84082-80-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>incubator Bios Midi</td>
			<td>Bios Sedl<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/63422/63422eq01.jpg" style="margin: auto;" />any, Czech Republic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Forced draught incubator for initial incubation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>incubator Memmert IF160</td>
			<td>Memmert, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Forced air circulation incubator for CAM incubation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kaiser slimlite plano, LED light box</td>
			<td>Kaiser, Germany</td>
			<td>2453</td>
			<td>Transilluminator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED light 405 nm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>custom made circular LED light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>macro lens Canon MP- E 65 mm f/2.8</td>
			<td>Canon, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microscope Kapa 2000</td>
			<td>Kvant, Slovakia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>optical microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microtome Auxilab 508</td>
			<td>Auxilab, Spain</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>manual rotary microtome</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>30525-89-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraplast Plus</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3683</td>
			<td>parafin medium for tissue embedding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td>Phosphate saline buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scissors Castroviejo</td>
			<td>Orimed</td>
			<td>&#160;OR66-108</td>
			<td>micro scissors for CAM separation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>software ImageJ 1.53</td>
			<td>public domain</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>image processing and analysis program</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stock solution HDL</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>437641-10MG</td>
			<td>high density lipoproteins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stock solution LDL</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>437644-10MG</td>
			<td>low density lipoproteins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue-Tek O.C.T. Compound</td>
			<td>Sakura Finetek</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td>Optimal Cutting Temperature Compound 118 mL squeeze bottles</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quail chorioallantoic membrane - a tool for photodynamic diagnosis and therapy

The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of an avian embryo is a thin, extraembryonic membrane that functions as a primary respiratory organ. Its properties make it an excellent in vivo experimental model to study angiogenesis, tumor growth, drug delivery systems, or photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). At the same time, this model addresses the requirement for the replacement of experimental animals with a suitable alternative. Ex ovo cultivated embryo allows easy substance application, access, monitoring, and documentation. The most frequently used is chick CAM; however, this article describes the advantages of the Japanese quail CAM as a low-cost and high-throughput model. Another advantage is the shorter embryonic development, which allows higher experimental turnover. The suitability of quail CAM for PDD and PDT of cancer and microbial infections is explored here. As an example, the use of the photosensitizer hypericin in combination with lipoproteins or nanoparticles as a delivery system is described. The damage score from images in white light and changes in fluorescence intensity of the CAM tissue under violet light (405 nm) was determined, together with analysis of histological sections. The quail CAM clearly showed the effect of PDT on the vasculature and tissue. Moreover, changes like capillary hemorrhage, thrombosis, lysis of small vessels, and bleeding of larger vessels could be observed. Japanese quail CAM is a promising in vivo model for photodynamic diagnosis and therapy research, with applications in studies of tumor angiogenesis, as well as antivascular and antimicrobial therapy.

The localization&#160;of the tumor on the CAM surface is difficult in white light. Photosensitizer (here, hypericin) used in PDD is expected to be taken up selectively by the tumor and helps visualize the tumor. The addition of hypericin and the use of fluorescent light (e.g., 405 nm) showed the tumor (squamous cell carcinoma TE1) position very well (Figure 6A). Histological analysis showed vital tumor cells invading healthy tissues. Concentric structures of abnormal squamous cells, often de...

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Quail Chorioallantoic Membrane - A Tool for Photodynamic Diagnosis and Therapy

The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the avian embryo is a very useful and applicable tool for various areas of research. A special ex ovo model of Japanese quail CAM is suitable for photodynamic treatment investigation.

The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of an avian embryo is a thin, extraembryonic membrane that functions as a primary respiratory organ. Its properties ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Anticancer Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy with Lung Cancer-Targeted Nanoparticles

光动力疗法的抗癌功效肺癌靶向纳米粒子

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive and non-surgical method representing an attractive alternative choice for lung cancer treatment. ...

科研

癌症研究

The Colon-26 Carcinoma Tumor-bearing Mouse as a Model for the Study of Cancer Cachexia

结肠-26癌荷瘤小鼠为癌症恶病质的研究模型

Cancer cachexia is the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and adipose tissue, negative nitrogen balance, anorexia, fatigue, inflammation, and ...

Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia

Induction and Diagnosis of Tumors in Drosophila Imaginal Disc Epithelia

诱导和诊断肿瘤<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt; Imaginal Disc Epithelia

In the early stages of cancer, transformed mutant cells show cytological abnormalities, begin uncontrolled overgrowth, and progressively disrupt tissue ...

Genome-wide RNAi Screening to Identify Host Factors That Modulate Oncolytic Virus Therapy

全基因组的 rna 干扰筛查以确定调节溶瘤病毒治疗的宿主因素

High-throughput genome-wide RNAi (RNA interference) screening technology has been widely used for discovering host factors that impact&#160;virus ...

Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

基于球形的头颈部鳞状细胞癌3D 细胞培养模型的治疗试验

Current treatment options for advanced and recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) enclose radiation and chemo-radiation approaches with ...

Dried Blood and Serum Spots As A Useful Tool for Sample Storage to Evaluate Cancer Biomarkers

干血和血清斑点作为样品贮存的有用工具, 用于评估肿瘤生物标志物

Blood sample quality is crucial to ensure accurate downstream analyses such as real-time PCR or ELISA. Correct storage of biological materials is the ...

A Three-dimensional Thymic Culture System to Generate Murine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Tumor Antigen-specific Thymic Emigrants

生成毛因诱导多能干细胞衍生的肿瘤抗原特异性胸腺移民的三维胸腺培养系统

The inheritance of pre-rearranged T cell receptors (TCRs) and their epigenetic rejuvenation make induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived T cells a ...

A Spheroid Killing Assay by CAR T Cells

一种用汽车 t 细胞进行的切杀检测

Immunotherapy has become a field of growing interest in the fight against cancer otherwise untreatable. Among all immunotherapeutic methods, chimeric ...

Comparing Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Model Established in Mouse Kidney and on Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane

比较在小鼠肾脏和鸡胆膜上建立的转移性透明细胞肾细胞癌模型

Metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of kidney cancer. Localized ccRCC has a favorable surgical outcome. However, ...

Using the Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane In Vivo Model to Study Gynecological and Urological Cancers

利用活体中鸡胆膜研究妇科和泌尿癌

Mouse models are the benchmark tests for in vivo cancer studies. However, cost, time, and ethical considerations have led to calls for alternative in vivo ...