Name: motility of single molecules and clusters of bi-directional kinesin-5 cin8 purified from s. cerevisiae cells
Uploaded: 2022-02-02T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells at JoVE.com

This research was supported in part by the Israel Science Foundation grant (ISF-386/18) and the Israel Binational Science Foundation grant (BSF-2019008), awarded to L.G.

1. Preparation of buffers and reagents
<ol>
	<li>Buffers
	<ol>
		<li>-Leu aa dropout mix: Mix 2 g each of Adenine, Uracil, Tryptophan, Histidine, Lysine, and Methionine and store at room temperature.</li>
		<li>Yeast selective medium with raffinose (1 L): Mix 6.7 g of yeast nitrogen base (with ammonium sulfate), 2 g of -Leu aa dropout mix, and 20 g of raffinose in double-distilled water by stirring (without heating) until fully dissolved. Using a 0.22 &#181;m filter, filter the solution into a sterile ...

<ol>
	<li>Singh, S. K., Pandey, H., Al-Bassam, J., Gheber, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bidirectional+motility+of+kinesin-5+motor+proteins:+structural+determinants,+cumulative+functions+and+physiological+roles.">Bidirectional motility of kinesin-5 motor proteins: structural determinants, cumulative functions and physiological roles.</a> Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 75 (10), 1757-1771 (2018).</li><li>Hoyt, M. A., He, L., Totis, L., Saunders, W. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+kinesin-related+gene+products+required+for+mitotic+spindle+assembly.">Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-related gene products required for mitotic spindle assembly.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 118 (1), 109-120 (1992).</li><li>Gerson-Gurwitz, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mid-anaphase+arrest+in+S.+cerevisiae+cells+eliminated+for+the+function+of+Cin8+and+dynein.">Mid-anaphase arrest in S. cerevisiae cells eliminated for the function of Cin8 and dynein.</a> Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 66 (2), 301-313 (2009).</li><li>Fridman, V., Gerson-Gurwitz, A., Movshovich, N., Kupiec, M., Gheber, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Midzone+organization+restricts+interpolar+microtubule+plus-end+dynamics+during+spindle+elongation.">Midzone organization restricts interpolar microtubule plus-end dynamics during spindle elongation.</a> EMBO Reports. 10 (4), 387-393 (2009).</li><li>Movshovich, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Slk19-dependent+mid-anaphase+pause+in+kinesin-5-mutated+cells.">Slk19-dependent mid-anaphase pause in kinesin-5-mutated cells.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 121 (15), 2529-2539 (2008).</li><li>Gerson-Gurwitz, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directionality+of+individual+kinesin-5+Cin8+motors+is+modulated+by+loop+8,+ionic+strength+and+microtubule+geometry.">Directionality of individual kinesin-5 Cin8 motors is modulated by loop 8, ionic strength and microtubule geometry.</a> Embo Journal. 30 (24), 4942-4954 (2011).</li><li>Roostalu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directional+switching+of+the+kinesin+Cin8+through+motor+coupling.">Directional switching of the kinesin Cin8 through motor coupling.</a> Science. 332 (6025), 94-99 (2011).</li><li>Shapira, O., Goldstein, A., Al-Bassam, J., Gheber, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+potential+physiological+role+for+bi-directional+motility+and+motor+clustering+of+mitotic+kinesin-5+Cin8+in+yeast+mitosis.">A potential physiological role for bi-directional motility and motor clustering of mitotic kinesin-5 Cin8 in yeast mitosis.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 130 (4), 725-734 (2017).</li><li>Goldstein-Levitin, A., Pandey, H., Allhuzaeel, K., Kass, I., Gheber, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+functions+and+motile+properties+of+bi-directional+kinesin-5+Cin8+are+regulated+by+neck+linker+docking.">Intracellular functions and motile properties of bi-directional kinesin-5 Cin8 are regulated by neck linker docking.</a> eLife. 10, 71036 (2021).</li><li>Pandey, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drag-induced+directionality+switching+of+kinesin-5+Cin8+revealed+by+cluster-motility+analysis.">Drag-induced directionality switching of kinesin-5 Cin8 revealed by cluster-motility analysis.</a> Science Advances. 7 (6), 1687 (2021).</li><li>Pandey, H., Popov, M., Goldstein-Levitin, A., Gheber, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+by+which+kinesin-5+motors+perform+their+multiple+intracellular+functions.">Mechanisms by which kinesin-5 motors perform their multiple intracellular functions.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (12), 6420 (2021).</li><li>Fridman, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinesin-5+Kip1+is+a+bi-directional+motor+that+stabilizes+microtubules+and+tracks+their+plus-ends+in+vivo.">Kinesin-5 Kip1 is a bi-directional motor that stabilizes microtubules and tracks their plus-ends in vivo.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 126, 4147-4159 (2013).</li><li>Edamatsu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bidirectional+motility+of+the+fission+yeast+kinesin-5,+Cut7.">Bidirectional motility of the fission yeast kinesin-5, Cut7.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 446 (1), 231-234 (2014).</li><li>Popchock, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mitotic+kinesin-14+KlpA+contains+a+context-dependent+directionality+switch.">The mitotic kinesin-14 KlpA contains a context-dependent directionality switch.</a> Nature Communications. 8, 13999 (2017).</li><li>Bodrug, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+kinesin-5+tail+domain+directly+modulates+the+mechanochemical+cycle+of+the+motor+domain+for+anti-parallel+microtubule+sliding.">The kinesin-5 tail domain directly modulates the mechanochemical cycle of the motor domain for anti-parallel microtubule sliding.</a> eLife. 9 (9), 51131 (2020).</li><li>Gheber, L., Kuo, S. C., Hoyt, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motile+properties+of+the+kinesin-related+Cin8p+spindle+motor+extracted+from+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+cells.">Motile properties of the kinesin-related Cin8p spindle motor extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (14), 9564-9572 (1999).</li><li>Pandey, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flexible+microtubule+anchoring+modulates+the+bi-directional+motility+of+the+kinesin-5+Cin8.">Flexible microtubule anchoring modulates the bi-directional motility of the kinesin-5 Cin8.</a> Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 78 (16), 6051-6068 (2021).</li><li>Shapira, O., Gheber, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motile+properties+of+the+bi-directional+kinesin-5+Cin8+are+affected+by+phosphorylation+in+its+motor+domain.">Motile properties of the bi-directional kinesin-5 Cin8 are affected by phosphorylation in its motor domain.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 25597 (2016).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nature Methods. 9 (7), 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Britto, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Schizosaccharomyces+pombe+kinesin-5+switches+direction+using+a+steric+blocking+mechanism.">Schizosaccharomyces pombe kinesin-5 switches direction using a steric blocking mechanism.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (47), 7483-7489 (2016).</li><li>Kapitein, L. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule+cross-linking+triggers+the+directional+motility+of+kinesin-5.">Microtubule cross-linking triggers the directional motility of kinesin-5.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 182 (3), 421-428 (2008).</li><li>Furuta, K., Edamatsu, M., Maeda, Y., Toyoshima, Y. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+and+directed+movement+in+vitro+motile+properties+of+fission+yeast+kinesin-14+Pkl1.">Diffusion and directed movement in vitro motile properties of fission yeast kinesin-14 Pkl1.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (52), 36465-36473 (2008).</li><li>Katrukha, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+cytoskeletal+modulation+of+passive+and+active+intracellular+dynamics+using+nanobody-functionalized+quantum+dots.">Probing cytoskeletal modulation of passive and active intracellular dynamics using nanobody-functionalized quantum dots.</a> Nature Communications. 8, 14772 (2017).</li><li>Tinevez, J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TrackMate:+An+open+and+extensible+platform+for+single-particle+tracking.">TrackMate: An open and extensible platform for single-particle tracking.</a> Methods. 115, 80-90 (2017).</li><li>Jakobs, M. A. H., Dimitracopoulos, A., Franze, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=KymoBulter,+a+deep+learning+software+for+automated+kymograph+analysis.">KymoBulter, a deep learning software for automated kymograph analysis.</a> eLife. 8, 42288 (2019).</li></ol>

In this work, a protocol for single-molecule motility assay with the bi-directional kinesin-5 Cin8 and the motility analysis are presented. The full-length Cin818 including the native nuclear localization signal (NLS) at the C-terminal has been purified from the native host S. cerevisiae. As the Cin8 is a nuclear motor protein, grinding the S. cerevisiae cells under liquid nitrogen is found to be the most efficient method for cell lysis. After lysis, by combining metal affinity a...

A large number of motility events within eukaryotic cells are mediated by the function of molecular motor proteins. These motors move along the cytoskeletal filaments, actin filaments, and microtubules (MTs), and convert the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into kinetic and mechanical forces required to drive biological motility within cells. The MT-based S. cerevisiae Cin8 is a bipolar, homotetrameric kinesin-5 motor protein that crosslinks and slides spindle MTs apart1. Cin8 performs essential functions during mitosis, in spindle assembly2,3,4 and spindle elongation during anaphase5,6,7. Previously, it had been demonstrated that Cin8 is a bi-directional motor, which switches directionality under different experimental conditions. For instance, under high ionic strength conditions, single Cin8 motors move toward the minus-end of the MTs, while in clusters, in multi-motor MT gliding assays, and between antiparallel MTs, Cin8 motors move mainly toward the plus-ends of the MTs8,9,10,11,12. These findings were highly unexpected because of several reasons. First, Cin8 carries its catalytic motor domain at the amino-terminus and such motors were previously believed to be exclusively plus-end directed, whereas Cin8 was shown to be minus-end directed at the single-molecule level. Second, kinesin motors were believed to be unidirectional, either minus-end or plus-end directed, whereas Cin8 was shown to be bi-directional, depending on the experimental conditions. Finally, because of the MT orientation at the mitotic spindle, the classical role of kinesin-5 motors in the separation of spindle poles during spindle assembly and anaphase B could only be explained by their plus-end directed motility on the MTs they crosslink1,13. Following the first reports on the bi-directionality of Cin8, a few other kinesin motors were demonstrated to be bi-directional14,15,16, indicating that the bi-directional motility of kinesin motors may be more common than earlier believed.
It has been previously reported that in cells, Cin8 also moves in a bi-directional manner8, supporting the notion that the bi-directional motility of some kinesin-5 motors is important for their intracellular functions. In addition, since the three kinesin-5 motors that were reported to be bi-directional are from fungal cells, a possible role for the bi-directionality of kinesin-5 motors has been recently proposed in such cells10. According to this model, in closed mitosis of fungal cells, where the nuclear envelope doesn&#39;t break down during mitosis, kinesin-5 motors provide the initial force that separates the spindle poles apart prior to spindle assembly. To perform this task, prior to spindle pole separation, kinesin-5 motors localize near the spindle poles, by their minus-end directed motility on single nuclear MTs. Once at this position, kinesin-5 motors cluster, switch directionality, capture, and cross-link MTs from neighboring spindle poles. Subsequently, kinesin-5 motors provide the initial separation of the poles by plus-end directed motility on the MTs they crosslink. By this model, both minus-end directed motility on single MTs and plus-end directed motility on cross-linked MTs during antiparallel sliding are required for fungal kinesin-5 motors to perform their roles in spindle assembly1,13.
The overall goal of the described method is to obtain high-purity fungal GFP-tagged kinesin-5 Cin8 and to perform single-molecule motility assays (Figure 1) while separately analyzing the motility of single molecules and clusters of Cin8. The separation between single molecules and clusters is important since one of the factors that had been demonstrated to affect the directionality of Cin8 is its accumulation in clusters on the MTs10,12. Alternative motility assays, such as the MT surface gliding and MT sliding assays do not provide information regarding the activity of single motor proteins17,18. The robust single-molecule motility assay and analysis methods described here have been successfully applied to characterize different aspects of kinesin-5 motors, Cin8 and Kip110,11,12,14,19,20.
Here, a detailed protocol is presented for Cin8 overexpression and purification, polymerization of MTs, and the single-molecule motility assay. Furthermore, the analyses to differentiate between single molecules and clusters of Cin8, and to determine single motor and cluster velocities by mean displacement (MD) and mean square displacement (MSD) analysis are also described. This protocol aims to help researchers to visualize all the steps of the procedures and assist with troubleshooting this type of assays.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63425/63425fig01v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the single-molecule motility assay. Biotinylated fluorescent MTs are attached to the glass surface, coated with Avidin that interacts with the surface-attached biotinylated-BSA. The green arrow represents the movement direction of single Cin8 molecules under high ionic strength conditions. +/- represent the polarity of the MT. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/63425/63425fig01largev2.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenine</td>
			<td>FORMEDIUM</td>
			<td>DOC0230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7699</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotinylated-BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A8549</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Casein</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C7078</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Catalase (C40)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Creatine-Kinase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C3755</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D0632</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E5134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E4378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence filter set for GFP</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>49002: ET-EGFP (FITC/Cy2)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence filter set for Rhodamine</td>
			<td>Chroma</td>
			<td>49004: ET-CY3/TRITC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axiovert 200M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Galactose</td>
			<td>Tivan Biotech</td>
			<td>GAL02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G8270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose Oxidase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G7141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlycylGlycine</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>G0674</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GMPCPP</td>
			<td>Jana Bioscience</td>
			<td>Nu-405L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GTB</td>
			<td>Cytoskeleton</td>
			<td>BST01-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GTP</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G8877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histidine</td>
			<td>Duchefa Biochemie</td>
			<td>H0710.0100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ-FIJI software</td>
			<td>https://imagej.net/plugins/trackmate/</td>
			<td>version 2.1.0/1.53c; Java 1.8.0_172 [64-bit] for Windows 10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imidazole</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I0125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>InstantBlue Coomassie Protein Stain</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab119211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lens</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>100x/1.4 oil DIC objective</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysine</td>
			<td>FORMEDIUM</td>
			<td>DOC0161</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methionine</td>
			<td>Duchefa Biochemie</td>
			<td>M0715.0100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neo</td>
			<td>Andor Technologies</td>
			<td>sCMOS camera</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NeutraAvidin</td>
			<td>Life</td>
			<td>A2666</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ni-NTA Agarose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>R901-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phospho-Creatine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1937</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipes</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1851</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pluronic acid F-127 (poloxamer)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P2443</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Raffinose</td>
			<td>Tivan Biotech</td>
			<td>RAF01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Size Exclusion chromatography instument</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>AKTA Pure</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NanoDrop</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superose-6 10/300 GL</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-5172-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris</td>
			<td>Roshe</td>
			<td>10708976001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptophan</td>
			<td>Duchefa Biochemie</td>
			<td>T0720.0100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubulin protein</td>
			<td>Cytoskeleton</td>
			<td>T240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubulin, biotinylated</td>
			<td>Cytoskeleton</td>
			<td>T333P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubulin, TRITC Rhodamine</td>
			<td>Cytoskeleton</td>
			<td>TL530M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uracil</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>U0750-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast nitrogen base</td>
			<td>FORMEDIUM</td>
			<td>CYN0401S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-GFP antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>SC8036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M3148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

motility of single molecules and clusters of bi-directional kinesin-5 cin8 purified from s. cerevisiae cells

The mitotic bipolar kinesin-5 motors perform essential functions in spindle dynamics. These motors exhibit a homo-tetrameric structure with two pairs of catalytic motor domains, located at opposite ends of the active complex. This unique architecture enables kinesin-5 motors to crosslink and slide apart antiparallel spindle microtubules (MTs), thus providing the outwardly-directed force that separates the spindle poles apart. Previously, kinesin-5 motors were believed to be exclusively plus-end directed. However, recent studies revealed that several fungal kinesin-5 motors are minus-end directed at the single-molecule level and can switch directionality under various experimental conditions. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-5 Cin8 is an example of such bi-directional motor protein: in high ionic strength conditions single molecules of Cin8 move in the minus-end direction of the MTs. It was also shown that Cin8 forms motile clusters, predominantly at the minus-end of the MTs, and such clustering allows Cin8 to switch directionality and undergo slow, plus-end directed motility. This article provides a detailed protocol for all steps of working with GFP-tagged kinesin-5 Cin8, from protein overexpression in S. cerevisiae cells and its purification to in vitro single-molecule motility assay. A newly developed method described here helps to differentiate between single molecules and clusters of Cin8, based on their fluorescence intensity. This method enables separate analysis of motility of single molecules and clusters of Cin8, thus providing the characterization of the dependence of Cin8 motility on its cluster size.

The experiment aims to investigate the motility characteristics of bi-directional motor protein Cin8 of different cluster sizes on single MTs. Representative motility of Cin8-GFP is also evident from the kymographs in Figure 5A, where the spatial position of the motor over time is shown.
For the analysis of the motile properties of Cin8-GFP, first, the cluster size is assigned (step 4.3) to each MT-attached motile Cin8-GFP particle, and then the position of the ex...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells at JoVE.com

Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells

The bi-directional mitotic kinesin-5 Cin8 accumulates in clusters that split and merge during their motility. Accumulation in clusters also changes the velocity and directionality of Cin8. Here, a protocol for motility assays with purified Cin8-GFP and analysis of motile properties of single molecules and clusters of Cin8 is described.

Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells

The mitotic bipolar kinesin-5 motors perform essential functions in spindle dynamics. These motors exhibit a homo-tetrameric structure with two pairs of ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

An Efficient Method for the Isolation of Highly Purified RNA from Seeds for Use in Quantitative Transcriptome Analysis

对于高度纯化RNA的种子定量转录组分析的隔离中使用的有效方法

Plant seeds accumulate large amounts of storage reserves comprising biodegradable organic matter. Humans rely on seed storage reserves for food and as ...

科研

生物化学

Resolving Affinity Purified Protein Complexes by Blue Native PAGE and Protein Correlation Profiling

解决由蓝变性PAGE和蛋白质相关剖析亲和纯化的蛋白复合物

Most proteins act in association with others; hence, it is crucial to characterize these functional units in order to fully understand biological ...

A Simple, Robust, and High Throughput Single Molecule Flow Stretching Assay Implementation for Studying Transport of Molecules Along DNA

一种简单、健壮且高通量的单分子流动拉伸试验研究分子沿 DNA 运移的方法

We describe a simple, robust and high throughput single molecule flow-stretching assay for studying 1D diffusion of molecules along DNA. In this assay, ...

Force Spectroscopy of Single Protein Molecules Using an Atomic Force Microscope

原子力显微镜对单蛋白质分子的力谱

The determination of the folding process of proteins from their amino acid sequence to their native 3D structure is an important problem in biology. ...

Combining X-Ray Crystallography with Small Angle X-Ray Scattering to Model Unstructured Regions of Nsa1 from S. Cerevisiae

Combining X-Ray Crystallography with Small Angle X-Ray Scattering to Model Unstructured Regions of Nsa1 from S. Cerevisiae

结合 x 射线晶体学与小角度 x 射线散射到模型的非结构化区域的 Nsa1 从s 酿酒酵母

Determination of the full-length structure of ribosome assembly factor Nsa1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) is challenging because of the ...

Single-Molecule Tracking Microscopy - A Tool for Determining the Diffusive States of Cytosolic Molecules

单分子跟踪显微镜 - 确定细胞分子扩散状态的工具

Single-molecule localization microscopy probes the position and motions of individual molecules in living cells with tens of nanometer spatial and ...

Spectrophotometric Screening for Potential Inhibitors of Cytosolic Glutathione S-Transferases

细胞性谷胱甘肽S-转移酶潜在抑制剂的分光光度筛选

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are metabolic enzymes responsible for the elimination of endogenous or exogenous electrophilic compounds by glutathione ...

Microcrystal Electron Diffraction of Small Molecules

小分子的微晶电子衍射

A detailed protocol for preparing small molecule samples for microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) experiments is described. MicroED has been ...

Assessment of Submitochondrial Protein Localization in Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Assessment of Submitochondrial Protein Localization in Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

萌芽酵母酿酒酵母中软骨蛋白定位的评估

Despite recent advances in the characterization of yeast mitochondrial proteome, the submitochondrial localization of a significant number of proteins ...