Name: large-scale, automated production of adipose-derived stem cell spheroids for 3d bioprinting
Uploaded: 2022-03-31T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Large-Scale, Automated Production of Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Spheroids for 3D Bioprinting at JoVE.com

We thank the National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO, RJ, Brazil) for the use of their facilities. This study was partially supported by the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Faperj) (finance Code: E26/202.682/2018 and E-26/010.001771/2019, the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (finance code: 307460/2019-3), and the Office of Naval Research (ONR) (finance code: N62909-21-1-2091). This work was partially supported by the National Center of Science and Technology on Regenerative Medicine-INCT Regenera (http://www.inctregenera.org.br/).

The ASCs used in this study were previously isolated from healthy human donors and cryopreserved as described14 according to the Research Ethics Committee of Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (25818719.4.0000.5257). See Table of Materials for details regarding all the materials and equipment used in this study.
1. Trypsinization of ASC monolayer at passage three
<ol>
	<li>Open the...

<ol>
	<li>Gentile, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Filling+the+gaps+between+the+in+vivo+and+in+vitro+microenvironment:+Engineering+of+spheroids+for+stem+cell+technology.">Filling the gaps between the in vivo and in vitro microenvironment: Engineering of spheroids for stem cell technology.</a> Current Stem Cell Research &amp; Therapy. 11 (8), 652-665 (2016).</li><li>Bartosh, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aggregation+of+human+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+(MSCs)+into+3D+spheroids+enhances+their+antiinflammatory+properties.">Aggregation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) into 3D spheroids enhances their antiinflammatory properties.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (31), 13724-13729 (2010).</li><li>Frith, J. E., Thomson, B., Genever, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+three-dimensional+culture+methods+enhance+mesenchymal+stem+cell+properties+and+increase+therapeutic+potential.">Dynamic three-dimensional culture methods enhance mesenchymal stem cell properties and increase therapeutic potential.</a> Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods. 16 (4), 735-749 (2009).</li><li>Cort&#234;s, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+scaffold-+and+serum-free+method+to+mimic+human+stable+cartilage+validated+by+secretome.">A scaffold- and serum-free method to mimic human stable cartilage validated by secretome.</a> Tissue Engineering: Part A. 27 (5-6), 311-327 (2021).</li><li>Kronemberger, G. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scaffold-+and+serum-free+hypertrophic+cartilage+tissue+engineering+as+an+alternative+approach+for+bone+repair.">Scaffold- and serum-free hypertrophic cartilage tissue engineering as an alternative approach for bone repair.</a> Artificial Organs. 44 (7), 288-299 (2020).</li><li>Kronemberger, G. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hypertrophic+cartilage+induction+influences+the+building-block+capacity+of+human+adipose+stem/stromal+cell+spheroids+for+biofabrication.">The hypertrophic cartilage induction influences the building-block capacity of human adipose stem/stromal cell spheroids for biofabrication.</a> Artificial Organs. 45 (10), 1208-1218 (2021).</li><li>Mehesz, A. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scalable+robotic+biofabrication+of+tissue+spheroids.">Scalable robotic biofabrication of tissue spheroids.</a> Biofabrication. 3 (2), 025002 (2011).</li><li>Koudan, E. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+scalable+standardized+biofabrication+of+tissue+spheroids+from+different+cell+types+using+nonadhesive+technology.">The scalable standardized biofabrication of tissue spheroids from different cell types using nonadhesive technology.</a> 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing. 4 (1), 53-60 (2017).</li><li>Parfenov, V. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=label-free+and+nozzle-free+biofabrication+technology+using+magnetic+levitational+assembly.">label-free and nozzle-free biofabrication technology using magnetic levitational assembly.</a> Biofabrication. 10 (3), 034104 (2018).</li><li>Laschke, M. W., Menger, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Life+is+3D:+Boosting+spheroid+function+for+tissue+engineering.">Life is 3D: Boosting spheroid function for tissue engineering.</a> Trends in Biotechnology. 35 (2), 133-144 (2017).</li><li>Gutzweiler, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large+scale+production+and+controlled+deposition+of+single+HUVEC+spheroids+for+bioprinting+applications.">Large scale production and controlled deposition of single HUVEC spheroids for bioprinting applications.</a> Biofabrication. 9 (2), 025027 (2017).</li><li>Lin, H., Li, Q., Lei, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+tissues+using+human+pluripotent+stem+cell+spheroids+as+biofabrication+building+blocks.">Three-dimensional tissues using human pluripotent stem cell spheroids as biofabrication building blocks.</a> Biofabrication. 9 (2), 025007 (2017).</li><li>Groll, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biofabrication:+reappraising+the+definition+of+an+evolving+field.">Biofabrication: reappraising the definition of an evolving field.</a> Biofabrication. 8 (1), 013001 (2016).</li><li>Baptista, L. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+alternative+method+for+the+isolation+of+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+derived+from+lipoaspirate+samples.">An alternative method for the isolation of mesenchymal stromal cells derived from lipoaspirate samples.</a> Cytotherapy. 11 (6), 706-715 (2009).</li><li>Conway, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scalable+96-well+plate+based+iPSC+culture+and+production+using+a+robotic+liquid+handling+system.">Scalable 96-well plate based iPSC culture and production using a robotic liquid handling system.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments:JoVE. (99), e52755 (2015).</li><li>Moutsatsou, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automation+in+cell+and+gene+therapy+manufacturing:+from+past+to+future.">Automation in cell and gene therapy manufacturing: from past to future.</a> Biotechnology Letters. 41 (11), 1245-1253 (2019).</li><li>Doulgkeroglou, M. -. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automation,+monitoring,+and+standardization+of+cell+product+manufacturing.">Automation, monitoring, and standardization of cell product manufacturing.</a> Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 8, 811 (2020).</li><li>Bhise, N. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+liver-on-a-chip+platform+with+bioprinted+hepatic+spheroids.">A liver-on-a-chip platform with bioprinted hepatic spheroids.</a> Biofabrication. 8 (1), 014101 (2016).</li><li>Daly, A. C., Kelly, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biofabrication+of+spatially+organised+tissues+by+directing+the+growth+of+cellular+spheroids+within+3D+printed+polymeric+microchambers.">Biofabrication of spatially organised tissues by directing the growth of cellular spheroids within 3D printed polymeric microchambers.</a> Biomaterials. 197, 194-206 (2019).</li><li>Lopa, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+biofabrication+of+3D+multicellular+spheroids+by+modulation+of+non-geometrical+parameters.">Microfluidic biofabrication of 3D multicellular spheroids by modulation of non-geometrical parameters.</a> Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 8, 366 (2020).</li><li>Meseguer-Ripolles, J., Kasarinaite, A., Lucendo-Villarin, B., Hay, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protocol+for+automated+production+of+human+stem+cell+derived+liver+spheres.">Protocol for automated production of human stem cell derived liver spheres.</a> STAR Protocols. 2 (2), 100502 (2021).</li><li>Lee, G. -. H., Suh, Y., Park, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+paired+bead+and+magnet+array+for+molding+microwells+with+variable+concave+geometries.">A paired bead and magnet array for molding microwells with variable concave geometries.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (131), e55548 (2018).</li><li>Becerra, D., Wu, T., Jeffs, S., Ott, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+culture+method+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+alveolar+epithelial+cells.">High-throughput culture method of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived alveolar epithelial cells.</a> Tissue Engineering Part C - Methods. 27 (12), 639-648 (2021).</li><li>Mironov, V., Kasyanov, V., Markwald, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organ+printing:+from+bioprinter+to+organ+biofabrication+line.">Organ printing: from bioprinter to organ biofabrication line.</a> Current Opinion Biotechnology. 22 (5), 667-673 (2011).</li><li>De Moor, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+fabrication+of+vascularized+spheroids+for+bioprinting.">High-throughput fabrication of vascularized spheroids for bioprinting.</a> Biofabrication. 10 (3), 035009 (2018).</li></ol>

This paper presents the large-scale generation of ASC spheroids using an automated pipette system. The critical step of the protocol is to precisely set up the software to ensure the correct volume of cell suspension, speed, and distance for pipetting. The parameters described in the protocol were determined after a number of trials to optimize the dispensing of the ASC cell suspension into the wells of 12-well plates containing the micromolded, non-adherent hydrogels. The optimization was evaluated by measuring the diam...

Spheroids are considered a scaffold-free approach in tissue engineering. ASCs are capable of forming spheroids by the self-assembly process. The spheroid&#39;s 3D microarchitecture increases the regenerative potential of ASCs, including the differentiation capacity into multiple lineages1,2,3. This research group has been working with ASC spheroids for cartilage and bone tissue engineering4,5,6. More importantly, spheroids are considered building-blocks in the biofabrication of tissues and organs, mainly due to their fusion capacity.
The use of spheroids for tissue formation depends on three main points: (1) the development of standardized and scalable robotic methods for their biofabrication7, (2) the systematic phenotyping of tissue spheroids8, (3) the development of methods for the assembly of 3D tissues9. These spheroids can be formed with different cell types and obtained through various methods, including hanging drop, reaggregation, microfluidics, and micromolds8,9,10. Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages related to the homogeneity of size and shape of the spheroids, recovery of the spheroids after formation, the number of spheroids produced, process automation, labor intensity, and costs11.
In the micromold method, the cells are dispensed and deposited at the bottom of the micromold because of gravity. The non-adhesive hydrogel does not allow the cells to adhere to the bottom, and cell-to-cell interactions lead to the formation of a single spheroid per recession8,12. This biofabrication method generates spheroids of homogeneous and controlled size, can be robotized for large-scale production in a time-efficient manner with minimal effort, and has good cost-effectiveness-critical factors in the design of a biofabrication of tissue spheroid7,8. This method can be applied to form spheroids of any cell lineage to prepare a new tissue type with predictable, optimal, and controllable characteristics8.
Biofabrication is defined as &#34;the automated generation of biologically functional products with structural organization ...&#34;13. Therefore, the automated production of spheroids is considered the first mandatory step for developing a biofabrication line, which continues in the 3D bioprinting process and finishes in the full maturation of the bioprinted tissue by spheroid fusion. In this study, to improve the scalability of ASC spheroid biofabrication, we use an automated pipetting system to seed the cell suspension, thus ensuring the homogeneity of spheroid size and shape. This paper shows that it was possible to produce a large number (thousands) of spheroids needed for 3D bioprinting approaches to biofabricate more complex tissue models.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well plastic plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS430828</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EpMotion 5070</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5070000282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>epT.I.P.S. Motion</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30015231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15576028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10082147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low Glucose Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM LOW)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31600034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicroTissues 3D Petri Dish micro-mold spheroids - 16 x 16 array</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Z764000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicroTissues 3D Petri Dish micro-mold spheroids - 9 x 9 array</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Z764019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphate saline buffer (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>806552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S8776</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tissue culture flask</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430720U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trypan</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-942E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trypsin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>27250018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ultrapure agarose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16500100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

large-scale, automated production of adipose-derived stem cell spheroids for 3d bioprinting

Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) are a subpopulation of cells found in the stromal vascular fraction of human subcutaneous adipose tissue recognized as a classical source of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. Many studies have been published with ASCs for scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches, which mainly explored the behavior of these cells after their seeding on bioactive scaffolds. However, scaffold-free approaches are emerging to engineer tissues in vitro and in vivo, mainly by using spheroids, to overcome the limitations of scaffold-based approaches.
Spheroids are 3D microtissues formed by the self-assembly process. They can better mimic the architecture and microenvironment of native tissues, mainly due to the magnification of cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. Recently, spheroids are mainly being explored as disease models, drug screening studies, and building blocks for 3D bioprinting. However, for 3D bioprinting approaches, numerous spheroids, homogeneous in size and shape, are necessary to biofabricate complex tissue and organ models. In addition, when spheroids are produced automatically, there is little chance for microbiological contamination, increasing the reproducibility of the method.
The large-scale production of spheroids is considered the first mandatory step for developing a biofabrication line, which continues in the 3D bioprinting process and finishes in the full maturation of the tissue construct in bioreactors. However, the number of studies that explored the large-scale ASC spheroid production are still scarce, together with the number of studies that used ASC spheroids as building blocks for 3D bioprinting. Therefore, this article aims to show the large-scale production of ASC spheroids using a non-adhesive micromolded hydrogel technique spreading ASC spheroids as building blocks for 3D bioprinting approaches.

The automatic pipette system can seed the ASC cell suspension into 12 wells of one 12-well plate in 15 min. Using the 81 micromolded non-adherent hydrogel will produce 972 spheroids at the end of the protocol. Using the 256 micromolded non-adherent hydrogel will produce 3,072 spheroids at the end of the protocol. ASC spheroids were analyzed for the homogeneity of their size and shape. ASC spheroids from micromolds with 81 recessions showed homogeneous diameter during the culture period in contrast to ASC spheroids from m...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Large-Scale, Automated Production of Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Spheroids for 3D Bioprinting at JoVE.com

Large-Scale, Automated Production of Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Spheroids for 3D Bioprinting

Here, we describe the large-scale production of adipose-derived stromal/stem cell (ASC) spheroids using an automated pipetting system to seed the cell suspension, thus ensuring homogeneity of spheroid size and shape. These ASC spheroids can be used as building blocks for 3D bioprinting approaches.

Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) are a subpopulation of cells found in the stromal vascular fraction of human subcutaneous adipose tissue ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

A Simple Hanging Drop Cell Culture Protocol for Generation of 3D Spheroids

一个简单的悬滴细胞生成三维球体文化协议

Studies of cell-cell cohesion and cell-substratum adhesion have historically been performed on monolayer cultures adherent to rigid substrates. Cells ...

科研

生物工程

Nutrient Regulation by Continuous Feeding for Large-scale Expansion of Mammalian Cells in Spheroids

在球体哺乳动物细胞大规模扩张营养调控连续通

In this demonstration, spheroids formed from the &#946;-TC6 insulinoma cell line were cultured as a model of manufacturing a mammalian islet cell product ...

Cloning and Large-Scale Production of High-Capacity Adenoviral Vectors Based on the Human Adenovirus Type 5

基于人类腺病毒5型高容量腺病毒载体的克隆及规模化生产

High-capacity adenoviral vectors (HCAdV) devoid of all viral coding sequences represent one of the most advanced gene delivery vectors due to their high ...

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels

缩微和3D微血管大会

In vitro platforms to study endothelial cells and vascular biology are largely limited to 2D endothelial cell culture, flow chambers with polymer or glass ...

Automated Robotic Dispensing Technique for Surface Guidance and Bioprinting of Cells

自动点胶机器人技术在细胞表面和指导生物印刷

This manuscript describes the introduction of cell guidance features followed by the direct delivery of cells to these features in a hydrogel bioink using ...

Creation of Cardiac Tissue Exhibiting Mechanical Integration of Spheroids Using 3D Bioprinting

使用3D生物印刷创建心脏组织展示球体的机械整合

This protocol describes 3D bioprinting of cardiac tissue without the use of biomaterials, using only cells. Cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and ...

Bioprinting of Cartilage and Skin Tissue Analogs Utilizing a Novel Passive Mixing Unit Technique for Bioink Precellularization

Bioink Precellularization 无源混合装置打印软骨及皮肤组织类似物的应用

Bioprinting is a powerful technique for the rapid and reproducible fabrication of constructs for tissue engineering applications. In this study, both ...

Direct Bioprinting of 3D Multicellular Breast Spheroids onto Endothelial Networks

将3D多细胞乳房球体直接生物打印到内皮网络

Bioprinting is emerging as a promising tool to fabricate 3D human cancer models that better recapitulate critical hallmarks of in vivo tissue ...

Preparation and Characterization of Graphene-Based 3D Biohybrid Hydrogel Bioink for Peripheral Neuroengineering

用于外周神经工程的石墨烯基3D生物杂化水凝胶生物墨水的制备与表征

Peripheral neuropathies can occur as a result of axonal damage, and occasionally due to demyelinating diseases. Peripheral nerve damage is a global ...

Formulating and Characterizing an Exosome-based Dopamine Carrier System

基于外泌体的多巴胺载体系统的配方和表征

Exosomes between 40 and 200 nm in size constitute the smallest subgroup of extracellular vesicles. These bioactive vesicles secreted by cells play an ...