Name: mechanical conflict-avoidance assay to measure pain behavior in mice
Uploaded: 2022-02-18T14:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mechanical Conflict-Avoidance Assay to Measure Pain Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

GM由NDSEG研究生奖学金提供支持。VLT由NIH NIGMS赠款#GM137906和Rita Allen基金会提供支持。AJS 由国防部拨款 W81XWH-20-1-0277、W81XWH-21-1-0197 和 Rita Allen 基金会提供支持。我们感谢华盛顿大学医学院的Alexxai Kravitz博士为2室地板和探针板设计和免费提供3D打印机文件。

所有涉及使用小鼠的实验以及其中遵循的程序均由MD安德森癌症中心和斯坦福大学的机构动物护理和使用委员会批准，严格按照美国国立卫生研究院的实验动物护理和使用指南。
1. 马华大厦
<ol><li>构建具有以下尺寸的1室1：125 mm x 125 mm x 125 mm（宽x深x高度），从不透明的白色3mm厚的丙烯酸树脂中用于侧壁，地板，天花板。使用3毫米厚的透明丙烯酸树脂作为...

<ol>
	<li>Hargreaves, K., Dubner, R., Brown, F., Flores, C., Joris, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+and+sensitive+method+for+measuring+thermal+nociception+in+cutaneous+hyperalgesia.">A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia.</a> Pain. 32 (1), 77-88 (1988).</li><li>Chaplan, S. R., Bach, F. W., Pogrel, J. W., Chung, J. M., Yaksh, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+tactile+allodynia+in+the+rat+paw.">Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 53 (1), 55-63 (1994).</li><li>Sheahan, T. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammation+and+nerve+injury+minimally+affect+mouse+voluntary+behaviors+proposed+as+indicators+of+pain.">Inflammation and nerve injury minimally affect mouse voluntary behaviors proposed as indicators of pain.</a> Neurobiology of Pain. 2, 1-12 (2017).</li><li>Wodarski, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-centre+replication+of+suppressed+burrowing+behaviour+as+an+ethologically+relevant+pain+outcome+measure+in+the+rat:+a+prospective+multicentre+study.">Cross-centre replication of suppressed burrowing behaviour as an ethologically relevant pain outcome measure in the rat: a prospective multicentre study.</a> Pain. 157 (10), 2350-2365 (2016).</li><li>King, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unmasking+the+tonic-aversive+state+in+neuropathic+pain.">Unmasking the tonic-aversive state in neuropathic pain.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 12 (11), 1364-1366 (2009).</li><li>Harte, S. E., Meyers, J. B., Donahue, R. R., Taylor, B. K., Morrow, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+Conflict+System:+A+Novel+Operant+Method+for+the+Assessment+of+Nociceptive+Behavior.">Mechanical Conflict System: A Novel Operant Method for the Assessment of Nociceptive Behavior.</a> PLoS One. 11 (2), 0150164 (2016).</li><li>Pahng, A. R., Edwards, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+Pain+Avoidance-Like+Behavior+in+Drug-Dependent+Rats.">Measuring Pain Avoidance-Like Behavior in Drug-Dependent Rats.</a> Current Protocols in Neuroscience. 85 (1), 53 (2018).</li><li>Odem, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sham+surgeries+for+central+and+peripheral+neural+injuries+persistently+enhance+pain-avoidance+behavior+as+revealed+by+an+operant+conflict+test.">Sham surgeries for central and peripheral neural injuries persistently enhance pain-avoidance behavior as revealed by an operant conflict test.</a> Pain. 160 (11), 2440-2455 (2019).</li><li>LaBuda, C. J., Fuchs, P. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+behavioral+test+paradigm+to+measure+the+aversive+quality+of+inflammatory+and+neuropathic+pain+in+rats.">A behavioral test paradigm to measure the aversive quality of inflammatory and neuropathic pain in rats.</a> Experimental Neurology. 163 (2), 490-494 (2000).</li><li>LaBuda, C. J., Fuchs, P. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphine+and+gabapentin+decrease+mechanical+hyperalgesia+and+escape/avoidance+behavior+in+a+rat+model+of+neuropathic+pain.">Morphine and gabapentin decrease mechanical hyperalgesia and escape/avoidance behavior in a rat model of neuropathic pain.</a> Neuroscience Letters. 290 (2), 137-140 (2000).</li><li>Vichaya, E. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motivational+changes+that+develop+in+a+mouse+model+of+inflammation-induced+depression+are+independent+of+indoleamine+2,3+dioxygenase.">Motivational changes that develop in a mouse model of inflammation-induced depression are independent of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase.</a> Neuropsychopharmacology. 44 (2), 364-371 (2019).</li><li>Hasco&#235;t, M., Bourin, M., Nic Dhonnchadha, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mouse+light-dark+paradigm:+a+review.">The mouse light-dark paradigm: a review.</a> Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology &amp; Biological Psychiatry. 25 (1), 141-166 (2001).</li><li>Shepherd, A. J., Mohapatra, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+validation+of+voluntary+gait+and+mechanical+sensitivity+assays+associated+with+inflammatory+and+neuropathic+pain+in+mice.">Pharmacological validation of voluntary gait and mechanical sensitivity assays associated with inflammatory and neuropathic pain in mice.</a> Neuropharmacology. 130, 18-29 (2018).</li><li>Huck, N. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+Contribution+of+Myeloid-Lineage+TLR4+to+the+Transition+to+Chronic+Pain:+A+Focus+on+Sex+Differences.">Temporal Contribution of Myeloid-Lineage TLR4 to the Transition to Chronic Pain: A Focus on Sex Differences.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 41 (19), 4349-4365 (2021).</li><li>Pitzer, C., La Porta, C., Treede, R. D., Tappe-Theodor, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammatory+and+neuropathic+pain+conditions+do+not+primarily+evoke+anxiety-like+behaviours+in+C57BL/6+mice.">Inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions do not primarily evoke anxiety-like behaviours in C57BL/6 mice.</a> European Journal of Pain. 23 (2), 285-306 (2019).</li><li>Sieberg, C. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropathic+pain+drives+anxiety+behavior+in+mice,+results+consistent+with+anxiety+levels+in+diabetic+neuropathy+patients.">Neuropathic pain drives anxiety behavior in mice, results consistent with anxiety levels in diabetic neuropathy patients.</a> Pain Reports. 3 (3), 651 (2018).</li><li>Meuwissen, K. P. V., van Beek, M., Joosten, E. A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burst+and+Tonic+Spinal+Cord+Stimulation+in+the+Mechanical+Conflict-Avoidance+System:+Cognitive-Motivational+Aspects.">Burst and Tonic Spinal Cord Stimulation in the Mechanical Conflict-Avoidance System: Cognitive-Motivational Aspects.</a> Neuromodulation. 23 (5), 605-612 (2020).</li></ol>

与所有行为测试一样，正确处理，随机化和对动物治疗的盲法至关重要。鉴于复杂行为和决策的多因素输入，必须尽可能一致地处理，习惯和测试动物，同时最大限度地减少痛苦。还应注意重现鼠标放置在腔室1中，打开LED灯并消除障碍物的时间，因为此处的差异可能会影响后续行为。 
应该注意的是， 图1A 中描述的不同结局指标是相互关联的。例如，?...

疼痛是一种具有感觉和情感成分的复杂体验。疼痛知觉阈值的降低和对热和/或机械刺激的超敏反应是这种体验的关键特征，刺激诱发的疼痛行为测试可以捕获（如Hargreaves的热敏感性测试和von Frey的机械敏感性测试）1，2。虽然这些测试给出了稳健且可重复的结果，但它们受到依赖从感知的有害刺激中反射性戒断的限制。这使人们质疑疼痛研究仅依靠这些测试的持续依赖。为此，疼痛研究人员多年来一直在探索用于啮齿动物疼痛模型的替代/补充行为测试，以捕获疼痛的更多情感和/或动机成分。这些非诱发性、自愿性或非反射性措施（例如，车轮运行、挖洞活动、条件位置偏好3，4，5）正在实施，以提高临床前疼痛研究的可转化性。
机械冲突避免（MCA）测定最初由Harte等人在20166中描述，主要用于大鼠7，8，并代表了早期方法的修改 - 逃逸 - 避免范式。在这种方法中，后爪的有害刺激在其他理想的（黑暗）室中进行，以驱动动物的有目的行为以逃避/避免这种刺激9，10。MCA测定不是依靠观察者对后爪的手动有害刺激，而是迫使小鼠通过潜在的有害刺激来逃避令人厌恶的环境并到达暗室。使该测定法得名的冲突/回避源于这两种相互竞争的动机：逃离明亮的区域并避免对爪子的有害刺激。MCA测定还与条件性的地方偏好测试共享特征，其中疼痛缓解与环境线索的配对推动了行为的变化，反映了对缓解疼痛/奖励环境的偏好11。
从根本上说，所有这些测定都有一个相似的方法：使用动物对一种厌恶环境的偏好相对于另一种环境的偏好的转变，作为其情感/动机状态的指标。MCA测定是一种3室范式，由一个明亮的腔室组成，然后是一个带有可调节高度探针的黑暗中间室和一个没有任何厌恶刺激的黑暗第三室。一只未受伤的老鼠通常有动机逃到一个黑暗的房间，因为啮齿动物天生厌恶明亮的光12。在这个例子中，逃离明亮环境的自然动机克服了遇到后爪刺激（可调节高度探头）的倾向，后者只发生在黑暗的环境中。相反，经历疼痛（例如，由于炎症或神经病变）的小鼠可能会选择在明亮的环境中花费更多时间，因为在持续的触觉超敏反应的情况下，有动机避免机械探针的不愉快的触觉体验。
本文介绍了MCA测定的修改版本。我们已经将原始方法（在大鼠6中进行）用于小鼠。我们还将测试的探头高度从 6 个减少到 3 个（高于地板高度 0、2 和 5 mm），以简化数据采集。这种方法已经在多个疼痛模型中进行了测试，并用已知的镇痛药进行了验证，表明疼痛超敏反应和/或相关的情感和动机变化正在推动这些行为变化。与其他非反射性措施相比，这种方法的进行速度相对较快且适应性强，后者可能需要许多天的习惯化和训练1，2。与其他疼痛测量方法一起，MCA可以对疼痛的情感和动机方面产生有价值的见解。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>32.8ft 3000K-6000K Tunable White LED Strip Lights, Dimmable Super Bright LED Tape Lights with 600 SMD 2835 LEDs</td>
			<td>Lepro</td>
			<td>SKU: 410087-DWW-US</td>
			<td>For lighting chamber 1. https://www.lepro.com/32ft-dimmable-tunable-white-led-strip-lights.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printed &#39;spike bed&#39; and &#39;chamber 2 floor&#39;</td>
			<td>Shapeways</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Optional, for mechanical probes as an alternative to blunted map pins.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To clean MCA between mice.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acryl-Hinge 2</td>
			<td>TAP Plastics</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>for attaching chamber lids to rear walls. https://www.tapplastics.com/product/plastics/handles_hinges_latches/acryl_hinge_2/122</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemcast Cast Acrylic Sheet, Clear</td>
			<td>TAP Plastics</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>3mm thick. For front wall of chamber 1. https://www.tapplastics.com/product/plastics/cut_to_size_plastic/acrylic_sheets_cast_clear/510</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemcast Cast Transparent Colored Acrylic, Transparent Dark Red - 50%</td>
			<td>TAP Plastics</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>3mm thick. 50% light transmission. For walls and lids of chambers 2 and 3. https://www.tapplastics.com/product/plastics/cut_to_size_plastic/acrylic_sheets_transparent_colors/519</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemcast Translucent &#38; Opaque Colored Cast Acrylic, Sign Opaque White - 0.1%</td>
			<td>TAP Plastics</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>3mm thick. For side walls and lid of chamber 1. https://www.tapplastics.com/product/plastics/cut_to_size_plastic/acrylic_sheets_color/341</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disinfectant (e.g. Quatricide)</td>
			<td>Pharmacal Research Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>65020F</td>
			<td>To disinfect MCA at the end of a testing session.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry-erase markers and board</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To add experimental info to the beginning of video footage.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Map pins</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Optional, for mechanical probes. Use sandpaper to blunt sharp points before use. Can be used in place of 3D-printed parts.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper towels</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To clean/disinfect MCA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCIGRIP Weld-On #3 Acrylic Cement</td>
			<td>TAP Plastics</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>For assembling acrylic sheets into chambers and affixing hinges. https://www.tapplastics.com/product/repair_products/plastic_adhesives/weld_on_3_cement/131</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stopwatch</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To record escape latencies/dwell times in real-time or from recorded video.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Timer</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To ensure LED turn-on, barrier removal and test completion are timed consistently.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video camera</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td>HDRCX405 Handycam Camcorder</td>
			<td>To record mouse behavior in the MCA device. Can be substituted with any consumer-grade video camera capable of 1080p resolution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tripod</td>
			<td>Famall</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Any tripod that can hold the camera at bench height for recording MCA footage is acceptable.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mechanical conflict-avoidance assay to measure pain behavior in mice

疼痛包括感觉（伤害感受）和情感（不愉快）两个方面。在临床前模型中，传统上使用反射测试来评估疼痛，这些测试可以推断疼痛的伤害感受成分，但很少提供有关疼痛的情感或动机成分的信息。因此，开发捕获这些疼痛成分的测试在翻译上很重要。因此，研究人员需要使用非反射性行为测定来研究该水平的疼痛感知。机械冲突避免（MCA）是一种已建立的自愿非自反行为测定，用于在3室范式中研究对有害机械刺激的动机反应。当面对相互竞争的有害刺激时，小鼠位置偏好的变化被用来推断强光与爪子的触觉刺激的感知不愉快。该协议概述了MCA测定的修改版本，疼痛研究人员可以使用该版本来了解各种小鼠疼痛模型中的情感动机反应。虽然这里没有具体描述，但我们的示例MCA数据使用体内完全弗氏佐剂（CFA），幸免于神经损伤（SNI）和骨折/铸造模型作为疼痛模型来说明MCA程序。

MCA测定已成功用于几种机制不同的小鼠疼痛模型。 图2 显示了所选结果测量值穿过腔室2中点的数据（图2A）。使用中途点与逃逸到3室获得的数据非常相似，在5 mm探针高度为13的神经性疼痛的幸免于神经损伤（SNI）模型中，中途逃逸为〜40 s，而腔室3逃逸为〜45 s。
在CFA诱导的炎症性疼痛模型中，对照后爪（跖内）?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mechanical Conflict-Avoidance Assay to Measure Pain Behavior in Mice at JoVE.com

Mechanical Conflict-Avoidance Assay to Measure Pain Behavior in Mice

机械避免冲突测定用作小鼠疼痛敏感性的非反射性读数，可用于更好地理解各种小鼠疼痛模型中的情感动机反应。

机械冲突避免测定测量小鼠疼痛行为

Pain comprises of both sensory (nociceptive) and affective (unpleasant) dimensions. In preclinical models, pain has traditionally been assessed using ...

这种方法可以帮助回答有关动物在不同疼痛条件下的有效或动机状态的问题。这是改善临床前研究转化的重要一步。这种技术的主要优点是它相对快速且易于执行，但仍然可以评估影响疼痛相关行为的复杂动机。首先使用不透明的白色三毫米厚的丙烯酸树脂建造一室的侧壁，地板和天花板。对于正面墙，请使用透明的三毫米厚的丙烯酸。用铰链连接一室的盖子，以便可以很容易地将小鼠放入腔室并从腔室中取出。然后将自粘发光二极管胶带贴在盖子的内表面上，以提供约4， 800勒克斯的照明。将不透明的丙烯酸板滑入和滑出位置，以将腔室与MCA设备的其余部分关闭。接下来，建造一个270毫米长的无光室二，MCA测试室，在所有侧面使用半透明的深红色丙烯酸，顶部有铰链盖。然后在腔室的地板上放置一个具有两个毫米孔的13 x 31网格，通过该网格可以突出一系列具有0.5毫米直径尖端的钝探头。通过在探头底板下方放置额外的丙烯酸板来调整探头的高度。使用此方法，将设备配置为零、二和五毫米探头高度。作为钝化地图针或类似材料的替代品，使用3D打印机文件打印二室的地板和具有可水洗和生物相容性材料（如尼龙12塑料）的探针板。最后，使用四面半透明的深红色丙烯酸构建一个暗室三，其铰链盖类似于第一和第二室。将其放在第一室的另一端，作为第二室中机械探头的黑暗逃生区域。在安排基线测试的前一天，将小鼠与笼中伴侣一起适应MCA单元5至15分钟，以促进整个设备的社会探索。确保一号腔室中的LED已关闭，第一室和第二室之间的屏障保持打开，并且探头不会突出于第二室的地板上。接下来，设置一个能够在三脚架上录制1080像素素材的摄像机，并具有整个MCA设备的侧向视图。调整视野，使 MCA 填充录制的图像。录制开始后，在摄像机的现场视图中握住手持式干式擦除板，在视频的开头标注动物测试运行的识别信息。对于第一次运行，将探头高度设置为零，并将要测试的鼠标从其家庭笼子转移到具有屏障门的一室。启动在录制的素材中可见的计时器。10秒钟后，打开腔室一个LED。在鼠标在点亮的腔室中放置20秒后，取出腔室一和两个腔室之间的屏障。观察动物两分钟，并在测试过程中用秒表测量潜伏期或停留时间。记录第一个进入第二个房间的延迟，跨越第二个房间的一半以上的延迟，第二个房间的总停留时间，到达第三个房间的延迟，以及两分钟内每个房间的总停留时间，并将它们转换为比例。测试完成后，将鼠标放回其主笼子。用70%乙醇清洁MCA腔室，并使其完全干燥。在将探针高度设置为零的情况下运行队列中的所有小鼠后，在机械探针底板下方插入一张三毫米的丙烯酸片，并以两毫米的探针高度重复运行。在将探针高度设置为两毫米的所有小鼠运行后，在探针底板下方再插入三毫米的丙烯酸片，并以五毫米的探针高度重复运行。在测试会话结束时使用消毒剂进行最终清洁。在完整的弗氏佐剂诱导的炎症性疼痛模型中，与基线相比，盐水注射不会改变逃逸潜伏期。注射佐剂的小鼠在注射后四天显示出逃逸潜伏期的显着增加，但只有当探针高度提高到五毫米时。在测试开始前90分钟接受卡洛芬的小鼠中看不到这种增加的潜伏期。当探针高度设置为5毫米时，神经性疼痛的幸免于神经损伤模型显着增加了逃逸潜伏期与基线相比。通过在测试前90分钟给予阿片类镇痛药丁丙诺啡来防止这种增加。在神经损伤前没有接受基线MCA测试的小鼠中也观察到逃逸潜伏期增加。在测试前90分钟施用加巴喷丁可以防止5毫米的幸免于神经损伤小鼠的逃逸潜伏期增加。在断裂或铸造模型中，从第一腔室逸出的潜伏期与损伤前的探头高度成比例地增加。受伤后，潜伏期在零毫米处保持不变，但与基线相比，男性的两毫米和五毫米探针高度以及雌性的五毫米探针高度显着增加。尝试此过程时要记住的最重要的事情是确保所有小鼠都习惯于MCA设备，并在整个研究中保持适当的随机化和盲法。这种方法可以与其他疼痛敏感性措施一起使用，包括von Frey或有条件的地方偏好。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

Methods to Assay Drosophila Behavior

对检测方法果蝇行为

Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, has been used to study molecular mechanisms of a wide range of human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular ...

科研

神经科学

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

A Single-fly Assay for Foraging Behavior in Drosophila

单苍蝇检测方法的觅食行为的<em&gt;果蝇</em

For many animals, hunger promotes changes in the olfactory system in a manner that facilitates the search for appropriate food sources. In this video ...

Membrane Potential Dye Imaging of Ventromedial Hypothalamus Neurons From Adult Mice to Study Glucose Sensing

膜下丘脑腹内侧神经元的电位染料成像从成年小鼠为研究葡萄糖传感

Studies of neuronal activity are often performed using neurons from rodents less than 2 months of age due to the technical difficulties associated with ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

测定冷灵敏度和适应小鼠一种简单廉价的方法

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

Assays to Detect UV-reflecting Structures and Determine their Importance in Mate Preference using the Sailfin Molly Poecilia latipinna

Assays to Detect UV-reflecting Structures and Determine their Importance in Mate Preference using the Sailfin Molly Poecilia latipinna

试验以检测紫外线反射结构，并使用茉莉花鳉确定其重要性伴侣偏好<em&gt;孔雀鱼latipinna</em

Many organisms use cues and signals beyond human sensitivity during social interactions. It is important to take into account how organisms perceive their ...

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

一个简单的方法来衡量在改建悬赏寻求行为使用<em&gt;果蝇</em

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We ...

Assay to Measure Nucleocytoplasmic Transport in Real Time within Motor Neuron-like NSC-34 Cells

测定在运动神经元样NSC-34细胞中实时测量核细胞质运输

Nucleocytoplasmic transport refers to the import and export of large molecules from the cell nucleus. Recently, a number of studies have shown a ...

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

果蝇岛试验中运动行为的高通量分析

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other ...

Optogenetic Entrainment of Hippocampal Theta Oscillations in Behaving Mice

Optogenetic 在行为小鼠海马θ振荡中的作用

Extensive data on relationships of neural network oscillations to behavior and organization of neuronal discharge across brain regions call for new tools ...