Name: generation and characterization of right ventricular myocardial infarction induced by permanent ligation of the right coronary artery in mice
Uploaded: 2022-02-01T14:50:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation and Characterization of Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction Induced by Permanent Ligation of the Right Coronary Artery in Mice at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了国家自然科学基金（82073851至孙）和国家博士后科学基金（2021M690074至Lin）的资助。

所有程序均按照美国国立卫生研究院出版的《实验动物护理和使用指南》（NIH出版物第85-23号，1996年修订）进行，并经南方医科大学南方医院动物伦理委员会（中国广州）批准。从南方医科大学动物中心获得健康的雄性C57BL / 6J小鼠（8-10周龄;体重，25-30g）。也可以使用雌性小鼠，但由于性别差异的潜在影响，不建议混合两种性别。到达后，将小鼠置于12小时/ 12小时黑暗/光照循环（每个笼子3-4只小...

<ol>
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(147), e59431 (2019).</li><li>Harjola, V. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contemporary+management+of+acute+right+ventricular+failure:+A+statement+from+the+heart+failure+association+and+the+working+group+on+pulmonary+circulation+and+right+ventricular+function+of+the+European+society+of+cardiology.">Contemporary management of acute right ventricular failure: A statement from the heart failure association and the working group on pulmonary circulation and right ventricular function of the European society of cardiology.</a> European Journal of Heart Failure. 18 (3), 226-241 (2016).</li><li>Sicard, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Right+coronary+artery+ligation+in+mice:+a+novel+method+to+investigate+right+ventricular+dysfunction+and+biventricular+interaction.">Right coronary artery ligation in mice: a novel method to investigate right ventricular dysfunction and biventricular interaction.</a> American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 316 (3), 684-692 (2019).</li><li>Goldstein, J. 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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+late+survival+in+patients+with+cardiogenic+shock+due+to+right+ventricular+infarction+versus+left+ventricular+pump+failure+following+primary+percutaneous+coronary+intervention+for+ST-elevation+acute+myocardial+infarction.">Comparison of late survival in patients with cardiogenic shock due to right ventricular infarction versus left ventricular pump failure following primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction.</a> The American Journal of Cardiology. 99 (4), 431-435 (2007).</li><li>Konstam, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+and+management+of+right-sided+heart+failure:+A+scientific+statement+from+the+american+heart+association.">Evaluation and management of right-sided heart failure: A scientific statement from the american heart association.</a> Circulation. 137 (20), 578-622 (2018).</li><li>Leferovich, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+regeneration+in+adult+MRL+mice.">Heart regeneration in adult MRL mice.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (17), 9830-9835 (2001).</li><li>Dell'Italia, L. 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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Right+versus+left+ventricular+failure:+differences,+similarities,+and+interactions.">Right versus left ventricular failure: differences, similarities, and interactions.</a> Circulation. 129 (9), 1033-1044 (2014).</li><li>Haraldsen, P., Lindstedt, S., Metzsch, C., Algotsson, L., Ingemansson, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+porcine+model+for+acute+ischaemic+right+ventricular+dysfunction.">A porcine model for acute ischaemic right ventricular dysfunction.</a> Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. 18 (1), 43-48 (2014).</li><li>Ren, L., Colafella, K. M. M., Bov&#233;e, D. M., Uijl, E., Danser, A. H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+angiotensinogen+with+RNA-based+therapeutics.">Targeting angiotensinogen with RNA-based therapeutics.</a> Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 29 (2), 180-189 (2020).</li><li>Hacker, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+and+cardiac+extracellular+matrix+research.">Animal models and cardiac extracellular matrix research.</a> Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1098, 45-58 (2018).</li><li>Chien, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Double+right+coronary+artery+and+its+clinical+implications.">Double right coronary artery and its clinical implications.</a> Cardiology in the Young. 24 (1), 5-12 (2014).</li><li>Zhu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+a+long-term+chronic+heart+failure+model+by+transcriptomic+alterations+and+monitoring+of+cardiac+remodeling.">Characterizing a long-term chronic heart failure model by transcriptomic alterations and monitoring of cardiac remodeling.</a> Aging (Albany NY). 13 (10), 13585-13614 (2021).</li><li>Cui, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nrf1+promotes+heart+regeneration+and+repair+by+regulating+proteostasis+and+redox+balance.">Nrf1 promotes heart regeneration and repair by regulating proteostasis and redox balance.</a> Nature Communications. 12 (1), 5270 (2021).</li><li>Meyer, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+right+ventricular+ejection+fraction+on+outcomes+in+chronic+systolic+heart+failure.">Effects of right ventricular ejection fraction on outcomes in chronic systolic heart failure.</a> Circulation. 121 (2), 252-258 (2010).</li><li>Dunmore-Buyze, P. 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来自法国的Sicard及其同事于2019年首次报道了RVI的小鼠模型，该模型描述了手术过程，并专注于RVI9后LV和RV之间的相互作用。然而，迄今为止，还没有研究报告使用这种模型进行进一步的研究。更详细的程序将有助于研究人员使用RVI的小鼠模型进行调查。与Sicard等人9的报告相比，我们提供了模型生成和质量控制策略的分步信息，并进一步评估了RCA的解剖分布，RV?...

长期以来，右心室 （RV） 被认为是连接到肺动脉的简单管子，多年来一直被错误地忽视1。然而，最近人们对RV功能的兴趣日益浓厚，因为它在血液动力学障碍2，3 中起着至关重要的作用，并且可以作为心血管疾病的独立风险预测因子4，5，6，7。房车疾病包括心房梗死 （RVI）、肺动脉高压和瓣膜病8。与对肺动脉高压的巨大兴趣相反，RVI仍然被忽视7，9。
RVI，通常伴有下后心肌梗死10，11，由右冠状动脉 （RCA） 闭塞引起。根据临床调查，重度 RVI 可能诱发血流动力学紊乱和心律失常，例如低血压、心动过缓和房室传导阻滞，与较高的住院发病率和死亡率相关12，13，14。RV功能即使在没有再灌注的情况下也能在一定程度上自发恢复15，16。左心室（LV）和RV17之间存在几种形态和功能差异。RV被认为比LV8对缺血的抵抗力更强，部分原因是RVI后形成更广泛的侧支循环。澄清左心室梗死（LVI）和RVI之间的差异并确定其潜在机制将为心脏再生和缺血性心力衰竭提供新的治疗靶点。然而，由于与RVI小鼠模型生成相关的困难，对RVI的基础研究主要有限。
通过在猪18中结扎RCA来生成RVI的大型动物模型，由于可见的RCA，该模型更易于操作。与大型动物模型相比，小鼠模型具有以下优点：基因操作的可及性更高，经济成本更低，实验周期更短19，20。虽然之前报道了以RVI对左心室功能的影响为重点的小鼠RVI模型，但未充分介绍手术的详细步骤、操作的难点和关键点，以及血流动力学变化等模型特征9，21。
本文提供了生成RVI小鼠模型的详细外科手术程序。此外，该模型通过超声心动图测量，侵入性血流动力学评估和组织学分析进行表征。此外，进行冠状动脉系统管型检查以观察RV中的冠状动脉排列。本文介绍的技术有助于初学者快速掌握小鼠RVI模型的生成，具有可接受的操作死亡率和可靠的评估方法。RVI小鼠模型有助于研究右心衰竭的机制，寻找新的RV重塑治疗靶点。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8877</td>
			<td>For TTC staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal Mini Ventilator</td>
			<td>Havard</td>
			<td>Type 845</td>
			<td>For artificial ventilation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal ultrasound system VEVO2100</td>
			<td>Visual Sonic</td>
			<td>VEVO2100</td>
			<td>Measurement for Doppler flow velocity and AS plaque</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Batson&#8217;s #17 Anatomical Corrosion Kit</td>
			<td>Polyscience Inc</td>
			<td>7349</td>
			<td>For vasculature casting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Isoreag</td>
			<td>1134630-70-8</td>
			<td>For reduce the pain of mice after surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6J mice + D29A1A2:D27</td>
			<td>Animal Center of South Medical University</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>For the generation of mouse RVI model</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera</td>
			<td>Sangnond</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For taking photograph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cold light illuminator</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>ILD-2</td>
			<td>Light for operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>electrocardiograph</td>
			<td>ADI Instrument</td>
			<td>ADAS1000</td>
			<td>For recording electrocardiogram</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hair removal cream</td>
			<td>Reckitt Benchiser</td>
			<td>RQ/B 33 Type 2</td>
			<td>Remove mouse hair</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat pad- thermostatic surgical system (ALC-HTP-S1)</td>
			<td>SHANGHAI ALCOTT BIOTECH CO</td>
			<td>ALC-HTP-S1</td>
			<td>Heating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin-eosin dye</td>
			<td>Leagene</td>
			<td>DH0003</td>
			<td>Hematoxylin-eosin staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin sodium salt</td>
			<td>Macklin</td>
			<td>H837056</td>
			<td>For heparization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>RWD life science</td>
			<td>R510-22</td>
			<td>Inhalant anaesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab made spatula</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Work as a laryngoscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab made tracheal cannula</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For intubation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrx VIP 3000 Isofurane Vaporizer</td>
			<td>Midmark Corporation</td>
			<td>VIP 3000</td>
			<td>Anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical nylon suture (5-0)</td>
			<td>Ningbo Medical Needle Co.</td>
			<td>5-0</td>
			<td>For chest close</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsurgical elbow tweezers</td>
			<td>RWD life science</td>
			<td>F11021-11</td>
			<td>For surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsurgical scissors</td>
			<td>NAPOX</td>
			<td>MB-54-1</td>
			<td>For arteriotomy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millar Catheter</td>
			<td>AD Instruments, Shanghai</td>
			<td>1.0F</td>
			<td>Measurement of pressure gradient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MS400D ultrasonic probe</td>
			<td>Visual Sonic</td>
			<td>MS400D</td>
			<td>Measurement for Doppler flow velocity and AS plaque</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>needle forceps</td>
			<td>Visual Sonic</td>
			<td>F31006-12</td>
			<td>For surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nitroglycerin</td>
			<td>BEIJING YIMIN MEDICINE Co</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For dilating coronary artery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic scissors</td>
			<td>RWD life science</td>
			<td>S11022-14</td>
			<td>For surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentobarbital sodium salt</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>25MG</td>
			<td>Anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerLab Multi-Directional Physiological Recording System</td>
			<td>AD Instruments, Shanghai</td>
			<td>4/35</td>
			<td>Pressure recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision electronic balance</td>
			<td>Denver Instrument</td>
			<td>TB-114</td>
			<td>Weighing scale</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silk suture (8-0)</td>
			<td>Ningbo Medical Needle Co.</td>
			<td>6-0</td>
			<td>coronary artery ligation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small animal microsurgery equipment</td>
			<td>Napox</td>
			<td>MA-65</td>
			<td>Surgical instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tissue forceps</td>
			<td>Visual Sonic</td>
			<td>F-12007-10</td>
			<td>For surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tissue scissor</td>
			<td>Visual Sonic</td>
			<td>S13052-12</td>
			<td>Open chest for hemodynamic measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmission Gel</td>
			<td>Guang Gong pai</td>
			<td>250ML</td>
			<td>preparation for Echocardiography measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vascular Clamps</td>
			<td>Visual Sonic</td>
			<td>R31005-06</td>
			<td>For blocking blood from aorta</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation and characterization of right ventricular myocardial infarction induced by permanent ligation of the right coronary artery in mice

右心室梗死 （RVI） 是临床实践中的常见表现。重度 RVI 可导致致命的血流动力学功能障碍和心律失常。与广泛使用的左冠状动脉结扎生成的小鼠心肌梗死（MI）模型相比，由于与模型生成相关的困难，RVI小鼠模型很少使用。关于RVI诱导的RV重塑和功能障碍的机制和治疗的研究需要动物模型来模拟患者RVI的病理生理学。本研究介绍了在C57BL / 6J小鼠中生成RVI模型的可行程序。此外，该模型的特征基于以下内容：心肌梗死后24小时的梗死大小评估，超声心动图的心脏重塑和功能评估，左心室血流动力学评估以及RVI后4周梗死区的组织学。此外，还进行了冠状动脉系统管型，以观察RV中的冠状动脉排列。这种RVI小鼠模型将有助于右心衰竭机制的研究，并寻求RV重塑的新治疗靶点。

在这项研究中，小鼠被随机分配到RVI（n = 11）或假手术（n = 11）组。图 1A所示为2个正常小鼠心脏的冠状动脉石膏。作为对RCA结扎的反应，心电图的3号导联观察到ST段抬高（图1B）。此外，2，3，5-三苯基氯化四氮唑（TTC）染色显示，术后24 h梗死面积占房车游离壁的45%（图1C，D）。以上数据表明RVI小鼠模型的成功生成。...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation and Characterization of Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction Induced by Permanent Ligation of the Right Coronary Artery in Mice at JoVE.com

Generation and Characterization of Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction Induced by Permanent Ligation of the Right Coronary Artery in Mice

右心室和左心室之间有几个区别。然而，右心室梗死（RVI）的病理生理学尚未明确。在本方案中，引入了一种用于生成RVI小鼠模型的可重复方法，该方法可以提供解释RVI机制的方法。

小鼠右冠状动脉永久结扎诱导的右心室性心肌梗死的生成与表征

Right ventricular infarction (RVI) is a common presentation in clinical practice. Severe RVI can lead to fatal hemodynamic dysfunction and arrhythmia. In ...

右心室比左心室对缺血的抵抗力更强。我们引入了一种生成右心室感染模型的技术，该模型可以阐明右心室梗死发展过程中的病理生理机制。我们通过血管成本计算定位右冠状动脉，并定义了结扎区域，这对于成功生成小鼠右心室梗死模型至关重要。演示该程序的将是来自我实验室的典型医生Linhai Ruo。将鼠标仰卧在垫子上，并通过没有脚趾退缩反应来确保麻醉深度。用缝合线固定其门牙，并用胶带固定四肢。用脱毛膏从脖子到xiphoid去除毛发。用镊子轻轻拉出舌头，用压舌器抬起下颌骨以露出声门。通过将22号套管插入声门进行气管插管。将心电图电极正确连接到小鼠四肢，并记录心电图。要打开胸部，在皮肤上做一个一厘米长的切口，用眼科剪刀与第三根右肋平行。再次确定第三肋间隙，并根据胸骨角度确保足够的空间。在第三肋间隙上方用剪刀和微镊子分离并切割胸大肌和胸小肌。之后，用肘部镊子钝地分离肋间肌肉以暴露手术场，然后切开心包。用无菌棉抬起右心房，用无菌8-0连接右冠状动脉尼龙线，连接范围为三至五毫米。锁住右冠状动脉后，注意监测心电图导联 3，显示 ST 段抬高。用无菌的5-0尼龙线去除棉花并缝合肌肉和皮肤。然后将鼠标放在加热垫上以促进恢复。将小鼠置于超声平台上的仰卧位，以进行动物固定和超声操作。将其爪子用胶带粘在电极上，通过连接到超声波机器的系统获得ECG记录。用脱毛膏从小鼠胸部取下毛发，并将超声波凝胶涂抹在胸部皮肤上。将平台设置为水平位置。将换能器平行于左腿定向，并获得左心室长轴图像。顺时针旋转探针90度，以获得左心室短通视图。按电影商店按钮保存图像。在最低点倾斜平台的左上角。垂直向下移动探头，在B模式下保持其上腹部和鼠标隔膜下方的位置。通过旋转其 X 轴和 Y 轴来稍微调整平台位置，直到屏幕上看到右心室、右心房、左心房和左心室。并通过按电影商店或帧按钮保存图像。按 M 模式。两条X指示线出现后，将指示线定位在三尖瓣孔口处，得到三尖瓣年平面的运动。再次按 M 模式。按电影商店或帧商店按钮保存数据和图像。在最低点倾斜平台的左侧。将探头沿右前腋窝线以与水平轴成 30 度角放置。旋转平台的 X 轴和 Y 轴以显示右心室。按下M模式按钮并将指示线定位在室间隔高回声点，以获得右心室界面的M模式图像。再次按下 M 模式按钮。按电影商店按钮保存图片。进行气管插管并设置动物呼吸机的参数。在剑突上方的皮肤上做一个一厘米的双侧切口，并用眼科剪刀横切隔隔膜和肋骨，露出心脏。用 32 号针刺穿右心室游离壁。取出针头，用棉花按压伤口以止血。通过穿刺部位将导管的尖端插入右心室，然后缓慢地向前推导管。调整尖端的位置以获得典型的RV压力波形，显示在监视器和记录系统上。稳定10分钟后，记录房车收缩压、右心室舒张压和右心室最大压下降率的数据。单击选择按钮以选择要计算的心脏周期。然后单击分析按钮以计算所选周期的平均值。将动物仰卧在垫子上并插管以进行人工通气。用手术剪刀打开胸部，露出心脏。在右心房用眼科剪刀做一个三毫米的缺口，并用注射器通过心脏顶点向心脏注入5mL生理盐水。用主动脉夹阻断主动脉的血液。并灌注0.1mL 1mg / mL硝酸甘油，用注射器通过心脏顶点扩张冠状动脉。用1mL投射试剂通过心脏顶点灌注心脏，等待两到三个小时。用50%氢氧化钠侵蚀心脏两到三天。并通过用生理盐水冲洗来去除肌肉组织或结缔组织。RCA 结扎术后，心电图导联 3 可见 ST 段抬高。2， 3， 5-三苯基四唑盐染色显示，术后24 h，梗死面积占房室游离壁的45%。超声心动图显示，舒张末期的RV内维增加，在RV1中增加。在Sham组中，这是两次以上的。RVI中RV分数缩短，RV射血分数和三尖环平面收缩偏移显着较小。左心室面积比增加约50%RV血流动力学测量表明，在RVI组中，右心室收缩压、右心室压力的最大和最小上升速率、右心室收缩力均显著较小。右心室和舒张压以及RV松弛指数的指数时间常数比Sham组显着得多。在梗死区域可见房车动脉瘤。RVI组的心重与体重比和心重与胫骨长度比略大。Masson染色表明RV游离壁有明显的纤维化。很少，纤维化发生在RVI组的隔膜中。相比之下，少数幸存的心肌细胞位于梗死区域。至关重要的是，要暴露结扎区域并掌握插入针的深度和范围，以提高成功率和存活率。

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Coronary Artery Ligation and Intramyocardial Injection in a Murine Model of Infarction

结扎冠状动脉内注射在小鼠模型梗死

Mouse models are a valuable tool for studying acute injury and chronic remodeling of the myocardium in vivo.  With the advent of genetic modifications to ...

科研

医学

The Application Of Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Ligation in the Mouse

在小鼠永久性大脑中动脉结扎术中的应用

Focal cerebral ischemia is among the most common type of stroke seen in patients. Due to the clinical significance there has been a prolonged effort to ...

Modified Technique for Coronary Artery Ligation in Mice

改性技术在小鼠冠状动脉结扎

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of mortality in humans1-3. In order to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with MI ...

Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Mice

右心小鼠的超声心动图评价

Transgenic and toxic models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are widely used to study the pathophysiology of PAH and to investigate potential ...

Assessment of Right Ventricular Structure and Function in Mouse Model of Pulmonary Artery Constriction by Transthoracic Echocardiography

右心室结构和功能的肺动脉缩窄经胸超声小鼠模型的评估

Emerging clinical data support the notion that RV dysfunction is critical to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and heart failure1-3. Moreover, ...

Permanent Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery in Mice: A Model of Post-myocardial Infarction Remodelling and Heart Failure

左冠状动脉前降支的小鼠结扎：对心肌梗死后重塑和心衰模型

Heart failure is a syndrome in which the heart fails to pump blood at a rate commensurate with cellular oxygen requirements at rest or during stress. It ...

Murine Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Coronary Artery Ligation: An Improved and Simplified Model for Myocardial Infarction

Murine Left Anterior Descending LAD Coronary Artery Ligation: An Improved and Simplified Model for Myocardial Infarction

鼠左前降支（LAD）冠状动脉结扎：改进和简化模型的心肌梗死

Ischemic heart disease (IHD), or acute coronary syndrome (ACS), is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. IHD is characterized by ...

Echocardiographic Measurement of Right Ventricular Diastolic Parameters in Mouse

小鼠右心室舒张参数的超声心电图测量

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV ...

A Pulmonary Trunk Banding Model of Pressure Overload Induced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Failure

压力超载诱发右室肥厚和衰竭的肺动脉扣条柱模型

Right ventricular (RV) failure induced by sustained pressure overload is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in several cardiopulmonary ...

Murine Myocardial Infarction Model using Permanent Ligation of Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery

使用左前部降冠动脉的永久结扎的月心肌梗死模型

Myocardial infarction (MI) and acute coronary diseases are among the most prominent causes of death in population with western lifestyle. The murine ...