Name: rose bengal-mediated photodynamic therapy to inhibit candida albicans
Uploaded: 2022-03-24T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Candida albicans at JoVE.com

这项工作已获得国立成功大学应用纳米医学中心的资助，教育部（MOE）高等教育萌芽项目框架内的特色区域研究中心计划，以及台湾科技部[MOST 109-2327-B-006-005]到TW Wong。洪俊华感谢台湾成功大学医院[NCKUH-11006018]和[MOST 110-2314-B-006-086-MY3]的资助。

1. aPDT系统准备
<ol><li>从LED灯条上切割四个绿色发光二极管（LED）（参见 材料表），并将它们与96孔板的四个孔对齐（图1）。 注：LED 被排列成一个 4 x 3 阵列。LED的背面粘附在散热器上以在照射过程中分散热量。</li>
	<li>使用光功率计测量LED在540 nm处的通量率11 （参见 材料表）。参见 补充图1 ，确保LED?...

<ol>
	<li>Naglik, J. R., Challacombe, S. J., Hube, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+albicans+secreted+aspartyl+proteinases+in+virulence+and+pathogenesis.">Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinases in virulence and pathogenesis.</a> Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 67 (3), 400-428 (2003).</li><li>Pappas, P. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+practice+guideline+for+the+management+of+candidiasis:+2016+update+by+the+Infectious+Diseases+Society+of+America.">Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.</a> Clinical Infectious Diseases. 62 (4), 1-50 (2016).</li><li>Ricotta, E. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasive+candidiasis+species+distribution+and+trends,+United+States,+2009-2017.">Invasive candidiasis species distribution and trends, United States, 2009-2017.</a> Journal of Infectious Diseases. 223 (7), 1295-1302 (2021).</li><li>Koehler, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morbidity+and+mortality+of+candidaemia+in+Europe:+an+epidemiologic+meta-analysis.">Morbidity and mortality of candidaemia in Europe: an epidemiologic meta-analysis.</a> Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 25 (10), 1200-1212 (2019).</li><li>Toda, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Population-based+active+surveillance+for+culture-confirmed+candidemia+-+four+sites,+United+States,+2012-2016.">Population-based active surveillance for culture-confirmed candidemia - four sites, United States, 2012-2016.</a> Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries. 68 (8), 1-15 (2019).</li><li>Lee, C. 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W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Indocyanine+green-mediated+photodynamic+therapy+reduces+methicillin-resistant+staphylococcus+aureus+drug+resistance.">Indocyanine green-mediated photodynamic therapy reduces methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus drug resistance.</a> Journal of Clinical Medicine. 8 (3), 411 (2019).</li><li>Kim, M. M., Darafsheh, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+sources+and+dosimetry+techniques+for+photodynamic+therapy.">Light sources and dosimetry techniques for photodynamic therapy.</a> Photochemistry and Photobiology. 96 (2), 280-294 (2020).</li><li>Wong, T. W., Sheu, H. M., Lee, J. Y., Fletcher, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photodynamic+therapy+for+Bowen's+disease+(squamous+cell+carcinoma+in+situ)+of+the+digit.">Photodynamic therapy for Bowen's disease (squamous cell carcinoma in situ) of the digit.</a> Dermatologic Surgery. 27 (5), 452-456 (2001).</li><li>Wong, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photodynamic+inactivation+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+by+indocyanine+green+and+near+infrared+light.">Photodynamic inactivation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by indocyanine green and near infrared light.</a> Dermatologica Sinica. 36 (1), 8-15 (2018).</li><li>Stasko, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visible+blue+light+inhibits+infection+and+replication+of+SARS-CoV-2+at+doses+that+are+well-tolerated+by+human+respiratory+tissue.">Visible blue light inhibits infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 at doses that are well-tolerated by human respiratory tissue.</a> Scientific Reports. 11 (1), 20595 (2021).</li><li>Crosbie, J., Winser, K., Collins, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+the+light+field+of+the+Waldmann+PDT+1200+lamp:+potential+for+wide-field+low+light+irradiance+aminolevulinic+acid+photodynamic+therapy.">Mapping the light field of the Waldmann PDT 1200 lamp: potential for wide-field low light irradiance aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy.</a> Photochemistry and Photobiology. 76 (2), 204-207 (2002).</li><li>Feenstra, R. P., Tseng, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+fluorescein+and+rose+bengal+staining.">Comparison of fluorescein and rose bengal staining.</a> Ophthalmology. 99 (4), 605-617 (1992).</li><li>Demidova, T. N., Hamblin, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+cell-photosensitizer+binding+and+cell+density+on+microbial+photoinactivation.">Effect of cell-photosensitizer binding and cell density on microbial photoinactivation.</a> Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 49 (6), 2329-2335 (2005).</li><li>Shahid, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duclauxin+derivatives+from+fungi+and+their+biological+activities.">Duclauxin derivatives from fungi and their biological activities.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 12, 766440 (2021).</li><li>Arendrup, M. C., Park, S., Brown, S., Pfaller, M., Perlin, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+CLSI+M44-A2+disk+diffusion+and+associated+breakpoint+testing+of+caspofungin+and+micafungin+using+a+well-characterized+panel+of+wild-type+and+fks+hot+spot+mutant+Candida+isolates.">Evaluation of CLSI M44-A2 disk diffusion and associated breakpoint testing of caspofungin and micafungin using a well-characterized panel of wild-type and fks hot spot mutant Candida isolates.</a> Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 55 (5), 1891-1895 (2011).</li><li>Mukaremera, L., Lee, K. K., Mora-Montes, H. M., Gow, N. A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+albicans+yeast,+pseudohyphal,+and+hyphal+morphogenesis+differentially+affects+immune+recognition.">Candida albicans yeast, pseudohyphal, and hyphal morphogenesis differentially affects immune recognition.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 8, 629 (2017).</li><li>Hung, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+photodynamic+therapy+against+fungal+keratitis.">Recent advances in photodynamic therapy against fungal keratitis.</a> Pharmaceutics. 13 (12), 2011 (2021).</li><li>Martinez, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rose+Bengal+photodynamic+antimicrobial+therapy:+a+pilot+safety+study.">Rose Bengal photodynamic antimicrobial therapy: a pilot safety study.</a> Cornea. 40 (8), 1036-1043 (2021).</li></ol>

最近报道了RB-PDT治疗真菌性角膜炎的临床应用结果令人鼓舞 19.RB的吸收峰在450-650nm处。确定光源的通量率对于成功的apDT至关重要。治疗癌细胞需要高通量（通常>100 J / cm2），而较低的通量有望治疗感染的病变6。高通量意味着长时间暴露，这在临床环境中可能不切实际。对于治疗真菌性角膜炎，眼科界同意5.4 J/ cm 2 20。RB的孵育...

白色念珠菌定植于健康个体的胃肠道和泌尿生殖道中，在约50%的个体中可被检测为正常微生物群1。如果在宿主和病原体之间产生不平衡，白色念珠菌能够入侵并引起疾病。感染的范围可以从局部粘膜感染到多器官衰竭2。在美国的一项多中心监测研究中，2009 年至 2017 年间，从侵袭性念珠菌病患者中分离出的约一半是白色念珠菌 3 号。念珠菌血症可能与高发病率、死亡率、住院时间延长有关4.美国疾病控制和预防中心报告说，在所有测试的念珠菌血液样本中，约有7%对抗真菌药物氟康唑5具有耐药性。耐药性念珠菌属的出现引起了人们的关切，即开发抗真菌药物的替代或辅助疗法。
抗菌光动力疗法（aPDT）涉及用PS6峰值吸收波长处的光激活特定的光敏剂（PS）。激发后，激发的PS将其能量或电子转移到附近的氧分子并返回到基态。在此过程中，形成活性氧和单线态氧并引起细胞损伤。aPDT自20世纪90年代以来已被广泛用于杀死微生物7。aPDT的一个好处是，在照射过程中，单线态氧和/或活性氧（ROS）在细胞中会损坏多个细胞器;因此，直到今天才发现对apDT的抗性。此外，最近的一项研究报告说，在apDT后存活的细菌对抗生素8变得更加敏感。
aPDT中使用的光源包括激光器，带滤光片的金属卤素灯，近红外光和发光二极管（LED）9，10，11，12。激光提供高光功率，通常大于0.5 W / cm2，允许在很短的时间内提供高光剂量。它已被广泛用于治疗时间较长的不方便的情况，例如用于口腔感染的apDT。激光器的缺点是其光斑尺寸的照明很小，使用扩散器从几百微米到10毫米不等。此外，激光设备价格昂贵，需要特定的培训才能操作。另一方面，带滤光片的金属卤素灯的照射面积相对较大13。但是，灯太重且昂贵。LED光源已成为aPDT在皮肤病学领域的主流，因为它体积小且价格较低。照射面积可以相对较大，具有LED灯泡的阵列排列。整个脸部可以同时被照亮9.然而，目前可用的大多数（如果不是全部）LED光源都是为临床使用而设计的。它可能不适合在实验室中进行实验，因为它占用空间且价格昂贵。我们开发了一种廉价的LED阵列，它非常小，可以从LED灯带切割和组装。LED可以安装在不同的布置中，用于不同的实验设计。在一次实验中，可以在96孔板甚至384孔板中完成不同条件的apDT。
孟加拉玫瑰（RB）是一种有色染料，广泛用于增强人眼角膜损伤的可视化14。RB介导的aPDT对 金黄色葡萄球菌， 大肠杆菌和 白色念珠菌 的杀伤作用与甲苯胺蓝O15的效率大致相当。这项研究展示了一种验证RB-aPDT对耐多药白色念 珠菌的影响的方法。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL microfuge tube</td>
			<td>Neptune, San Diego, USA</td>
			<td>#3745.x</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL round-bottom tube with cell strainer cap</td>
			<td>Falcon, USA</td>
			<td>#352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>Alpha plus, Taoyuan Hsien, Taiwan</td>
			<td>#16196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum foil</td>
			<td>sunmei, Tainan, Taiwan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum heat sink</td>
			<td>Nanyi electronics Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan</td>
			<td>BK-T220-0051-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf, UK</td>
			<td>5415R</td>
			<td>disperses heat from the LED array</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graph pad prism software</td>
			<td>GraphPad 8.0, San Diego, California, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>graphing and statistics software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Green light emitting diode (LED) strip</td>
			<td>Nanyi electronics Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan</td>
			<td>2835</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Yihder, Taipei, Taiwan</td>
			<td>LM-570D (R)</td>
			<td>Emission peak wavelength: 525 nm, Viewing angle: 150&#176;; originated from https://www.aliva.com.tw/product.php?id=63</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light power meter</td>
			<td>Ophir, Jerusalem, Israel</td>
			<td>PD300-3W-V1-SENSOR,</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millex 0.22 &#956;m filter</td>
			<td>Merck, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>SLGVR33RS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multidrug-resistant Candida albicans</td>
			<td>Bioresource Collection and Research CenterBioresource, Hsinchu, Taiwan</td>
			<td>BCRC 21538/ATCC 10231</td>
			<td>http://catalog.bcrc.firdi.org.tw/BcrcContent?bid=21538</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OD600 spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Biochrom, London, UK</td>
			<td>Ultrospec 10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rose Bengal</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA</td>
			<td>330000</td>
			<td>stock concentration 40 mg/mL = 4%, prepare in PBS, stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterilized glass tube</td>
			<td>Sunmei Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan</td>
			<td>AK45048-16100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose Medium</td>
			<td>HIMEDIA, India</td>
			<td>M1363</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rose bengal-mediated photodynamic therapy to inhibit candida albicans

侵袭性 白色念珠菌 感染是人类中一种严重的机会性真菌感染，因为它是肠道，口腔，阴道和皮肤最常见的定殖者之一。尽管有抗真菌药物，但侵袭性念珠菌病的死亡率仍约为50%。不幸的是，耐药性 白色念珠菌 的发病率在全球范围内正在增加。抗菌光动力疗法（aPDT）可以提供替代或辅助治疗，以抑制 白色念珠菌 生物膜的形成并克服耐药性。孟加拉玫瑰（RB）介导的aPDT已经显示出对细菌和 白色念珠菌的有效细胞杀伤。在这项研究中，描述了RB-aPDT对耐多药 白色念珠菌的 疗效。自制的绿色发光二极管（LED）光源设计用于与96孔板的孔的中心对齐。酵母在具有不同浓度RB的孔中孵育，并用不同流量的绿光照亮。采用平板稀释法分析杀伤效果。通过光和RB的最佳组合，实现了3对数生长抑制。得出的结论是，RB-aPDT可能潜在地抑制耐药的 白色念珠菌。

图1 显示了本研究中使用的apDT系统。由于高温可能导致严重的电池死亡，因此LED阵列由电风扇冷却，并在照射过程中使用散热器将恒定温度保持在25±1°C。 热效应可以打折。具有均匀的光分布也是成功的apDT的重要决定因素;因此，在照明期间将LED灯泡精确地对准井至关重要。由于LED的亮度，在开灯之前需要配备太阳镜。
白色念珠菌 立即用RB染色，...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Candida albicans at JoVE.com

Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Candida albicans

耐药性白色念珠菌的发病率不断上升，这是全世界的一个严重健康问题。抗菌光动力疗法 （aPDT） 可能提供对抗耐药性真菌感染的策略。本方案描述了Rose bengal介导的apDT在体外耐多药白色念珠菌菌株的疗效。

孟加拉玫瑰介导的光动力疗法抑制 白色念珠菌

Invasive Candida albicans infection is a significant opportunistic fungal infection in humans because it is one of the most common colonizers of the gut, ...

这项研究是一个简单，通用且易于的系统，用于检查对各种微生物和细胞的不同光动力学效应。在这个系统中，LED可以根据实验设计适应不同的排列。在一次实验中，可以在96孔板甚至384孔板中计算PDT的不同条件。这种技术可用于治疗真菌性角膜炎，因为全球约有150， 000人尽管进行了强化治疗，但仍会失去眼睛。首先，从LED灯带上切割四个绿色LED，并将它们与96孔板的三个孔对齐。使用光功率计测量540纳米处的LED通量率。在照射过程中，使用与板一起组装的电风扇将恒温保持在25摄氏度。使用无菌环，从琼脂平板中挑选一个白色念珠菌菌落，并将其添加到含有三毫升YPD培养基的无菌玻璃管中。将试管以155 RPM的转速在25摄氏度下孵育14至16小时以培养酵母培养物。接下来用YPD培养基将过夜培养物稀释至OD 600值为0.5。在30摄氏度下孵育，以155 RPM旋转4小时，以达到对数生长阶段。用新鲜的YPD培养基重复对数期培养物的稀释至OD 600值为0.65，以获得每毫升约10至第七个菌落形成单位的一倍。同时在1X PBS中制备4%的孟加拉玫瑰储备溶液。使用0.22微米过滤器进行过滤器灭菌。向1毫升对数相培养物中加入111微升的2%玫瑰孟加拉溶液，并在室温下的不同时间点共培养，以了解细胞中RB的吸收。在室温下以16，100倍G离心2 1/2分钟，并用一毫升1X PBS洗涤共培养物三次。洗涤后，将白色念珠菌培养物重悬于一毫升1X PBS中。对于每种情况，将培养物分配到96孔板中的三个不同孔中。将孔与 LED 阵列对齐。在灯光暴露的组中，打开电风扇和灯。照射后，通过从一个孔中取出20微升共培养溶液并将其加入含有180微升1X PBS的管中来进行十倍连续稀释两次。然后在YPD琼脂平板的一象限中滴下20微升每个连续稀释液，以获得平板上的可数菌落。荧光显微镜显示白色念珠菌在红色荧光下与孟加拉玫瑰立即染色。孵育15分钟后，大多数细胞被玫瑰染色，表明它以时间依赖性方式进入细胞。此外，用光活化玫瑰孟加拉在细胞中产生自由基和单线态氧，导致细胞死亡。在没有玫瑰孟加拉或辐照的情况下，没有观察到细胞死亡。白色念珠菌在绿光照射后以轻剂量依赖性方式在0.2%孟加拉玫瑰的存在下受到抑制。重要的是，首先96孔板必须与LED的中心对齐。其次，所使用的琼脂平板必须彻底干燥，以防止单独菌落的混合。在平板上生长的白色念珠菌可以进一步送去进行基因分析，这可以回答PDT如何影响细胞的基因表达。这些技术为检查PDT如何在不同细胞类型（癌细胞，细菌，真菌或病毒）上工作铺平了道路，具有简单，廉价和多功能的平台。

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Candida albicans

A 96 Well Microtiter Plate-based Method for Monitoring Formation and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Candida albicans Biofilms

A 96 Well Microtiter Plate-based Method for Monitoring Formation and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Candida albicans Biofilms

一个96孔微孔板为基础的方法监测的形成和抗真菌的药敏试验白色念珠菌生物膜

Candida albicans remains the most frequent cause of fungal infections in an expanding population of compromised patients and candidiasis is now the third ...

科研

免疫与感染

Visualization of Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans Using an Automated Microfluidic Device

Visualization of Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans Using an Automated Microfluidic Device

全自动微流控装置在白色念珠菌生物膜形成中的可视化

Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of humans, causing about 15% of hospital-acquired sepsis cases. A major virulence attribute of C. ...

Deep Dermal Injection As a Model of Candida albicans Skin Infection for Histological Analyses

Deep Dermal Injection As a Model of Candida albicans Skin Infection for Histological Analyses

深部真皮注射液作为白色念珠菌皮肤感染模型的组织学分析

The skin is an extremely extended organ of the body and, due to this large surface, it is continuously exposed to microorganisms. Skin damage can easily ...

Daily Phototherapy with Red Light to Regulate Candida albicans Biofilm Growth

Daily Phototherapy with Red Light to Regulate Candida albicans Biofilm Growth

红光光疗法调节白色念珠菌生物膜生长

Here, we present a protocol to assess the outcomes of per diem red light treatment on the growth of Candida albicans biofilm. To increase the planktonic ...

Visualization of Candida albicans in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Visualization of Candida albicans in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

使用荧光原位杂交对毛尿胃肠道中的念珠菌的可视化

Candida albicans is a fungal component of the gut microbiota in humans and many other mammals. Although C. albicans does not cause symptoms in most ...

Clarifying and Imaging Candida albicans Biofilms

Clarifying and Imaging Candida albicans Biofilms

澄清和成像念珠菌生物膜

The microbial fungus Candida albicans can undergo a change from commensal colonization to virulence that is strongly correlated with its ability to switch ...

An Ex vivo Assay to Study Candida albicans Hyphal Morphogenesis in the Gastrointestinal Tract

An Ex vivo Assay to Study Candida albicans Hyphal Morphogenesis in the Gastrointestinal Tract

前体内分析研究胃 肠道的 念珠菌血脂磷

Candida albicans hyphal morphogenesis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is tightly controlled by various environmental signals, and plays an important ...

Use of In Vivo Imaging to Screen for Morphogenesis Phenotypes in Candida albicans Mutant Strains During Active Infection in a Mammalian Host

Use of In Vivo Imaging to Screen for Morphogenesis Phenotypes in Candida albicans Mutant Strains During Active Infection in a Mammalian Host

使用 体内 成像筛选哺乳动物宿主活动性感染期间 白色念珠 菌突变菌株的形态发生表型

Candida albicans is an important human pathogen. Its ability to switch between morphologic forms is central to&#160;its pathogenesis; these morphologic ...

孟加拉玫瑰介导的光动力疗法抑制 白色念珠菌

孟加拉玫瑰介导的光动力疗法抑制白色念珠菌