Name: rose bengal-mediated photodynamic therapy to inhibit candida albicans
Uploaded: 2022-03-24T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Candida albicans at JoVE.com

Questo lavoro ha ricevuto finanziamenti dal Center of Applied Nanomedicine, dalla National Cheng Kung University dal Featured Areas Research Center Program nell'ambito del Higher Education Sprout Project dal Ministero dell'Istruzione (MOE) e dal Ministero della Scienza e della Tecnologia, Taiwan [MOST 109-2327-B-006-005] a TW Wong. J.H. Hung riconosce i finanziamenti del National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan [NCKUH-11006018] e [MOST 110-2314-B-006-086-MY3].

1. Preparazione del sistema aPDT
<ol><li>Tagliare quattro diodi emettitori di luce verde (LED) da una striscia LED (vedere Tabella dei materiali) e allinearli con quattro pozzetti di una piastra a 96 pozzetti (Figura 1). NOTA: i LED sono stati disposti in un array 4 x 3. Il retro del LED è stato fatto aderire a un dissipatore di calore per disperdere il calore durante l'irradiazione.</li>
	<li>Misurare la frequenza di fluenza11 ...

<ol>
	<li>Naglik, J. R., Challacombe, S. J., Hube, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+albicans+secreted+aspartyl+proteinases+in+virulence+and+pathogenesis.">Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinases in virulence and pathogenesis.</a> Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 67 (3), 400-428 (2003).</li><li>Pappas, P. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+practice+guideline+for+the+management+of+candidiasis:+2016+update+by+the+Infectious+Diseases+Society+of+America.">Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.</a> Clinical Infectious Diseases. 62 (4), 1-50 (2016).</li><li>Ricotta, E. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasive+candidiasis+species+distribution+and+trends,+United+States,+2009-2017.">Invasive candidiasis species distribution and trends, United States, 2009-2017.</a> Journal of Infectious Diseases. 223 (7), 1295-1302 (2021).</li><li>Koehler, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morbidity+and+mortality+of+candidaemia+in+Europe:+an+epidemiologic+meta-analysis.">Morbidity and mortality of candidaemia in Europe: an epidemiologic meta-analysis.</a> Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 25 (10), 1200-1212 (2019).</li><li>Toda, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Population-based+active+surveillance+for+culture-confirmed+candidemia+-+four+sites,+United+States,+2012-2016.">Population-based active surveillance for culture-confirmed candidemia - four sites, United States, 2012-2016.</a> Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries. 68 (8), 1-15 (2019).</li><li>Lee, C. N., Hsu, R., Chen, H., Wong, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Daylight+photodynamic+therapy:+an+update.">Daylight photodynamic therapy: an update.</a> Molecules. 25 (21), 5195 (2020).</li><li>Wainwright, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photodynamic+antimicrobial+chemotherapy+(PACT).">Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT).</a> Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 42 (1), 13-28 (1998).</li><li>Wong, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Indocyanine+green-mediated+photodynamic+therapy+reduces+methicillin-resistant+staphylococcus+aureus+drug+resistance.">Indocyanine green-mediated photodynamic therapy reduces methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus drug resistance.</a> Journal of Clinical Medicine. 8 (3), 411 (2019).</li><li>Kim, M. M., Darafsheh, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+sources+and+dosimetry+techniques+for+photodynamic+therapy.">Light sources and dosimetry techniques for photodynamic therapy.</a> Photochemistry and Photobiology. 96 (2), 280-294 (2020).</li><li>Wong, T. W., Sheu, H. M., Lee, J. Y., Fletcher, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photodynamic+therapy+for+Bowen's+disease+(squamous+cell+carcinoma+in+situ)+of+the+digit.">Photodynamic therapy for Bowen's disease (squamous cell carcinoma in situ) of the digit.</a> Dermatologic Surgery. 27 (5), 452-456 (2001).</li><li>Wong, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photodynamic+inactivation+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+by+indocyanine+green+and+near+infrared+light.">Photodynamic inactivation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by indocyanine green and near infrared light.</a> Dermatologica Sinica. 36 (1), 8-15 (2018).</li><li>Stasko, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visible+blue+light+inhibits+infection+and+replication+of+SARS-CoV-2+at+doses+that+are+well-tolerated+by+human+respiratory+tissue.">Visible blue light inhibits infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 at doses that are well-tolerated by human respiratory tissue.</a> Scientific Reports. 11 (1), 20595 (2021).</li><li>Crosbie, J., Winser, K., Collins, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+the+light+field+of+the+Waldmann+PDT+1200+lamp:+potential+for+wide-field+low+light+irradiance+aminolevulinic+acid+photodynamic+therapy.">Mapping the light field of the Waldmann PDT 1200 lamp: potential for wide-field low light irradiance aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy.</a> Photochemistry and Photobiology. 76 (2), 204-207 (2002).</li><li>Feenstra, R. P., Tseng, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+fluorescein+and+rose+bengal+staining.">Comparison of fluorescein and rose bengal staining.</a> Ophthalmology. 99 (4), 605-617 (1992).</li><li>Demidova, T. N., Hamblin, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+cell-photosensitizer+binding+and+cell+density+on+microbial+photoinactivation.">Effect of cell-photosensitizer binding and cell density on microbial photoinactivation.</a> Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 49 (6), 2329-2335 (2005).</li><li>Shahid, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duclauxin+derivatives+from+fungi+and+their+biological+activities.">Duclauxin derivatives from fungi and their biological activities.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 12, 766440 (2021).</li><li>Arendrup, M. C., Park, S., Brown, S., Pfaller, M., Perlin, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+CLSI+M44-A2+disk+diffusion+and+associated+breakpoint+testing+of+caspofungin+and+micafungin+using+a+well-characterized+panel+of+wild-type+and+fks+hot+spot+mutant+Candida+isolates.">Evaluation of CLSI M44-A2 disk diffusion and associated breakpoint testing of caspofungin and micafungin using a well-characterized panel of wild-type and fks hot spot mutant Candida isolates.</a> Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 55 (5), 1891-1895 (2011).</li><li>Mukaremera, L., Lee, K. K., Mora-Montes, H. M., Gow, N. A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+albicans+yeast,+pseudohyphal,+and+hyphal+morphogenesis+differentially+affects+immune+recognition.">Candida albicans yeast, pseudohyphal, and hyphal morphogenesis differentially affects immune recognition.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 8, 629 (2017).</li><li>Hung, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+photodynamic+therapy+against+fungal+keratitis.">Recent advances in photodynamic therapy against fungal keratitis.</a> Pharmaceutics. 13 (12), 2011 (2021).</li><li>Martinez, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rose+Bengal+photodynamic+antimicrobial+therapy:+a+pilot+safety+study.">Rose Bengal photodynamic antimicrobial therapy: a pilot safety study.</a> Cornea. 40 (8), 1036-1043 (2021).</li></ol>

Risultati incoraggianti delle applicazioni cliniche di RB-PDT per la cheratite fungina sono stati riportati di recente19. Il picco di assorbimento di RB è a 450-650 nm. È essenziale determinare la frequenza di fluenza della sorgente luminosa per un aPDT di successo. Una fluenza elevata (di solito >100 J / cm2) è necessaria per trattare le cellule tumorali, mentre una fluenza inferiore dovrebbe trattare le lesioni infette6. Un'elevata fluenza significa un lungo...

C. albicans colonizza nel tratto gastrointestinale e genito-urinario di individui sani e può essere rilevato come microbiota normale in circa il 50% degli individui1. Se si crea uno squilibrio tra l'ospite e l'agente patogeno, C. albicans è in grado di invadere e causare malattie. L'infezione può variare da infezioni locali della mucosa a insufficienza multiorgano2. In uno studio di sorveglianza multicentrico negli Stati Uniti, circa la metà degli isolati di pazienti con candidosi invasiva tra il 2009 e il 2017 è C. albicans3. La candidemia può essere associata ad alti tassi di morbilità, mortalità, degenza ospedaliera prolungata4. I Centri statunitensi di controllo e prevenzione delle malattie hanno riferito che circa il 7% di tutti i campioni di sangue di Candida testati sono resistenti al farmaco antifungino fluconazolo5. L'emergere di specie di Candida resistenti ai farmaci solleva la preoccupazione di sviluppare una terapia alternativa o adiuvante agli agenti antimicotici.
La terapia fotodinamica antimicrobica (aPDT) prevede l'attivazione di un fotosensibilizzante specifico (PS) con la luce alla lunghezza d'onda di assorbimento di picco del PS6. Dopo l'eccitazione, il PS eccitato trasferisce la sua energia o elettroni alle molecole di ossigeno vicine e ritorna allo stato fondamentale. Durante questo processo, si formano specie reattive dell'ossigeno e ossigeno singoletto che causano danni alle cellule. aPDT è stato ampiamente utilizzato per uccidere i microrganismi dal 19907. Uno dei vantaggi dell'aPDT è che più organelli sono danneggiati in una cellula dall'ossigeno singoletto e / o dalle specie reattive dell'ossigeno (ROS) durante l'irradiazione; pertanto, la resistenza all'aPDT non è stata trovata fino ad oggi. Inoltre, un recente studio ha riportato che i batteri sopravvissuti dopo l'aPDT sono diventati più sensibili agli antibiotici8.
Le sorgenti luminose utilizzate in aPDT includono laser, lampade alogene metalliche con filtri, luce nel vicino infrarosso e diodi emettitori di luce (LED)9,10,11,12. Il laser fornisce un'elevata potenza luminosa, solitamente superiore a 0,5 W/cm2, che consente l'erogazione di una dose di luce elevata in un tempo molto breve. È stato ampiamente utilizzato nei casi in cui un tempo di trattamento più lungo è scomodo come aPDT per le infezioni orali. Lo svantaggio di un laser è che la sua dimensione spot di illuminazione è piccola, che va da poche centinaia di micrometri a 10 mm con un diffusore. Inoltre, le apparecchiature laser sono costose e richiedono una formazione specifica per funzionare. D'altra parte, l'area di irradiazione di una lampada alogena metallica con filtri è relativamente più grande13. Tuttavia, la lampada è troppo pesante e costosa. Le sorgenti luminose a LED sono diventate mainstream di aPDT in campo dermatologico perché è piccolo e meno costoso. L'area di irradiazione può essere relativamente grande con una disposizione array della lampadina a LED. L'intero viso può essere illuminato contemporaneamente9. Tuttavia, la maggior parte, se non tutte, le sorgenti luminose a LED disponibili oggi sono progettate per uso clinico. Potrebbe non essere adatto per esperimenti in un laboratorio perché occupa spazio e costoso. Abbiamo sviluppato un array di LED economico che è molto piccolo e può essere tagliato e assemblato da una striscia LED. I LED possono essere montati in diverse disposizioni per diversi progetti sperimentali. Diverse condizioni di aPDT possono essere completate in una piastra a 96 pozzetti o anche in una piastra a 384 pozzetti in un esperimento.
Rose bengal (RB) è un colorante colorato ampiamente utilizzato per migliorare la visualizzazione dei danni corneali negli occhi umani14. L'aPDT mediato da RB ha mostrato effetti di uccisione su Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e C. albicans con un'efficienza approssimativamente paragonabile a quella del blu di Toluidina O15. Questo studio dimostra un metodo per convalidare l'effetto di RB-aPDT su C. albicans multiresistente.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL microfuge tube</td>
			<td>Neptune, San Diego, USA</td>
			<td>#3745.x</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL round-bottom tube with cell strainer cap</td>
			<td>Falcon, USA</td>
			<td>#352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>Alpha plus, Taoyuan Hsien, Taiwan</td>
			<td>#16196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum foil</td>
			<td>sunmei, Tainan, Taiwan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum heat sink</td>
			<td>Nanyi electronics Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan</td>
			<td>BK-T220-0051-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf, UK</td>
			<td>5415R</td>
			<td>disperses heat from the LED array</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graph pad prism software</td>
			<td>GraphPad 8.0, San Diego, California, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>graphing and statistics software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Green light emitting diode (LED) strip</td>
			<td>Nanyi electronics Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan</td>
			<td>2835</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Yihder, Taipei, Taiwan</td>
			<td>LM-570D (R)</td>
			<td>Emission peak wavelength: 525 nm, Viewing angle: 150&#176;; originated from https://www.aliva.com.tw/product.php?id=63</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light power meter</td>
			<td>Ophir, Jerusalem, Israel</td>
			<td>PD300-3W-V1-SENSOR,</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millex 0.22 &#956;m filter</td>
			<td>Merck, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>SLGVR33RS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multidrug-resistant Candida albicans</td>
			<td>Bioresource Collection and Research CenterBioresource, Hsinchu, Taiwan</td>
			<td>BCRC 21538/ATCC 10231</td>
			<td>http://catalog.bcrc.firdi.org.tw/BcrcContent?bid=21538</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OD600 spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Biochrom, London, UK</td>
			<td>Ultrospec 10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rose Bengal</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA</td>
			<td>330000</td>
			<td>stock concentration 40 mg/mL = 4%, prepare in PBS, stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterilized glass tube</td>
			<td>Sunmei Co., Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan</td>
			<td>AK45048-16100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose Medium</td>
			<td>HIMEDIA, India</td>
			<td>M1363</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rose bengal-mediated photodynamic therapy to inhibit candida albicans

L'infezione invasiva da Candida albicans è una significativa infezione fungina opportunistica negli esseri umani perché è uno dei colonizzatori più comuni dell'intestino, della bocca, della vagina e della pelle. Nonostante la disponibilità di farmaci antifungini, il tasso di mortalità della candidosi invasiva rimane ~ 50%. Sfortunatamente, l'incidenza di C. albicans resistente ai farmaci sta aumentando a livello globale. La terapia fotodinamica antimicrobica (aPDT) può offrire un trattamento alternativo o adiuvante per inibire la formazione di biofilm di C. albicans e superare la resistenza ai farmaci. L'aPDT mediato da Rose Bengal (RB) ha dimostrato un'efficace uccisione cellulare di batteri e C. albicans. In questo studio, viene descritta l'efficacia di RB-aPDT su C. albicans multiresistente ai farmaci. Una sorgente luminosa a diodi a emissione di luce verde (LED) fatta in casa è progettata per allinearsi con il centro di un pozzo di una piastra a 96 pozzetti. I lieviti sono stati incubati nei pozzetti con diverse concentrazioni di RB e illuminati con fluenze variabili di luce verde. Gli effetti di uccisione sono stati analizzati con il metodo di diluizione della piastra. Con una combinazione ottimale di luce e RB, è stata raggiunta l'inibizione della crescita a 3 log. Si è concluso che RB-aPDT potrebbe potenzialmente inibire C. albicans resistente ai farmaci.

La Figura 1 mostra il sistema aPDT utilizzato nel presente studio. Poiché le alte temperature possono causare una significativa morte cellulare, l'array di LED viene raffreddato da una ventola elettrica e un dissipatore di calore viene utilizzato durante l'irradiazione per mantenere una temperatura costante a 25 ± 1 °C. L'effetto calore può essere scontato. Avere una distribuzione uniforme della luce è anche un importante fattore determinante per un aPDT di successo; pertanto, è fonda...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Candida albicans at JoVE.com

Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Candida albicans

La crescente incidenza di Candida albicans resistente ai farmaci è un grave problema di salute in tutto il mondo. La terapia fotodinamica antimicrobica (aPDT) può offrire una strategia per combattere le infezioni fungine resistenti ai farmaci. Il presente protocollo descrive l'efficacia dell'aPDT mediata da Rose bengala su un ceppo di C. albicans multiresistente in vitro.

Terapia fotodinamica mediata dal Bengala Rosa per inibire la Candida albicans

Invasive Candida albicans infection is a significant opportunistic fungal infection in humans because it is one of the most common colonizers of the gut, ...

Questo studio è un sistema semplice, versatile e facile per esaminare diversi effetti fotodinamici su vari microrganismi e cellule. In questo sistema, il LED può essere inserito in una disposizione diversa a seconda del design dell'esperimento. Diverse condizioni di PDT possono essere calcolate in una piastra a 96 pozzetti o anche in una piastra a 384 pozzetti in un esperimento.Questa tecnica può essere utilizzata per trattare la cheratite fungina a causa della quale a livello globale, circa 150.000 persone perdono gli occhi nonostante i trattamenti intensivi. Per iniziare, tagliare quattro LED verdi da una striscia LED e allinearli con tre pozzetti di una piastra da 96 pozzetti. Misurare la frequenza di fluenza del LED a 540 nanometri con un misuratore di potenza luminosa.Mantenere una temperatura costante a 25 gradi Celsius con un ventilatore elettrico che è stato assemblato accanto alla piastra durante l'irradiazione. Con un anello sterile, scegli una singola colonia di Candida albicans da una piastra di agar e aggiungila a un tubo di vetro sterilizzato contenente tre millilitri di mezzo YPD. Incubare il tubo a 25 gradi Celsius ad una velocità di rotazione di 155 RPM per 14-16 ore per far crescere la coltura del lievito.Quindi diluire la coltura notturna con il mezzo YPD a un valore OD 600 di 0,5. Incubare a 30 gradi Celsius con rotazione a 155 RPM per quattro ore per raggiungere la fase di crescita del log. Ripetere la diluizione della coltura in fase logaritmica con mezzo YPD fresco ad un valore OD 600 di 0,65, per ottenere circa una volta 10 alla settima unità formante colonia per millilitro.Contemporaneamente preparare una soluzione stock al 4% di rose bengal in 1X PBS. Filtro sterilizzare con un filtro da 0,22 micrometri. Aggiungere 111 microlitri di soluzione di rose bengal al 2% a un millilitro di coltura in fase logaritmica e co-coltura in diversi punti temporali a temperatura ambiente per comprendere l'assorbimento di RB nelle cellule.Centrifugare a 16, 100 volte G per 2 minuti e mezzo a temperatura ambiente e lavare la co-coltura tre volte con un millilitro di 1X PBS. Dopo il lavaggio, risospensionare la coltura candida albicans in un millilitro di 1X PBS. Per ogni condizione, distribuire la coltura in tre diversi pozzetti in una piastra da 96 pozzetti.Allineare i pozzetti con l'array di LED. Nei gruppi esposti alla luce, accendere la ventola elettrica e la luce. Dopo l'irradiazione, eseguire due diluizioni seriali dieci volte prendendo 20 microlitri della soluzione di co-coltura da un pozzo e aggiungendolo a un tubo contenente 180 microlitri di 1X PBS.Quindi rilascia 20 microlitri di ogni diluizione seriale in un quadrante di una piastra di agar YPD per ottenere colonie numerabili sulla piastra. La microscopia fluorescente ha mostrato una colorazione immediata di Candida albicans con rosa bengala sotto fluorescenza rossa. Dopo 15 minuti di incubazione, la maggior parte delle cellule sono state macchiate con rosa bengala, indicando che entra nelle cellule in modo dipendente dal tempo.Inoltre, l'attivazione del rose bengal con la luce genera radicali liberi e ossigeno singoletto nelle cellule, con conseguente morte cellulare. In assenza di rosa bengala o irradiazione, non è stata osservata alcuna morte cellulare. La Candida albicans è stata inibita dopo irradiazione di luce verde in presenza dello 0,2% di rosa bengala in modo leggero dose-dipendente.È importante che prima la piastra a 96 pozzetti sia allineata con il centro del LED. In secondo luogo, la piastra di agar utilizzata deve essere asciugata accuratamente per impedire la miscelazione di colonie separate. La Candida albicans che è cresciuta sulla piastra può essere ulteriormente inviata per l'analisi genica, che può rispondere a come la PDT influenza l'espressione genica delle cellule.Queste tecniche aprono la strada per esaminare come funziona la PDT su diversi tipi di cellule, cellule tumorali, batteri, funghi o virus con una piattaforma facile, economica e versatile.

rose-bengal-mediated-photodynamic-therapy-to-inhibit-candida-albicans

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Candida albicans

A 96 Well Microtiter Plate-based Method for Monitoring Formation and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Candida albicans Biofilms

Candida albicans remains the most frequent cause of fungal infections in an expanding population of compromised patients and candidiasis is now the third most common infection in US hospitals. Different manifestations of candidiasis are associated with biofilm formation, both on host tissues and/or medical devices (i.e. catheters). Biofilm formation carries negative clinical implications, as cells within the biofilms are protected from host immune responses and from the action of antifungals. We have developed a simple, fast and robust in vitro model for the formation of C. albicans biofilms using 96 well microtiter-plates, which can also be used for biofilm antifungal susceptibility testing. The readout of this assay is colorimetric, based on the reduction of XTT (a tetrazolium salt) by metabolically active fungal biofilm cells. A typical experiment takes approximately 24 h for biofilm formation, with an additional 24 h for antifungal susceptibility testing. Because of its simplicity and the use of commonly available laboratory materials and equipment, this technique democratizes biofilm research and represents an important step towards the standardization of antifungal susceptibility testing of fungal biofilms.

A 96 Well Microtiter Plate-based Method for Monitoring Formation and Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Candida albicans Biofilms

We describe a simple, rapid and robust method for the formation of Candida albicans biofilms using 96 well microtiter plates and its utility in antifungal susceptibility testing of cells within biofilms.

A 96 Beh microtest piastra a base di Metodo per la Formazione di monitoraggio e test di suscettibilità antifungini Candida albicans Biofilm

Candida albicans remains the most frequent cause of fungal infections in an expanding population of compromised patients and candidiasis is now the third ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Visualization of Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans Using an Automated Microfluidic Device

Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of humans, causing about 15% of hospital-acquired sepsis cases. A major virulence attribute of C. albicans is its ability to form biofilms, structured communities of cells attached to biotic and abiotic surfaces. C. albicans biofilms can form on host tissues, such as mucosal layers, and on medical devices, such as catheters, pacemakers, dentures, and joint prostheses. Biofilms pose significant clinical challenges because they are highly resistant to physical and chemical perturbations, and can act as reservoirs to seed disseminated infections. Various in vitro assays have been utilized to study C. albicans biofilm formation, such as microtiter plate assays, dry weight measurements, cell viability assays, and confocal scanning laser microscopy. All of these assays are single end-point assays, where biofilm formation is assessed at a specific time point. Here, we describe a protocol to study biofilm formation in real-time using an automated microfluidic device under laminar flow conditions. This method allows for the observation of biofilm formation as the biofilm develops over time, using customizable conditions that mimic those of the host, such as those encountered in vascular catheters. This protocol can be used to assess the biofilm defects of genetic mutants as well as the inhibitory effects of antimicrobial agents on biofilm development in real-time.

Visualization of Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans Using an Automated Microfluidic Device

This protocol describes the use of a customizable automated microfluidic device to visualize biofilm formation in Candida albicans under host physiological conditions.

Visualizzazione della formazione di Biofilm in Candida albicans utilizzando un dispositivo microfluidico automatizzato

Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen of humans, causing about 15% of hospital-acquired sepsis cases. A major virulence attribute of C. ...

Deep Dermal Injection As a Model of Candida albicans Skin Infection for Histological Analyses

The skin is an extremely extended organ of the body and, due to this large surface, it is continuously exposed to microorganisms. Skin damage can easily lead to infections in the dermis which can, in turn, result in the dissemination of pathogens into the bloodstream. Understanding how the immune system fights infections at the very early stage and how the host can eliminate the pathogens is an important step to set the base for future therapeutic interventions. Here we describe a model of Candida albicans infection that can visualize the processes that occur early during an infection, including when the pathogen has passed the epithelial barrier, as well as the immune response elicited by the C. albicans invasion. We used this infection model to perform histological analyses that show the immune cells that infiltrate the skin as well as the presence and localization of the pathogen. Samples collected after the infection can be processed for RNA extraction.

Deep Dermal Injection As a Model of Candida albicans Skin Infection for Histological Analyses

Here we describe a protocol that allows histological and molecular analysis of skin samples after Candida albicans intradermal injection. This protocol maintains the structural integrity of the skin and allows for the localization of tissue-resident or newly recruited immune cells as well as the pathogen distribution.

Profondo cutaneo iniezione come un modello di infezione della pelle Candida albicans per analisi istologiche

The skin is an extremely extended organ of the body and, due to this large surface, it is continuously exposed to microorganisms. Skin damage can easily ...

Daily Phototherapy with Red Light to Regulate Candida albicans Biofilm Growth

Here, we present a protocol to assess the outcomes of per diem red light treatment on the growth of Candida albicans biofilm. To increase the planktonic growth of C. albicans SN425, the inoculums grew on Yeast Nitrogen Base media. For biofilm formation, RPMI 1640 media, which have high concentrations of amino acids, were applied to help biofilm growth. Biofilms of 48 h were treated twice a day for a period of 1 min with a non-coherent light device (red light; wavelength = 635 nm; energy density = 87.6 J&#183;cm-2). As a positive control (PC), 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) was applied, and as a negative control (NC), 0.89% NaCl was applied to the biofilms. Colony forming units (CFU), dry-weight, soluble and insoluble exopolysaccharides were quantified after treatments. Briefly, the protocol presented here is simple, reproducible and provides answers regarding viability, dry-weight and extracellular polysaccharide amounts after red light treatment.

Daily Phototherapy with Red Light to Regulate Candida albicans Biofilm Growth

Here, we present a protocol to assess the outcome of red light application on the growth of Candida albicans biofilm. A non-coherent red light device with the wavelength of 635 nm and energy density of 87.6 J&#183;cm-2 was applied throughout the growth of Candida albicans biofilms for 48 h.

Quotidiano fototerapia con luce rossa per sviluppo di Biofilm di regolare dei albicans del Candida

Here, we present a protocol to assess the outcomes of per diem red light treatment on the growth of Candida albicans biofilm. To increase the planktonic ...

Visualization of Candida albicans in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Candida albicans is a fungal component of the gut microbiota in humans and many other mammals. Although C. albicans does not cause symptoms in most colonized hosts, the commensal reservoir does serve as a repository for infectious disease, and the presence of high fungal titers in the gut is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we describe a method to visualize C. albicans cell morphology and localization in a mouse model of stable gastrointestinal colonization. Colonization is established using a single dose of C. albicans in animals that have been treated with oral antibiotics. Segments of gut tissue are fixed in a manner that preserves the architecture of luminal contents (microorganisms and mucus) as well as the host mucosa. Finally, fluorescent in situ hybridization is performed using probes against fungal rRNA to stain for C. albicans and hyphae. A key advantage of this protocol is that it allows for simultaneous observation of C. albicans cell morphology and its spatial association with host structures during gastrointestinal colonization.

Visualization of Candida albicans in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

The purpose of this protocol is to visualize Candida albicans cell shape and localization in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract.

Visualizzazione degli albicani Candida nel tratto gastrointestinale Murine utilizzando l'ibridazione fluorescente in Situ

Candida albicans is a fungal component of the gut microbiota in humans and many other mammals. Although C. albicans does not cause symptoms in most ...

Clarifying and Imaging Candida albicans Biofilms

The microbial fungus Candida albicans can undergo a change from commensal colonization to virulence that is strongly correlated with its ability to switch from yeast-form growth to hyphal growth. Cells initiating this process become adherent to surfaces as well as to each other, with the resulting development of a biofilm colony. This commonly occurs not only on mucosal tissue surfaces in yeast infections, but also on medical implants such as catheters. It is well known that biofilm cells are resistant to antifungal drugs, and that cells that shed from the biofilm can lead to dangerous systemic infections. Biofilms range from heavily translucent to opaque due to refractive heterogeneity. Therefore, fungal biofilms are difficult to study by optical microscopy. To visualize internal structural, cellular, and subcellular features, we clarify fixed intact biofilms by stepwise solvent exchange to a point of optimal refractive index matching. For C. albicans biofilms, sufficient clarification is attained with methyl salicylate (n = 1.537) to enable confocal microscopy from apex to base in 600 &#181;m biofilms with little attenuation. In this visualization protocol we outline phase contrast refractometry, the growth of laboratory biofilms, fixation, staining, solvent exchange, the setup for confocal fluorescence microscopy, and representative results.

Clarifying and Imaging Candida albicans Biofilms

To view and quantify the internal features of Candida albicans biofilms, we prepare fixed intact specimens that are clarified by refractive index matching. Then, optical sectioning microscopy can be used to obtain three-dimensional image data though the full thickness of the biofilm.

Chiarire e imaging Candida albicans Biofilms

The microbial fungus Candida albicans can undergo a change from commensal colonization to virulence that is strongly correlated with its ability to switch ...

An Ex vivo Assay to Study Candida albicans Hyphal Morphogenesis in the Gastrointestinal Tract

Candida albicans hyphal morphogenesis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is tightly controlled by various environmental signals, and plays an important role in the dissemination and pathogenesis of this opportunistic fungal pathogen. However, methods to visualize fungal hyphae in the GI tract in vivo are challenging which limits the understanding of environmental signals in controlling this morphogenesis process. The protocol described here demonstrates a novel ex vivo method for visualization of hyphal morphogenesis in gut homogenate extracts. Using an ex vivo assay, this study demonstrates that cecal contents from antibiotic treated mice, but not from untreated control mice, promote C. albicans hyphal morphogenesis in the gut content. Further, adding back specific groups of gut metabolites to the cecal contents from antibiotic-treated mice differentially regulates hyphal morphogenesis ex vivo. Taken together, this protocol represents a novel method to identify and investigate the environmental signals that control C. albicans hyphal morphogenesis in the GI tract.

An Ex vivo Assay to Study Candida albicans Hyphal Morphogenesis in the Gastrointestinal Tract

The ex vivo assay described in this study using gut homogenate extracts and immunofluorescence staining represents a novel method to examine the hyphal morphogenesis of Candida albicans in the GI tract. This method can be utilized to investigate the environmental signals regulating morphogenetic transition in the gut.

Un saggio ex vivo per studiare Candida albicans Morphogenesi ifale nel tratto gastrointestinale

Candida albicans hyphal morphogenesis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is tightly controlled by various environmental signals, and plays an important ...

Use of In Vivo Imaging to Screen for Morphogenesis Phenotypes in Candida albicans Mutant Strains During Active Infection in a Mammalian Host

Candida albicans is an important human pathogen. Its ability to switch between morphologic forms is central to&#160;its pathogenesis; these morphologic changes are regulated by a complex signaling network controlled in response to environmental stimuli. These regulatory components have been highly studied, but almost all studies use a variety of in vitro stimuli to trigger filamentation. To determine how morphogenesis is regulated during the pathogenesis process, we developed an in vivo microscopy system to obtain high spatial resolution images of organisms undergoing hyphal formation within the mammalian host. The protocol presented here describes the use of this system to screen small collections of C. albicans mutant strains, allowing us to identify key regulators of morphogenesis as it occurs at the site of infection. Representative results are presented, demonstrating that some regulators of morphogenesis, such as the transcriptional regulator Efg1, have consistent phenotypes in vitro and in vivo, whereas other regulators, such as adenyl cyclase (Cyr1), have significantly different phenotypes in vivo compared to in vitro.

Use of In Vivo Imaging to Screen for Morphogenesis Phenotypes in Candida albicans Mutant Strains During Active Infection in a Mammalian Host

This manuscript describes a method for screening moderately sized Candida albicans mutant libraries for morphogenesis phenotypes during active infection in a mammalian host using non-invasive confocal microscopy.

Uso dell'imaging in vivo per lo screening dei fenotipi di morfogenesi in ceppi mutanti di Candida albicans durante l'infezione attiva in un ospite di mammifero

Candida albicans is an important human pathogen. Its ability to switch between morphologic forms is central to&#160;its pathogenesis; these morphologic ...

APDT efficace con curcuminoidi per la candidosi orale nei topi

Curcuminoid-Mediated Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on a Murine Model of Oral Candidiasis

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) has been extensively investigated in vitro, and preclinical animal models of infections are suitable for evaluating alternative treatments prior to clinical trials. This study describes the efficacy of aPDT in a murine model of oral candidiasis. Forty mice were immunosuppressed with subcutaneous injections of prednisolone, and their tongues were inoculated using an oral swab previously soaked in a C. albicans cell suspension. Tetracycline was administered via drinking water during the course of the experiment. Five days after fungal inoculation, mice were randomly distributed into eight groups; a ninth group of untreated uninfected mice was included as a negative control (n = 5). Three concentrations (20 &#181;M, 40 &#181;M, and 80 &#181;M) of a mixture of curcuminoids were tested with a blue LED light (89.2 mW/cm2; ~455 nm) and without light (C+L+ and C+L- groups, respectively). Light alone (C-L+), no treatment (C-L-), and animals without infection were evaluated as controls. Data were analyzed using Welch&#39;s ANOVA and Games-Howell tests (&#945; = 0.05). Oral candidiasis was established in all infected animals and visualized macroscopically through the presence of characteristic white patches or pseudomembranes on the dorsum of the tongues. Histopathological sections confirmed a large presence of yeast and filaments limited to the keratinized layer of the epithelium in the C-L- group, and the presence of fungal cells was visually decreased in the images obtained from mice subjected to aPDT with either 40 &#181;M or 80 &#181;M curcuminoids. aPDT mediated by 80 &#181;M curcuminoids promoted a 2.47 log10 reduction in colony counts in comparison to those in the C-L- group (p = 0.008). All other groups showed no statistically significant reduction in the number of colonies, including photosensitizer (C+L-) or light alone (C-L+) groups. Curcuminoid-mediated aPDT reduced the fungal load from the tongues of mice.

Autore in primo piano: Esplorazione della terapia fotodinamica con la curcumina in un modello murino per la candidosi orale

This protocol describes the application of antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) in a murine model of oral candidiasis. aPDT was performed using a water-soluble mixture of curcuminoids and blue LED light.