Name: purification of ubiquitinated p53 proteins from mammalian cells
Uploaded: 2022-03-21T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of Ubiquitinated p53 Proteins from Mammalian Cells at JoVE.com

This work was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81972624) to D.L.

NOTE: H1299 cells were kindly provided by the Stem Cell Bank, Chinese Academy of Sciences and were proven to be negative for mycoplasma contamination.
1. Cell culture
<ol>
	<li>For the initial culture, place 1 x 106 cells of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, H1299 in a 10 cm Petri dish with 10-12 mL of RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% glutamine additive, 1% sodium pyruvate, and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 &#181;g/...

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ubiquitin-binding+domains+-+from+structures+to+functions.">Ubiquitin-binding domains - from structures to functions.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 10 (10), 659-671 (2009).</li><li>Oh, E., Akopian, D., Rape, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Principles+of+ubiquitin-dependent+signaling.">Principles of ubiquitin-dependent signaling.</a> Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 34, 137-162 (2018).</li><li>Clague, M. J., Urbe, S., Komander, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breaking+the+chains:+deubiquitylating+enzyme+specificity+begets+function.">Breaking the chains: deubiquitylating enzyme specificity begets function.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 20 (6), 338-352 (2019).</li><li>Harrigan, J. A., Jacq, X., Martin, N. M., Jackson, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deubiquitylating+enzymes+and+drug+discovery:+emerging+opportunities.">Deubiquitylating enzymes and drug discovery: emerging opportunities.</a> Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 17 (1), 57-78 (2018).</li><li>Vogelstein, B., Lane, D., Levine, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surfing+the+p53+network.">Surfing the p53 network.</a> Nature. 408 (6810), 307-310 (2000).</li><li>Boutelle, A. M., Attardi, L. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=p53+and+Tumor+suppression:+It+takes+a+network.">p53 and Tumor suppression: It takes a network.</a> Trends In Cell Biology. 31 (4), 298-310 (2021).</li><li>Levine, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=p53:+800+million+years+of+evolution+and+40+years+of+discovery.">p53: 800 million years of evolution and 40 years of discovery.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 20 (8), 471-480 (2020).</li><li>Vousden, K. 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Ubiquitination plays a critical role in almost all physiological and pathological cellular processes2. In recent years, great progress has been made in understanding the molecular role of ubiquitin in signaling pathways and how changes in the ubiquitin system lead to different human diseases2. The purification of ubiquitinated proteins contributes to providing insight into the exact roles of ubiquitination in these processes. The mixtures of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins ca...

Ubiquitin is an evolutionarily conserved protein of 76 amino acids1,2,3. Ubiquitin covalently binds lysine residues on target proteins through cascades involving activating (E1), conjugating (E2), and ligase (E3) enzymes. Ubiquitin is first activated by the E1 enzyme and is then transferred to the E2 conjugating enzymes. Subsequently, E3 ubiquitin ligases interact with both ubiquitin-loaded E2 enzymes and substrate proteins and mediate the formation of an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal of ubiquitin and a lysine residue in the substrate1,2,3,4,5. Ubiquitination involves the attachment of ubiquitin moieties to lysine residues on substrate proteins or to itself, leading to protein monoubiquitination or polyubiquitination. This ubiquitination process occurs intracellularly in eukaryotes and regulates a large variety of biological processes. Ubiquitination results in the degradation of substrate proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome system1,2,3,4,5. In addition, ubiquitination modulates protein subcellular localization, protein complex formation, and protein trafficking in cells3,5. Ubiquitin moieties ligated to substrate proteins can be removed by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs)6,7. Notably, the different ways in which ubiquitin chains are assembled provide a myriad of means to regulate various biological processes1,5. The exact roles of ubiquitination in regulating substrate protein function remain incompletely understood till now. The purification of ubiquitinated proteins contributes to the elucidation of the effects of protein ubiquitination on a variety of cellular processes.
The p53 protein is one of the most important tumor suppressor proteins and exhibits genetic mutations or inactivation in almost all human cancers8,9,10,11. p53 stability and activity are delicately regulated in vivo by posttranslational modifications, including ubiquitination, phosphorylation, acetylation, and methylation12,13. The p53 protein has a short half-life ranging from 6 min to 40 min in various cells, which results mainly from its polyubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation10,12. Mouse double minute 2 (Mdm2) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase of p53 that binds to the N-terminus of p53 to inhibit its transcriptional activity12,14,15. Mdm2 promotes the polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of p53 to control its stability and induces monoubiquitination of p53 to facilitate its nuclear export12,14,15,16. Here, Mdm2-mediated p53 ubiquitination is used as an example to introduce a method for the purification of ubiquitinated proteins from mammalian cells in detail. The regulators that influence the ubiquitination status of target proteins can be identified using this in vivo ubiquitination assay when they are overexpressed or knocked down/knocked out in mammalian cells. In addition, ubiquitinated proteins can be used as substrates for in vitro deubiquitination assay. A high-throughput screening can be performed to identify specific DUBs for target proteins by incubating ubiquitinated substrates with individual DUBs. Ubiquitinated proteins may act as a scaffold to recruit downstream signaling proteins in cells. A ubiquitinated target protein complex can be purified by sequential immunoprecipitation under native purification conditions and identified by mass-spectrometry. The current protocol can be extensively used to investigate the cellular proteins regulated by ubiquitination.
Several methods have been established to purify ubiquitinated proteins, which include the use of affinity-tagged ubiquitin, ubiquitin antibodies, ubiquitin-binding proteins, and isolated ubiquitin-binding domains (UBDs)17. Here, we provide a protocol using affinity-tagged ubiquitin as a mediator to purify ubiquitinated proteins in mammalian cells. The use of poly-His-tagged ubiquitin offers advantages over the other methods. Ubiquitinated proteins are purified in the presence of strong denaturants, which reduces non-specific binding to nickel-charged resin by linearizing cellular proteins and disrupting protein-protein interactions. In contrast, the use of ubiquitin antibodies, ubiquitin-binding proteins, and isolated UBDs as mediators cannot effectively exclude binding partners from target protein because purification needs to be performed under less stringent conditions. Moreover, purification may also lead to increased binding of unrelated proteins using these mediators. In addition, there is a binding propensity for various ubiquitin linkage types as well as mono- and poly-ubiquitination by ubiquitin-binding proteins or isolated UBDs17. The use of poly-His-tagged ubiquitin contributes to pull down all cellular ubiquitinated proteins. Alternatively, the use of commercially available anti-Flag or anti-HA antibody-conjugated agarose make it easier to immunoprecipitate large-scale Flag- or HA-tagged target proteins under nondenaturing conditions. A second purification step, for example, by nickel-charged resin targeting poly-His-tagged ubiquitin, can be used to acquire ubiquitinated target proteins with a high purity for downstream experiments. Notably, an epitope tagging purification strategy can be adapted when a specific antibody cannot be acquired to immunoprecipitate target proteins effectively. Finally, purification of ubiquitinated proteins in mammalian cells, in comparison with purification in vitro, retains the ubiquitin linkage mode of target proteins under more physiological conditions.

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			<td>&#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>M6250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amersham ECL Mouse IgG, HRP-linked whole Ab (from sheep)</td>
			<td>GE healthcare</td>
			<td>NA931</td>
			<td>Secondary antibdoy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amersham ECL Rat IgG, HRP-linked whole Ab (from donkey)</td>
			<td>GE healthcare</td>
			<td>NA935</td>
			<td>Secondary antibdoy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Flag M2 Affinity Gel</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2220</td>
			<td>FLAG/M2 beads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GFP monocolonal antibody</td>
			<td>Santa cruz</td>
			<td>sc-9996</td>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-HA High Affinity</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11867423001</td>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mdm2 monocolonal antibody (SMP14)</td>
			<td>Santa cruz</td>
			<td>sc-965</td>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-p53 monocolonal antibody (DO-1)</td>
			<td>Santa cruz</td>
			<td>sc-126</td>
			<td>Primary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Alddich</td>
			<td>E5134</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>VivaCell</td>
			<td>C04001-500</td>
			<td>FBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FLAG Peptide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Alddich</td>
			<td>F3290</td>
			<td>Prepare elution buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td>supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guanidine-HCI</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A100287-0500</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H1299</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Bank, Chinese Academy of Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image Lab</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immidazole</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A500529-0100</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immobilon Western Chemiluminescent HRP Substrate</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>WBKLS0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000 reagents</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668019</td>
			<td>Transfection reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A501727-0500</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A610476-0005</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaF</td>
			<td>Sigma-Alddich</td>
			<td>201154</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A501726-0500</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ni-NTA Agarose</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>30230</td>
			<td>nickel-charged resin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrocellulose Blotting membrane</td>
			<td>GE healthcare</td>
			<td>10600002</td>
			<td>0.45 &#181;m pore size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM reduced serum medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31985-070</td>
			<td>Transfection medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-040-cv</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>E607011-0100</td>
			<td>antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Biological Industries</td>
			<td>01-100-1ACS</td>
			<td>medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sarkosyl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Alddich</td>
			<td>L5777</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS Loading Buffer</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>P0015L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Pyruvate</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11360-070</td>
			<td>supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-base</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A501492-0005</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-HCI</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A610103-0250</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A110694-0500</td>
			<td>reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A100777-0500</td>
			<td>supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra High Sensitive Chemiluminescence Imaging System</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ChemiDoc XRS+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urea</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A510907-0500</td>
			<td>solvent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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purification of ubiquitinated p53 proteins from mammalian cells

Ubiquitination is a type of posttranslational modification that regulates not only the stability but also the localization and function of a substrate protein. The ubiquitination process occurs intracellularly in eukaryotes and regulates almost all basic cellular biological processes. Purification of ubiquitinated proteins aids the investigation of the role of ubiquitination in controlling the function of substrate proteins. Here, a step-by-step procedure to purify ubiquitinated proteins in mammalian cells is described with the p53 tumor suppressor protein as an example. Ubiquitinated p53 proteins were purified under stringent nondenaturing and denaturing conditions. Total cellular Flag-tagged p53 protein was purified with anti-Flag antibody-conjugated agarose under nondenaturing conditions. Alternatively, total cellular His-tagged ubiquitinated protein was purified using nickel-charged resin under denaturing conditions. Ubiquitinated p53 proteins in the eluates were successfully detected with specific antibodies. Using this procedure, the ubiquitinated forms of a given protein can be efficiently purified from mammalian cells, facilitating studies on the roles of ubiquitination in regulating protein function.

The schematic diagram shows the Flag-tagged p53 (Flag-p53) and His/HA double-tagged ubiquitin (HH-Ub) proteins (Figure 1A). The procedures utilized to purify ubiquitinated proteins are summarized in Figure 1B. Poly-His-tagged ubiquitin can be ligated to target proteins in mammalian cells. Ubiquitinated proteins can be purified with Flag/M2 beads under nondenaturing conditions or by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) under denaturing conditions ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of Ubiquitinated p53 Proteins from Mammalian Cells at JoVE.com

Purification of Ubiquitinated p53 Proteins from Mammalian Cells

The protocol describes a step-by-step method to purify ubiquitinated proteins from mammalian cells using the p53 tumor suppressor protein as an example. Ubiquitinated p53 proteins were purified from cells under stringent nondenaturing and denaturing conditions.

Ubiquitination is a type of posttranslational modification that regulates not only the stability but also the localization and function of a substrate ...

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