Name: electroporation of plasmid dna into mouse skeletal muscle
Uploaded: 2022-04-06T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electroporation of Plasmid DNA into Mouse Skeletal Muscle at JoVE.com

所有使用动物的实验都是在宾夕法尼亚州立大学医学院进行的，该学院由宾夕法尼亚州立大学的机构动物护理和使用委员会批准，并按照1964年赫尔辛基宣言及其后来的修正案中规定的道德标准进行。使用12周龄雌性C57BL / 6小鼠进行该程序。在实验之前，所有手术工具都经过高压灭菌以进行无菌。
1. TA和EDL注射/电穿孔制备
注意：对于 TA 和 EDL 注...

<ol>
	<li>Dodd, S., Hain, B., Judge, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hsp70+prevents+disuse+muscle+atrophy+in+senescent+rats.">Hsp70 prevents disuse muscle atrophy in senescent rats.</a> Biogerontology. 10, 605-611 (2009).</li><li>Dodd, S. L., Gagnon, B. J., Senf, S. M., Hain, B. A., Judge, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ros-mediated+activation+of+NF-kappaB+and+Foxo+during+muscle+disuse.">Ros-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and Foxo during muscle disuse.</a> Muscle and Nerve. 41 (1), 110-113 (2010).</li><li>Dodd, S. L., Hain, B., Senf, S. M., Judge, A. 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E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heat+shock+protein+70+overexpression+does+not+attenuate+atrophy+in+botulinum+neurotoxin+type+A-treated+skeletal+muscle.">Heat shock protein 70 overexpression does not attenuate atrophy in botulinum neurotoxin type A-treated skeletal muscle.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 119 (1), 83-92 (2015).</li><li>Reed, S. A., Sandesara, P. B., Senf, S. M., Judge, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+FoxO+transcriptional+activity+prevents+muscle+fiber+atrophy+during+cachexia+and+induces+hypertrophy.">Inhibition of FoxO transcriptional activity prevents muscle fiber atrophy during cachexia and induces hypertrophy.</a> The FASEB Journal. 26 (3), 987-1000 (2012).</li><li>Senf, S. M., Dodd, S. L., McClung, J. M., Judge, A. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+gene+transfer+into+mouse+muscle+in+vivo.">Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo.</a> Science. 247 (4949), 1465-1468 (1990).</li><li>Aihara, H., Miyazaki, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+transfer+into+muscle+by+electroporation+in+vivo.">Gene transfer into muscle by electroporation in vivo.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 16 (9), 867-870 (1998).</li><li>Mir, L. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-efficiency+gene+transfer+into+skeletal+muscle+mediated+by+electric+pulses.">High-efficiency gene transfer into skeletal muscle mediated by electric pulses.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (8), 4262-4267 (1999).</li><li>Schertzer, J. D., Plant, D. R., Lynch, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimizing+plasmid-based+gene+transfer+for+investigating+skeletal+muscle+structure+and+function.">Optimizing plasmid-based gene transfer for investigating skeletal muscle structure and function.</a> Molecular Therapy. 13 (4), 795-803 (2006).</li><li>Hain, B. A., Xu, H., Waning, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+REDD1+prevents+chemotherapy-induced+muscle+atrophy+and+weakness+in+mice.">Loss of REDD1 prevents chemotherapy-induced muscle atrophy and weakness in mice.</a> Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 12 (6), 1597-1612 (2021).</li><li>Schertzer, J. D., Lynch, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmid-based+gene+transfer+in+mouse+skeletal+muscle+by+electroporation.">Plasmid-based gene transfer in mouse skeletal muscle by electroporation.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 433, 115-125 (2008).</li><li>Roche, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiological+and+histological+changes+in+skeletal+muscle+following+in+vivo+gene+transfer+by+electroporation.">Physiological and histological changes in skeletal muscle following in vivo gene transfer by electroporation.</a> American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology. 301 (5), 1239-1250 (2011).</li><li>Hain, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zoledronic+Acid+Improves+Muscle+Function+in+Healthy+Mice+Treated+with+Chemotherapy.">Zoledronic Acid Improves Muscle Function in Healthy Mice Treated with Chemotherapy.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 35 (2), 368-381 (2020).</li><li>Hain, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=REDD1+deletion+attenuates+cancer+cachexia+in+mice.">REDD1 deletion attenuates cancer cachexia in mice.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 131 (6), 1718-1730 (2021).</li><li>Hain, B. A., Xu, H., Wilcox, J. R., Mutua, D., Waning, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemotherapy-induced+loss+of+bone+and+muscle+mass+in+a+mouse+model+of+breast+cancer+bone+metastases+and+cachexia.">Chemotherapy-induced loss of bone and muscle mass in a mouse model of breast cancer bone metastases and cachexia.</a> Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle Rapid Communications. 2 (1), (2019).</li><li>Waning, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excess+TGF-beta+mediates+muscle+weakness+associated+with+bone+metastases+in+mice.">Excess TGF-beta mediates muscle weakness associated with bone metastases in mice.</a> Nature Medicine. 21, 1262-1271 (2015).</li><li>Bonetto, A., Andersson, D. C., Waning, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+muscle+mass+and+strength+in+mice.">Assessment of muscle mass and strength in mice.</a> Bonekey Reports. 4, 732 (2015).</li><li>Senf, S. M., Dodd, S. L., Judge, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FOXO+signaling+is+required+for+disuse+muscle+atrophy+and+is+directly+regulated+by+Hsp70.">FOXO signaling is required for disuse muscle atrophy and is directly regulated by Hsp70.</a> American Journal of Physiology Cell Physiology. 298 (1), 38-45 (2010).</li><li>Rana, Z. A., Ekmark, M., Gundersen, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coexpression+after+electroporation+of+plasmid+mixtures+into+muscle+in+vivo.">Coexpression after electroporation of plasmid mixtures into muscle in vivo.</a> Acta Physiologica. 181 (2), 233-238 (2004).</li><li>Sokolowska, E., Blachnio-Zabielska, A. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Critical+Review+of+Electroporation+as+A+Plasmid+Delivery+System+in+Mouse+Skeletal+Muscle.">A Critical Review of Electroporation as A Plasmid Delivery System in Mouse Skeletal Muscle.</a> Integrative Journal of Molecular Science. 20 (11), (2019).</li><li>Molnar, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+influencing+the+efficacy,+longevity,+and+safety+of+electroporation-assisted+plasmid-based+gene+transfer+into+mouse+muscles.">Factors influencing the efficacy, longevity, and safety of electroporation-assisted plasmid-based gene transfer into mouse muscles.</a> Molecular Therapy. 10 (1), 447-455 (2004).</li></ol>

通过电穿孔增强的骨骼肌体内基因转移是调节肌肉中蛋白质表达的有用且相对简单的工具。我们已经展示了在EDL和TA肌肉中实现有效基因转移所需的步骤，并证明EDL的收缩性测量在手术后是可行的。该技术不需要更复杂的病毒载体，并允许比较单个肌肉中转染和非转染的肌肉纤维横截面积。该程序的局限性在于构建摄取效率不完整，并且一些肌纤维仍未转染。
所讨论的...

体内骨骼肌质粒DNA电穿孔是通过调节各种生理和病理生理条件下的基因表达来评估骨骼肌生理学和分子信号传导变化的重要工具1，2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9.Wolff等人早在1990年就证明了向骨骼肌的实验性基因转移，其中RNA和DNA在没有电穿孔的情况下成功转移，并且荧光素酶表达维持至少2个月10。仅注射的转染效率相对较低是有问题的，爱原和宫崎骏在1998年通过将pCAGGS-IL-5构建体电穿孔到胫骨前肌中并测量血清IL-5表达11来证明电穿孔增加了基因转移。从那时起，许多研究已经研究了不同DNA浓度，体积和电穿孔参数的功效，以确保最大的基因转移效率。Mir等人测试了不同的电穿孔参数，包括电压，脉冲数，脉冲持续时间和频率，以及DNA浓度，并确定更大的电压，脉冲数和DNA浓度都有助于提高电穿孔效率12。高电穿孔电压的一个主要警告是，虽然它有助于增加对肌纤维的DNA摄取，但它也会导致肌肉损伤，从而混淆结果。Schertzer等人表明，在电穿孔后3天，200 V的肌电穿孔对约50%的肌纤维造成损害，而在50 V13下，只有10%的肌纤维受损。我们已经考虑了影响高效DNA转移与肌肉损伤的变量，发现每厘米卡钳宽度125 V的电压足以实现有效的基因转移。
电穿孔后肌肉纤维横截面积和整个肌肉收缩力的分析是测量由于基因调节引起的肌肉大小和功能变化的方法的重要方面。我们和其他人之前已经证明，单独对照载体的电穿孔不会导致肌纤维面积的减少。在这些研究中，绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）构建体是DNA转染的有用荧光指示剂13，14。许多研究已经调查了电穿孔后TA的 原位 收缩力，并发现了不同的结果。一项研究表明，75 V/cm电穿孔在电穿孔后3天导致破伤风力降低约30%，到电穿孔后7天，破伤风力恢复到控制水平，而50 V/cm电穿孔不影响力13，15。另一项研究表明，在180 V / cm电穿孔后3小时，破伤风力损失了30%，7天后恢复到假力水平16。
在下面的详细程序中，我们演示了pcDNA3-EGFP质粒在小鼠的TA和长指伸肌（EDL）肌肉中的注射和电穿孔。我们还证明这种方法不影响EDL全肌收缩力。目的是证明质粒有效地摄取到肌纤维中，而不会引起功能丧失。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 Nylon suture (non-absorbable)</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>662G</td>
			<td>Suture to close skin incision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50&#181;l Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>80501</td>
			<td>microsyringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BLl/6NHsd mice</td>
			<td>Envigo</td>
			<td>044</td>
			<td>12 week-old female mice used for experimentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caliper Electrode</td>
			<td>BTX</td>
			<td>45-0102</td>
			<td>1.0cm x 1.0cm stainless steel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynamic Muscle Control Data Acquisition/analysis</td>
			<td>Aurora Scientific</td>
			<td>605A</td>
			<td>Software used for muscle contractility measurement and analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ECM 830 Electroporation System</td>
			<td>BTX</td>
			<td>45-0662</td>
			<td>electroporator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>12362</td>
			<td>Plasmid purification kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extra Narrow Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14088-10</td>
			<td>Scissors for blunt dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Force Transducer</td>
			<td>Aurora Scientific</td>
			<td>407A</td>
			<td>To measure force from EDL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-Masquito Hemastats</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>13010-12</td>
			<td>Hemastats for surturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pcDNA3.1 mammalian expression vector</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>V79020</td>
			<td>Control Vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pcDNA3-EGFP expression plasmid</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>13031</td>
			<td>Plasmid for GFP expression</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Semken curved forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11009-13</td>
			<td>Forceps for surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical blades stainless steel no. 10</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>37 1210</td>
			<td>Scalpel blades</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue-Tek O.C.T. media</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25608-930</td>
			<td>Freezing media for histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wheat Germ Agglutinin- Texas Red</td>
			<td>Thermo-Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>W21405</td>
			<td>Membrane staining for muscle cross section</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electroporation of plasmid dna into mouse skeletal muscle

通过质粒电穿孔在小鼠骨骼肌中瞬时基因表达调节是评估正常和病理生理学的有用工具。靶基因的过表达或敲低使研究人员能够操纵单个分子事件，从而更好地了解影响肌肉质量，肌肉代谢和收缩力的机制。此外，编码荧光标签的DNA质粒的电穿孔使研究人员能够测量 体内骨骼肌中蛋白质亚细胞定位的变化。骨骼肌的关键功能评估包括肌肉收缩力的测量。在该协议中，我们证明在质粒DNA注射，电穿孔和基因表达调节后，整个肌肉收缩力研究仍然是可能的。该指导程序的目的是演示DNA质粒电穿孔到小鼠骨骼肌中的分步方法，以促进胫骨前伸肌肌的摄取和表达，以及证明骨骼肌收缩力不会受到注射和电穿孔的影响。

电穿孔以促进骨骼肌中的基因转移是一种用于评估肌肉生理学变化的有用技术。我们已经展示了一个详细的分步程序，可以在TA和EDL肌肉中实现有效的基因转移。转染效率的差异是由许多变量引起的。这些变量包括电穿孔参数（脉冲，电压，脉冲持续时间等），基因构建体大小以及注入的DNA的浓度/体积。我们之前已经证明，5个脉冲在125 V/cm的电穿孔参数，20 ms持续时间间隔200 ms，足以在TA<sup class="...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electroporation of Plasmid DNA into Mouse Skeletal Muscle at JoVE.com

Electroporation of Plasmid DNA into Mouse Skeletal Muscle

将质粒DNA电穿孔到骨骼肌中是一种在不损害小鼠肌肉收缩力的情况下调节基因表达的可行方法。

将质粒DNA电穿孔到小鼠骨骼肌中

Transient gene expression modulation in murine skeletal muscle by plasmid electroporation is a useful tool for assessing normal and pathological ...

电穿孔介导的肌肉基因转移是研究肌肉生理学变化的一种简单而有效的技术。我们发现电穿孔不会影响肌肉收缩力。在体内将基因构建体电穿孔到肌肉中是一种简单而有效的过程，不需要将基因构建体更广泛地包装成病毒载体。由于EDL的位置和小尺寸，很难可视化，分离和注入EDL。在小鼠尸体上练习并注射生物墨水（如印度墨水）可能有助于提供充分注射的证据。演示该过程的将是布莱恩·海恩，我实验室的博士后。在注射小鼠之前，使用镊子确认手术麻醉平面，没有脚趾捏反射，然后将鼠标转移到鼻锥上，停留在37摄氏度的循环水板上，用于其余的程序。将鼠标置于仰卧位后，使用小毛剪从后肢上取下头发，然后用交替的70%乙醇和甜菜碱消毒注射区域。对于注射，定位胫骨前部或TA肌腱，通过小腿外侧的皮肤可见，并标记TA肌肉的上端。然后将安装在50微升微量注射器上的30号针头以较浅的五度角插入肌肉中，该角度比肌腱连接处高出一到两毫米，直到针头到达肌肉的上端。按下柱塞，同时沿注射路径缓慢缩回针头，将50微升质粒溶液输送到肌肉中。肌肉应该肿胀。将计时器设置为一分钟，并测量TA肌肉处腿部的厚度，然后将卡钳电极设置为测量的厚度。然后将电检出器电压设置为每毫米12.5伏。一分钟后，将卡钳电极紧紧地放在下肢周围，不要过于紧绷，以20毫秒的持续时间和200毫秒的间隔提供五个方波脉冲。肌肉应该随着每个脉搏而抽搐。使用对照质粒载体对另一肢重复该过程。完成后，将鼠标从鼻锥上取下，让鼠标在设置为37摄氏度的加热垫上恢复。恢复后，将鼠标放回笼子。当鼠标处于仰卧位时，通过视觉和轻柔心悸定位胫骨前嵴。使用手术刀在胫骨前嵴外侧的皮肤上做一个浅切口，该切口位于膝关节以下五毫米至TA肌腱交界处上方两毫米处。在小剪刀的帮助下，钝地解剖筋膜，暴露TA肌肉，然后通过拉动肌肉以揭示长指伸肌或EDL，轻轻地将TA肌肉与胫骨分开。在手术过程中，使用小弯曲的镊子保持TA与EDL的透明。将30号针纵向插入EDL，直到针头到达肌肉的上端，并如前所述注入10微升质粒溶液。EDL 肌肉应肿胀。如前所述，在EDL处测量腿部的厚度，并将卡钳电极设置为测量的厚度，以提供五个方波脉冲。完成后，使用一次性4-0不可吸收的尼龙缝合线关闭切口。然后从鼻锥上取下鼠标，让它在设置为37摄氏度的加热垫上恢复。手术后立即给予适当的皮下镇痛药，术后 12 至 24 小时服用。一旦恢复，将鼠标放回家笼。在TA和EDL肌肉中注射和电穿孔pcDNA3-EGFP质粒后，观察到GFP表达表明肌肉纤维中的DNA摄取。当以较低的放大倍率成像时，可以通过绿色纤维与黑色纤维的外观来可视化EDL肌肉转染效率。与对照未注射或电穿孔的肌肉相比，注射和电穿孔的EDL在100赫兹时具有相似的破伤风反应。与未触及的对照组相比，注射和电穿孔的EDL，破伤风肌力，特定的破伤风肌力，峰值张力和一半的松弛时间没有受到影响。准确鉴定要注射的肌肉并有效递送质粒溶液非常重要。可以使用该协议进行许多组织和生化测量。可以进行靶蛋白细胞定位，靶基因敲低，转录报告基因和一系列组织染色。该技术已被用于识别生理和病理生理条件下肌肉中分子信号传导的大量变化。使用该技术研究基因转移后的肌肉收缩力是可行的。

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Transformation of Plasmid DNA into E. coli Using the Heat Shock Method

热休克法转化到大肠杆菌质粒DNA

Transformation of plasmid DNA into E. coli using the heat shock method is a basic technique of molecular biology. It consists of inserting a foreign ...

科研

生物学

DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation

DNA Transfection of Mammalian Skeletal Muscles using In Vivo Electroporation

使用哺乳动物骨骼肌的DNA转染在体内电穿孔

 A growing interest in cell biology is to express transgenically modified forms of essential proteins (e.g. fluorescently tagged constructs and/or mutant ...

Primary Culture and Plasmid Electroporation of the Murine Organ of Corti. 

原代培养及质粒电穿孔尔蒂小鼠器官。

In all mammals, the sensory epithelium for audition is located along the spiraling organ of Corti that resides within the conch shaped cochlea of the ...

Adult and Embryonic Skeletal Muscle Microexplant Culture and Isolation of Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

成人和胚胎骨骼的肌肉Microexplant文化和骨骼肌肉干细胞的分离

Cultured embryonic and adult skeletal muscle cells have a number of different uses. The micro-dissected explants technique described in this chapter is a ...

Streamlined Purification of Plasmid DNA From Prokaryotic Cultures

从原核文化精简纯化的质粒DNA

We describe the complete process of AcroPrep Advance Filter Plates for 96 plasmid preparations, starting from prokaryotic culture and ending with high ...

Mitochondrial Isolation from Skeletal Muscle

骨骼肌的线粒体分离

Mitochondria are organelles controlling the life and death of the cell. They participate in key metabolic reactions, synthesize most of the ATP, and ...

Purification of Progenitors from Skeletal Muscle

纯化的骨骼肌的先觉者

Skeletal muscle contains multiple progenitor populations of distinct embryonic origins and developmental potential. Myogenic progenitors, usually residing ...

Laser-inflicted Injury of Zebrafish Embryonic Skeletal Muscle

激光伤害的斑马鱼胚胎骨骼肌

Various experimental approaches have been used in mouse to induce muscle injury with the aim to study muscle regeneration, including myotoxin injections ...

Detection and Analysis of DNA Damage in Mouse Skeletal Muscle In Situ Using the TUNEL Method

Detection and Analysis of DNA Damage in Mouse Skeletal Muscle In Situ Using the TUNEL Method

检测和DNA损伤分析小鼠骨骼肌<em&gt;原位</em&gt;使用TUNEL法

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) is the method of using the TdT enzyme to covalently ...

Novel Method of Plasmid DNA Delivery to Mouse Bladder Urothelium by Electroporation

电穿孔对小鼠膀胱 Urothelium 质粒 DNA 传递的新方法

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are extremely valuable in revealing novel biological insights into the initiation and progression mechanisms ...