Name: interlinked macroporous 3d scaffolds from microgel rods
Uploaded: 2022-06-16T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Interlinked Macroporous 3D Scaffolds from Microgel Rods at JoVE.com

我们感谢我们以前工作的共同作者，这种方法是基于Céline Bastard，Luis P. B. Guerzoni，Yonca Kittel，Rostislav Vinokur，Nikolai Born和Tamás Haraszti。我们非常感谢德国研究协会（DFG）在B5和C3 SFB 985“功能性微凝胶和微凝胶系统”项目中的资助。我们感谢莱布尼茨参议院竞争委员会（SAW）在Professorinnenprogramm（SAW-2017-PB62：BioMat）下提供的资金。我们衷心感谢欧盟委员会（EUSMI，731019）的资助。这项工作部分是在化学聚合物技术中心（CPT）进行的，该中心得到了欧盟和北莱茵-威斯特法伦州联邦州的支持（授予EFRE 30 00 883 02）。

1. 微流控所需的材料和准备
<ol><li>对于所描述的微流体程序，请使用 1 mL 和 5 mL 玻璃注射器和注射泵。通过配备高速相机的倒置显微镜观察片上液滴的形成。</li>
	<li>使用计算机辅助设计软件创建微流控芯片设计（图1B），并生成已报告的主模板12。</li>
	<li>使用自制的 UV-LED（λ = 365 nm，光斑直径 ~4.7 mm）实现受控的紫外线照射，通过 0.13...

<ol>
	<li>Daly, A. C., Riley, L., Segura, T., Burdick, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogel+microparticles+for+biomedical+applications.">Hydrogel microparticles for biomedical applications.</a> Nature Reviews Materials. 5 (1), 20-43 (2020).</li><li>Griffin, D. R., Weaver, W. M., Scumpia, P. O., Di Carlo, D., Segura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accelerated+wound+healing+by+injectable+microporous+gel+scaffolds+assembled+from+annealed+building+blocks.">Accelerated wound healing by injectable microporous gel scaffolds assembled from annealed building blocks.</a> Nature Materials. 14 (7), 737-744 (2015).</li><li>Xin, S., Wyman, O. M., Alge, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assembly+of+PEG+microgels+into+porous+cell-instructive+3D+scaffolds+via+thiol-ene+click+chemistry.">Assembly of PEG microgels into porous cell-instructive 3D scaffolds via thiol-ene click chemistry.</a> Advanced Healthcare Materials. 7 (11), 1800160 (2018).</li><li>Truong, N. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microporous+annealed+particle+hydrogel+stiffness,+void+space+size,+and+adhesion+properties+impact+cell+proliferation,+cell+spreading,+and+gene+transfer.">Microporous annealed particle hydrogel stiffness, void space size, and adhesion properties impact cell proliferation, cell spreading, and gene transfer.</a> Acta Biomaterialia. 94, 160-172 (2019).</li><li>Sheikhi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic-enabled+bottom-up+hydrogels+from+annealable+naturally-derived+protein+microbeads.">Microfluidic-enabled bottom-up hydrogels from annealable naturally-derived protein microbeads.</a> Biomaterials. 192, 560-568 (2019).</li><li>de Rutte, J. M., Koh, J., Di Carlo, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scalable+high-throughput+production+of+modular+microgels+for+in+situ+assembly+of+microporous+tissue+scaffolds.">Scalable high-throughput production of modular microgels for in situ assembly of microporous tissue scaffolds.</a> Advanced Functional Materials. 29 (25), 1900071 (2019).</li><li>Hsu, R. -. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptable+microporous+hydrogels+of+propagating+NGF-gradient+by+injectable+building+blocks+for+accelerated+axonal+outgrowth.">Adaptable microporous hydrogels of propagating NGF-gradient by injectable building blocks for accelerated axonal outgrowth.</a> Advanced Science. 6 (16), 1900520 (2019).</li><li>Caldwell, A. S., Campbell, G. T., Shekiro, K. M. T., Anseth, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clickable+microgel+scaffolds+as+platforms+for+3D+cell+encapsulation.">Clickable microgel scaffolds as platforms for 3D cell encapsulation.</a> Advanced Healthcare Materials. 6 (15), 1700254 (2017).</li><li>Chen, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+microfluidic+devices+for+fabricating+multi-structural+hydrogel+microsphere.">Advanced microfluidic devices for fabricating multi-structural hydrogel microsphere.</a> Exploration. 1 (3), 20210036 (2021).</li><li>Qazi, T. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anisotropic+rod-shaped+particles+influence+injectable+granular+hydrogel+properties+and+cell+invasion.">Anisotropic rod-shaped particles influence injectable granular hydrogel properties and cell invasion.</a> Advanced Materials. 34 (12), 2109194 (2022).</li><li>Rommel, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functionalized+microgel+rods+interlinked+into+soft+macroporous+structures+for+3D+cell+culture.">Functionalized microgel rods interlinked into soft macroporous structures for 3D cell culture.</a> Advanced Science. 9 (10), 2103554 (2022).</li><li>Guerzoni, L. P. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+encapsulation+in+soft,+anisometric+poly(ethylene)+glycol+microgels+using+a+novel+radical-free+microfluidic+system.">Cell encapsulation in soft, anisometric poly(ethylene) glycol microgels using a novel radical-free microfluidic system.</a> Small. 15 (20), 1900692 (2019).</li><li>Kr&#252;ger, A. J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compartmentalized+jet+polymerization+as+a+high-resolution+process+to+continuously+produce+anisometric+microgel+rods+with+adjustable+size+and+stiffness.">Compartmentalized jet polymerization as a high-resolution process to continuously produce anisometric microgel rods with adjustable size and stiffness.</a> Advanced Materials. 31 (49), 1903668 (2019).</li><li>Darling, N. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Click+by+click+microporous+annealed+particle+(MAP)+scaffolds.">Click by click microporous annealed particle (MAP) scaffolds.</a> Advanced Healthcare Materials. 9 (10), 1901391 (2020).</li><li>Lutzweiler, G., Ndreu Halili, ., Engin Vrana, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+overview+of+porous,+bioactive+scaffolds+as+instructive+biomaterials+for+tissue+regeneration+and+their+clinical+translation.">The overview of porous, bioactive scaffolds as instructive biomaterials for tissue regeneration and their clinical translation.</a> Pharmaceutics. 12 (7), 602 (2020).</li><li>Dang, H. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+printed+dual+macro-,+microscale+porous+network+as+a+tissue+engineering+scaffold+with+drug+delivering+function.">3D printed dual macro-, microscale porous network as a tissue engineering scaffold with drug delivering function.</a> Biofabrication. 11 (3), 035014 (2019).</li><li>Highley, C. B., Song, K. H., Daly, A. C., Burdick, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Jammed+microgel+inks+for+3D+printing+applications.">Jammed microgel inks for 3D printing applications.</a> Advanced Science. 6 (1), 1801076 (2019).</li></ol>

该方案中的关键步骤之一是用作伯胺官能化的共聚单体的2-氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯（AMA）的质量。AMA应该是细粒的，最好是无色的粉末，装在气密的棕色玻璃容器中。应避免使用绿色和块状材料，因为它会显着损害凝胶反应并对结果的可重复性产生负面影响。如果凝胶化不良和微凝胶棒不稳定，可以考虑更换供应商。
如果胺和环氧微凝胶棒的混合导致多个相互连接的团簇而不...

为了研究 3D 构建体中复杂的协作细胞行为，支架平台需要在可重复性方面表现出一致的性能，具有适合细胞迁移的几何形状，同时在参数改变方面具有一定的灵活性，以研究它们对活组织的影响1。近年来，由Segura等人首次描述的大孔退火颗粒（MAP）概念发展成为3D脚手架生产的高效多功能平台2。微凝胶的定制组成是最终3D支架的构建块，预定义了诸如结构的刚度，凝胶网络的选择性化学反应性以及支架的最终孔径2，3，4，5，6等特性。细胞粘附肽作为支架-细胞相互作用的线索被掺入微凝胶的聚合物网络中以允许细胞附着，并且可以改变以研究它们对培养细胞的特异性影响。3D支架通过共价或超分子键使退火的可注射微凝胶相互连接而稳定，从而为细胞培养2，3，5，7，8提供稳健且明确的构建体。
微流体已成为制备确定的颗粒水凝胶的最准确和适应性最强的方法之一9。在连续过程中生产大量所需构建块的可能性，同时保持其化学、机械和物理单分散性，大大有助于该工艺的适用性。此外，生产的微凝胶的大小和形状可以通过各种方法进行操作，例如批量乳液，微流体，光刻，电动喷涂或机械碎裂，这些方法决定了构建块的几何形状，从而决定了最终支架的3D结构1，10。
最近，已经报道了由功能化微凝胶棒组成的大孔3D支架的概念，该支架在水溶液中快速互连而无需进一步的添加剂11。与在本研究中使用球形微凝胶相比，微凝胶棒的各向异性导致更高的孔隙率和孔分布以及更大的孔径11。通过这种方式，更少的材料会产生具有各种不同孔隙几何形状的较大孔隙，同时保持 3D 脚手架的稳定性。该系统由两种类型的微凝胶棒组成，具有互补的伯胺和环氧官能团，当它们相互接触时，它们在相互连接的反应中消耗。不参与互连过程的官能团保持活性，可用于细胞粘附肽或其他生物活性因子的选择性后修饰。成纤维细胞在3D支架内培养时附着，扩散和增殖，首先在微凝胶表面上生长，并在5天后填充大部分大孔。人成纤维细胞和人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）的初步共培养研究表明，在相互连接的3D支架11内形成血管样结构的结果很有希望。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ABIL EM 90</td>
			<td>Evonik</td>
			<td>144243-53-8</td>
			<td>non-ionic surfactant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride</td>
			<td>TCI Chemicals</td>
			<td>A3413</td>
			<td>&#62;98.0%(T)(HPLC)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-Arm PEG-acrylate 20 kDa</td>
			<td>Biochempeg Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>A88009-20K</td>
			<td>&#8805; 95 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AutoCAD 2019</td>
			<td>Autodesk</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>computer-aided design (CAD) software; modeling of microfluidic designs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHROMAFIL MV A-20/25 syringe filter</td>
			<td><s>CHROMAFIL</s>Carl Roth GmbH+Co.KG</td>
			<td>XH49.1</td>
			<td>pore size 0.20 &#181;m; Cellulose Mixed Esters (MV)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glass</td>
			<td>Marienfeld-Superior</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>type No. 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMS Swiss line core sampling tool 0.75 mm</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.77 mm inner diameter, 1.07 mm outer diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol absolut</td>
			<td>VWR Chemicals</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FL3-U3-13Y3M 150 FPS series high-speed camera</td>
			<td>FLIR Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoresceinamine isomer I</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>201626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescein isothiocyanate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>46424</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25G x 5/8&#8217;&#8217; 0,50 x 16 mm needles</td>
			<td>BD Microlance 3</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycidyl methacrylate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>779342</td>
			<td>&#8805;97.0% (GC)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GRGDS-PC</td>
			<td>CPC Scientific</td>
			<td>FIBN-015A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamilton 1000 Series Gastight syringes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10772361/10500052</td>
			<td>PFTE Luer-Lock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>1,04,367</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>900889</td>
			<td>&#8805;95 %</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motic AE2000 trinocular microscope</td>
			<td>Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td>22443-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Novec 7100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SHH0002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oil Red O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>O9755</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin</td>
			<td>VWR Chemicals</td>
			<td>24679320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pavone Nanoindenter Platform</td>
			<td>Optics11Life</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AM9624</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene Tubing 0.38&#215;1.09mm medical grade</td>
			<td>dropletex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ID 0.38 mm OD 1.09 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Propanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>190764</td>
			<td>ACS reagent, &#8805;99.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein LoBind Tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30108132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pump 11 Pico Plus Elite Programmable Syringe Pump</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11530586</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYLGARD 184 silicone elastomer kit</td>
			<td>Dow SYLGARD</td>
			<td>634165S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trichloro-(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoroctyl)-silane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>448931</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UVC LED sterilizing box</td>
			<td>UVLED Optical Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>9S SZH8-S2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

interlinked macroporous 3d scaffolds from microgel rods

来自微流体的双组分功能化微凝胶系统允许在水溶液中快速互连成3D大孔结构，而无需进一步的添加剂。连续的光引发片上凝胶可以改变微凝胶纵横比，这决定了所获得的构建体的构建块特性。甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（GMA）或甲基丙烯酸2-氨基乙酯（AMA）单体被共聚合到基于聚乙二醇（PEG）星形聚合物的微凝胶网络中，以实现环氧或胺官能团。将聚焦油流引入微流体出口结构，以确保功能化微凝胶棒的连续收集。根据最近的出版物，基于微凝胶棒的构建体会产生数百微米的更大孔隙，同时与基于球形的模型相比，导致整体更高的支架稳定性。通过这种方式，可以生产具有更多自由体积的大批量结构，同时减少所需的材料量。相互连接的大孔支架可以拾取和运输，而不会损坏或分解。不参与互连的胺和环氧基团保持活性，可以独立用于后改性。该协议描述了一种优化的方法，用于制造微凝胶棒以形成可用于后续细胞实验的大孔互连支架。

<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64010/64010fig02.jpg"> 图2：大孔交联支架结构 。 （A）互连的大孔支架的500μm共聚焦显微镜Z堆栈的3D投影。比例尺代表 500 μm。 （B） 由直接从水中取出的盖玻片上的~10，000个微凝胶棒组成的互连支架。比例尺代表 5 毫米。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/64010...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Interlinked Macroporous 3D Scaffolds from Microgel Rods at JoVE.com

Interlinked Macroporous 3D Scaffolds from Microgel Rods

具有互补反应基团的微凝胶棒通过微流体生产，具有在水溶液中相互连接的能力。与基于球形的系统相比，各向测量微凝胶可卡住并相互连接成具有更大孔的稳定结构。用GRGDS-PC修饰的微凝胶形成可用于细胞培养的大孔3D构建体。

来自微凝胶棒的互连大孔3D支架

A two-component system of functionalized microgels from microfluidics allows for fast interlinking into 3D macroporous constructs in aqueous solutions ...

该协议描述了互连到微孔支架中的微凝胶棒的制造。这些支架可以与细胞结合使用，为有效的细胞相互作用提供所需的空间。两种不同类型的微凝胶棒在接触时相互连接。在高纵横比下，与球形微凝胶相比，使用更少的合成材料保持支架稳定性的同时，导致更大的孔隙。微孔支架将显著增强内源性细胞的浸润和相互作用，以修复受损组织。大孔隙将促进血管形成，将营养交换到生长组织。支架材料的减少是有益的，因为为组织形成提供了更多的开放空间，这对于体外和体内应用都很重要。一个关键的方面是芯片技术的微构。为了确保微凝胶棒的连续生产，产品必须有效地从管中输送出来而不会堵塞。首先，将针头插入聚乙烯管中，并从注射器和管中取出气体。然后将额外的聚乙烯管插入出口以进行产品收集。接下来，放置所有玻璃注射器和注射泵，并将每个管端插入相应的入口。然后，将显微镜聚焦在油水横截面上。启动第一个油注射泵，首先向通道注油，防止通道被分散相润湿。然后，将第一油流速降低到每小时30微升，并启动预聚合物注射泵，直到在横截面处观察到分散的水相。接下来，将预聚合物流速设置为每小时30微升，并将显微镜聚焦在出口上。然后，启动第二个油注射泵并等待流态稳定。将出水管放入收集容器中，并设置紫外线照射系统，使辐照度在每平方厘米900至1000毫瓦的范围内。照射点是出口前的直通道部分。在紫外线照射之前，调整预聚物和第一油的流速，以在3.0至4.5的范围内达到所需的纵横比，并将分散相的照射时间设置为约2.3秒，具体取决于照射点的大小。然后开始紫外线照射，如有必要，根据上一节再次调整流速。接下来，更改收集容器并记下产品收集开始时间和流速。若要结束收集，请删除收集容器，并注明时间。之后，停止照射和所有注射泵。随后用正己烷、异丙醇和去离子水洗涤产品五次。然后在棒沉降后除去上清液。将第一组分分散体转移到锥形1.5或2毫升透明小瓶中。然后用100微升移液管在连续操作中以受控方式添加第二组分，并使用移液器直接混合内容物以吸收液体并再次添加。然后将G R G D S P C溶液加入到相互连接的结构中，用带有游离胺和thyal的细胞粘附肽修饰所有剩余的环氧基团，并在室温下放置过夜。接下来，通过用去离子水洗涤除去未反应的分子并除去上清液。降低水位后，打开小瓶并用波长为250至300纳米的紫外线进行辐射。然后关闭小瓶并将小瓶转移到干净的工作台上。之后，用无菌水清洗。用细胞培养基替换小瓶中的水，并平衡五分钟。接下来，通过倾倒或使用刮刀将大孔支架转移到细胞培养孔板中进行实验。共聚焦显微镜显示， 三维宏观多孔结构由相互连接的胺和环氧功能化微凝胶棒组成.该结构表现出在两到三秒内形成的约10， 000个微凝胶棒的紧凑几何形状。胺和环氧微凝胶棒以及胺和环氧微凝胶球的有效杨氏模量通过纳米压痕测量。为了检测活性官能团，荧光素异硫氰酸酯可用于可视化伯氨基，荧光素胺异构体可用于标记环氧基团。胺微凝胶棒在去离子水中的平均长度为553微米，平均宽度为193微米，长径比约为3.0。由微凝胶棒组成的大孔和支架的平均值为100微米，90%的孔径范围从30微米到150微米以上。球体像微凝胶一样，产生的簇的孔径在大约10到55微米之间，平均值约为22微米。所述微凝胶棒旨在通过随机混合产生相互连接的微孔支架。受控的混合程序可以允许在未来制造更多定制的脚手架几何形状。微凝胶的刚度和生化线索可以根据销售要求而变化。通过组合不同的构建块，可以在一个脚手架内实现各种几何形状和属性。通过这种方式，我们可以有效地靶向特定细胞以形成多细胞组织。

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Elastomeric PGS Scaffolds in Arterial Tissue Engineering

弹性PGS的动脉组织工程支架

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading cause of mortality in the US and especially, coronary artery disease increases with an aging population and ...

科研

生物工程

Preparation of 3D Fibrin Scaffolds for Stem Cell Culture Applications

制备纤维蛋白三维支架干细胞培养应用

Stem cells are found in naturally occurring 3D microenvironments in vivo, which are often referred to as the stem cell niche 1. Culturing stem cells ...

Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds of Poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate) for Engineering Neural Tissues From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds of Polyglycerol-dodecanedioate for Engineering Neural Tissues From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

保利的静电纤维支架（甘油 - 十二双）工程神经组织从小鼠胚胎干细胞

For tissue engineering applications, the preparation of biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds is the most desirable but challenging task. &#160;Among ...

3D Hydrogel Scaffolds for Articular Chondrocyte Culture and Cartilage Generation

3D水凝胶支架的关节软骨细胞培养及软骨生成

Human articular cartilage is highly susceptible to damage and has limited self-repair and regeneration potential. Cell-based strategies to engineer ...

Neonatal Cardiac Scaffolds: Novel Matrices for Regenerative Studies

新生儿心脏支架：再生研究新矩阵

The only definitive therapy for end stage heart failure is orthotopic heart transplantation.  Each year, it is estimated that more than 100,000 donor ...

Synthesis of Biocompatible Liquid Crystal Elastomer Foams as Cell Scaffolds for 3D Spatial Cell Cultures

生物相容的液晶弹性体泡沫的合成中用作细胞支架的三维空间细胞培养

Here, we present a step-by-step preparation of a 3D, biodegradable, foam-like cell scaffold. These scaffolds were prepared by cross-linking star block ...

Culturing Mammalian Cells in Three-dimensional Peptide Scaffolds

三维肽支架中哺乳动物细胞的培养

A useful technique for culturing cells in a self-assembling nanofiber three-dimensional (3D) scaffold is described. This culture system recreates an ...

Fabrication of Decellularized Cartilage-derived Matrix Scaffolds

脱碳软骨衍生基质支架的制备

Osteochondral defects lack sufficient intrinsic repair capacity to regenerate functionally sound bone and cartilage tissue. To this extent, cartilage ...

3D Printed Porous Cellulose Nanocomposite Hydrogel Scaffolds

三维印刷多孔纤维素纳米复合水凝胶脚手架

This work demonstrates the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing to produce porous cubic scaffolds using cellulose nanocomposite hydrogel ink, with ...

Fabrication and Use of Dry Macroporous Alginate Scaffolds for Viral Transduction of T Cells

干式大孔海藻酸盐支架的制备和使用用于T细胞的病毒转导

Genetic engineering of T cells for CAR-T cell therapy has come to the forefront of cancer treatment over the last few years. CAR-T cells are produced by ...