Name: coherent anti-stokes raman spectroscopy (cars) application for imaging myelination in brain slices
Uploaded: 2022-07-22T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy CARS Application for Imaging Myelination in Brain Slices at JoVE.com

由 NIH R01 DC 17924、R01 DC 18401 （Klug） 和 NIH 1R15HD105231-01、T32DC012280 和 FRAXA （McCullagh） 提供支持。CARS成像是在科罗拉多大学安舒茨医学院神经技术中心的先进光学显微镜核心部分进行的，部分由NIH P30 NS048154和NIH P30 DK116073支持。

所有实验均符合所有适用法律、美国国立卫生研究院指南，并已获得科罗拉多大学安舒茨机构动物护理和使用委员会的批准。
1. 动物
<ol><li>使用从杰克逊实验室获得的C57BL / 6J（股票#000664）小鼠（Mus musculus ）或最初从查尔斯河获得的蒙古沙鼠（Meriones unguiculatus）。</li>
</ol>2. 组织准备
<ol><li>对于经心灌注，用戊巴比?...

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+potential+of+the+squid+giant+axon+during+current+flow.">Membrane potential of the squid giant axon during current flow.</a> Journal of General Physiology. 24 (4), 551-563 (1941).</li><li>Alcami, P., El Hady, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+computations.">Axonal computations.</a> Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 13, 413 (2019).</li><li>Neumann, E., Nachmansohn, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nerve+excitability-Toward+an+integrating+concept.">Nerve excitability-Toward an integrating concept.</a> Aharon Katzir Memorial Volume. , 99-166 (1975).</li><li>Waxman, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrative+properties+and+design+principles+of+axons.">Integrative properties and design principles of axons.</a> International Review of Neurobiology. 18, 1-40 (1975).</li><li>Fitzhugh, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computation+of+impulse+initiation+and+saltatory+conduction+in+a+myelinated+nerve+fiber.">Computation of impulse initiation and saltatory conduction in a myelinated nerve fiber.</a> Biophysical Journal. 2 (1), 11-21 (1962).</li><li>Zalc, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+acquisition+of+myelin:+a+success+story.">The acquisition of myelin: a success story.</a> Novartis Foundation Symposium. 276, 275-281 (2006).</li><li>Salzer, J. L., Zalc, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelination.">Myelination.</a> Current Biology. 26 (20), 971-975 (2016).</li><li>Boullerne, A. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+history+of+myelin.">The history of myelin.</a> Experimental Neurology. 283, 431-445 (2016).</li><li>Kuhn, S., Gritti, L., Crooks, D., Dombrowski, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oligodendrocytes+in+development,+myelin+generation+and+beyond.">Oligodendrocytes in development, myelin generation and beyond.</a> Cells. 8 (11), 1424 (2019).</li><li>Saab, A. S., Nave, K. -. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelin+dynamics:+protecting+and+shaping+neuronal+functions.">Myelin dynamics: protecting and shaping neuronal functions.</a> Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 47, 104-112 (2017).</li><li>Chomiak, T., Hu, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+is+the+optimal+value+of+the+g-Ratio+for+myelinated+fibers+in+the+rat+CNS?+A+theoretical+approach.">What is the optimal value of the g-Ratio for myelinated fibers in the rat CNS? A theoretical approach.</a> PLOS ONE. 4 (11), 7754 (2009).</li><li>Ford, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tuning+of+Ranvier+node+and+internode+properties+in+myelinated+axons+to+adjust+action+potential+timing.">Tuning of Ranvier node and internode properties in myelinated axons to adjust action potential timing.</a> Nature Communications. 6, 8073 (2015).</li><li>Stange-Marten, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Input+timing+for+spatial+processing+is+precisely+tuned+via+constant+synaptic+delays+and+myelination+patterns+in+the+auditory+brainstem.">Input timing for spatial processing is precisely tuned via constant synaptic delays and myelination patterns in the auditory brainstem.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (24), 4851-4858 (2017).</li><li>Bu, J., Banki, A., Wu, Q., Nishiyama, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+NG2++glial+cell+proliferation+and+oligodendrocyte+generation+in+the+hypomyelinating+mutant+shiverer.">Increased NG2+ glial cell proliferation and oligodendrocyte generation in the hypomyelinating mutant shiverer.</a> Glia. 48 (1), 51-63 (2004).</li><li>Pacey, L. K. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+myelination+in+a+mouse+model+of+fragile+X+syndrome.">Delayed myelination in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 22 (19), 3920-3930 (2013).</li><li>Green, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clemastine+fumarate+as+a+remyelinating+therapy+for+multiple+sclerosis+(ReBUILD):+a+randomised,+controlled,+double-blind,+crossover+trial.">Clemastine fumarate as a remyelinating therapy for multiple sclerosis (ReBUILD): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial.</a> Lancet. 390 (10111), 2481-2489 (2017).</li><li>Jeon, S. J., Ryu, J. H., Bahn, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+translational+control+of+fragile+X+mental+retardation+protein+on+myelin+proteins+in+neuropsychiatric+disorders.">Altered translational control of fragile X mental retardation protein on myelin proteins in neuropsychiatric disorders.</a> Biomolecules &amp; Therapeutics. 25 (3), 231-238 (2017).</li><li>Barak, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+deletion+of+Gtf2i,+associated+with+Williams+syndrome,+causes+behavioral+and+myelin+alterations+rescuable+by+a+remyelinating+drug.">Neuronal deletion of Gtf2i, associated with Williams syndrome, causes behavioral and myelin alterations rescuable by a remyelinating drug.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 22 (5), 700-708 (2019).</li><li>Phan, B. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+myelin-related+transcriptomic+profile+is+shared+by+Pitt-Hopkins+syndrome+models+and+human+autism+spectrum+disorder.">A myelin-related transcriptomic profile is shared by Pitt-Hopkins syndrome models and human autism spectrum disorder.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 23 (3), 375-385 (2020).</li><li>Lucas, A., Poleg, S., Klug, A., McCullagh, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelination+deficits+in+the+auditory+brainstem+of+a+mouse+model+of+fragile+X+syndrome.">Myelination deficits in the auditory brainstem of a mouse model of fragile X syndrome.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15, 1536 (2021).</li><li>Wang, H., Fu, Y., Zickmund, P., Shi, R., Cheng, J. -. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coherent+anti-stokes+raman+scattering+imaging+of+axonal+myelin+in+live+spinal+ttissues.">Coherent anti-stokes raman scattering imaging of axonal myelin in live spinal ttissues.</a> Biophysical Journal. 89 (1), 581-591 (2005).</li><li>Kim, S. -. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+coherent+anti-stokes+raman+spectroscopy+images+intact+atheromatous+lesions+and+concomitantly+identifies+distinct+chemical+profiles+of+atherosclerotic+lipids.">Multiplex coherent anti-stokes raman spectroscopy images intact atheromatous lesions and concomitantly identifies distinct chemical profiles of atherosclerotic lipids.</a> Circulation Research. 106 (8), 1332-1341 (2010).</li><li>Gage, G. J., Kipke, D. 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Fluorescence SpectraViewer Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/order/fluorescence-spectraviewer">https://www.thermofisher.com/order/fluorescence-spectraviewer</a> (2022)</li><li>Held, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Die+centrale+geh&#246;rleitung.">Die centrale geh&#246;rleitung.</a> Arch Anat Physiol Anat Abt. 17, 201-248 (1893).</li><li>Sherman, D. L., Brophy, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+axon+ensheathment+and+myelin+growth.">Mechanisms of axon ensheathment and myelin growth.</a> Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 6 (9), 683-690 (2005).</li><li>Gruchot, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+basis+for+remyelination+failure+in+multiple+sclerosis.">The molecular basis for remyelination failure in multiple sclerosis.</a> Cells. 8 (8), 825 (2019).</li><li>Rivera, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+growth+factor+pathway+in+the+age-related+decline+of+oligodendrocyte+regeneration.">Epidermal growth factor pathway in the age-related decline of oligodendrocyte regeneration.</a> Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 16, 838007 (2022).</li><li>K&#250;tna, V., O'Leary, V. B., Hoschl, C., Ovsepian, S. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebellar+demyelination+and+neurodegeneration+associated+with+mTORC1+hyperactivity+may+contribute+to+the+developmental+onset+of+autism-like+neurobehavioral+phenotype+in+a+rat+model.">Cerebellar demyelination and neurodegeneration associated with mTORC1 hyperactivity may contribute to the developmental onset of autism-like neurobehavioral phenotype in a rat model.</a> Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research. 15 (5), 791-805 (2022).</li><li>Ozsv&#225;r, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+lipid+debris+accumulation+caused+by+cuprizone+induced+myelin+degradation+in+different+CNS+areas.">Quantitative analysis of lipid debris accumulation caused by cuprizone induced myelin degradation in different CNS areas.</a> Brain Research Bulletin. 137, 277-284 (2018).</li><li>Prineas, J. 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越来越多的文献强调髓磷脂在大脑功能中的作用13，16，21，28。此外，我们知道髓鞘厚度和髓鞘形成模式可以在多种神经系统疾病中发生变化，例如多发性硬化症（29 年回顾）、衰老（30 年回顾）、自闭症20、31 等。因此?...

动作电位是大脑中信息的基本单位，通过轴突传播的动作电位构成了信息处理的支柱1，2，3。神经元通常接收来自多个其他神经元的传入输入，并在给定的狭窄时间窗口4，5内整合这些输入。因此，轴突中作用电位传播的机制受到了研究者的极大关注。
当通过轴突传播时，动作电位沿轴突反复再生，以确保可靠的传播6。在颌脊椎动物（gnathostomes）的大多数神经元中，轴突被髓磷脂鞘包围，髓鞘是由附近的少突胶质细胞或雪旺细胞产生的富含脂质的物质，这是神经胶质细胞的类型（回顾于7，8）。这种髓鞘对轴突进行电绝缘，降低其电容，并允许动作电位高效、快速且能耗更低。髓磷脂不能均匀地覆盖轴突，但它将轴突包裹在它们之间有短间隙的段中，称为Ranvier的节点（在9，10中回顾）。控制轴突电绝缘水平的髓鞘厚度和控制动作电位沿轴突再生频率的Ranvier节点间距都会影响动作电位传播的速度（在11中回顾）。
有大量文献表明髓鞘厚度影响轴突12，13，14中动作电位传播的速度。此外，轴突髓鞘形成的改变可导致许多CNS缺陷15，16，17，18，19，20，21。因此，许多研究工作的重点涉及轴突髓鞘形成的测量和表征也就不足为奇了。髓鞘厚度的测量最常使用电子显微镜进行，这种技术需要大量的组织准备，并且与免疫组织化学结合使用具有挑战性。然而，还有一种基于相干反斯托克斯拉曼光谱（CARS）的更快、更简单的轴突髓鞘形成测量技术。CARS激光器可以调谐到各种频率，当调谐到适合激发脂质的频率时，髓磷脂可以成像，而无需任何额外的标记22。脂质成像可以与标准免疫组织化学相结合，使得脂质可以与几个荧光通道一起成像23。使用CARS对髓鞘形成进行成像明显快于电子显微镜，并且其分辨率尽管低于EM，但足以检测相同类型轴突中髓鞘形成的微小差异。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthetic:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL disposable syringe with needle 27 GA x 0.5&#34;</td>
			<td>Exel int</td>
			<td>260040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fatal +</td>
			<td>Vortech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgery:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring Scissors - 8mm Cutting Edge</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15024-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard tweezers</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11027-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perfusion:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>SF994 (CS)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Scissors - Sharp</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14063-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kelly hemostats</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>13019-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millipore H2O</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle tip, 23 GA x 1&#34;</td>
			<td>BD precision glide</td>
			<td>305193</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS):</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pump with variable flow or equivalent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>s271-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodiumphosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL vial with 4% PFA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bochem Chemical Spoon 180mm</td>
			<td>Bochem</td>
			<td>230331000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Scissors - Sharp</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14063-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Noyes Spring Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15011-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pair of fine (Graefe) tweezers</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11050-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shallow glass or plastic tray, approximately 10&#34; x 10&#34;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard tweezers</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11027-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Scissors - Blunt</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14000-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slicing:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar, plant</td>
			<td>RPI</td>
			<td>9002-18-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT1000s</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>well plate</td>
			<td>Alkali Sci.</td>
			<td>TPN1048-NT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staining:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AB Media:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1n 1,000 mL of Millipore H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered (PB):</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Phosphate Monobase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Phosohate Dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA (Bovine serum albumin)</td>
			<td>Sigma life science</td>
			<td>A2153-100g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>s271-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma - Aldrich</td>
			<td>x100-500ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nissl 435/455</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>N21479</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CARS:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APE&#160;picoemerald laser</td>
			<td>Angewandte Physik &#38; Elektronik&#160;GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bandpass filter (420-520 nm)</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td>HQ470/100m-2P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bandpass filter (500-530 nm)</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td>HQ515/30m-2P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bandpass filters (640-680 nm)</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td>HQ660/40m-2P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>FV1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cut Transfer pipet</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-711-7M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dichroic longpass 565 nm</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td>565dcxr</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dichroic longpass 585 nm</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td>585dcxr</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dichroic shortpass 750 nm</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td>T750spxrxt</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass bottom culture dish</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35G-0-10-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass weight (10 mm x 10 mm boro rod)</td>
			<td>Allen Scientific Glass Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>multiphoton shortpass emission filter 680 nm</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td>ET680sp-2p8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

coherent anti-stokes raman spectroscopy (cars) application for imaging myelination in brain slices

相干反斯托克斯拉曼光谱（CARS）是化学家和物理学家经典采用的一种技术，用于产生分子特征振动的相干信号。然而，这些振动特征也是解剖组织（如大脑）内分子的特征，使其越来越有用和适用于神经科学应用。例如，CARS可以通过特异性激发这些分子内的化学键来测量脂质，从而可以量化组织的不同方面，例如参与神经传递的髓磷脂。此外，与通常用于定量髓磷脂的其他技术相比，CARS还可以设置为与免疫荧光技术兼容，允许与其他标记物（如钠通道或突触传递的其他成分）共同标记。髓鞘形成变化是脱髓鞘疾病（如多发性硬化症）或其他神经系统疾病（如脆性X综合征或自闭症谱系障碍）的固有重要机制，是一个新兴的研究领域。总之，CARS可以以创新的方式用于回答神经科学中的紧迫问题，并为与许多不同神经系统疾病相关的潜在机制提供证据。

与其他技术相比，CARS显微镜的最大优势之一是与荧光成像的兼容性23。 图1 显示了CARS光谱与用免疫荧光标记标记的Nissl相比，光谱几乎没有重叠。 图2 显示了结合共聚焦显微镜的CARS激光设置。 图3 显示了两个代表性图像，一个是单个堆栈，另一个是来自沙鼠和小鼠的z-stack最大投影，可以使用显示细胞体（青色?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy CARS Application for Imaging Myelination in Brain Slices at JoVE.com

Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy CARS Application for Imaging Myelination in Brain Slices

可视化髓鞘形成是许多研究神经系统的研究人员的重要目标。CARS是一种与免疫荧光兼容的技术，可以对组织内的脂质进行天然成像，例如大脑，照亮髓磷脂等特殊结构。

相干反斯托克斯拉曼光谱（CARS）在脑切片中成像髓鞘形成的应用

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) is a technique classically employed by chemists and physicists to produce a coherent signal of signature ...

该技术可以在脑组织切片中对髓磷脂进行成像。髓鞘形成在动作电位的传导中起着重要作用，了解髓鞘将有助于我们了解大脑功能。与电子显微镜相比，CARS技术的主要优点是CARS是一种光学显微镜技术，可以很容易地与其他荧光成像相结合，例如用于免疫组织化学。几种疾病是由于髓鞘形成的改变，例如多发性硬化症、衰老和自闭症。了解这些变化将有助于我们了解潜在的医疗状况。在这种情况下，CARS激光被调谐为对脂质或特别是CH2键进行成像。在大脑中，脂质的最大来源是髓磷脂。因此，这是一种在脑组织中对髓磷脂进行成像的技术。当对脂质进行成像时，应该可以对其他类型的组织使用相同的方法。调整和对准CARS激光器需要大量的专业知识，最好由激光或光学显微镜专家进行。按照手稿中所述制备组织后，对自由浮动切片进行染色以观察细胞体，然后在室温下在标准实验室摇床上孵育切片30分钟。在将样品带到显微镜之前，打开并预热CARS激光器至少一小时，然后通过空间重叠泵浦和斯托克斯激光束来对准CARS激光器，并调整两个激光束之间的延迟。对聚光镜光学元件和显微镜的光圈进行前向CARS成像，然后调整外部潜望镜，将空间上重叠的两个激光器居中到显微镜的扫描头镜上。实现最佳前向 CARS 非去扫描检测。确保冷凝器是彩色诱饵的。对于免疫荧光、共聚焦成像和CARS成像，通过结合配备可见激光进行荧光成像的共聚焦显微镜，使CARS激光器与正向和落射CARS非去扫描探测器配合。现在，将切片放入带有盖玻片底部和PBS的培养皿中，以避免组织干燥。此外，使用玻璃砝码将纸巾保持在盖玻片附近。使用图形用户界面，设置汽车和导弹荧光共聚焦成像的图像采集参数。将样品放在显微镜载物台上，聚焦样品并捕获图像。CARS的光谱范围从640到660纳米，光谱似乎与nisel标记的免疫荧光标记物没有重叠，表明CARS信号可以与免疫荧光信号一起使用。Nisel用于可视化蒙古沙鼠和小鼠大脑的细胞体，CARS的成像用于可视化髓鞘，表明该技术可以跨物种使用。两组图像都显示了脑干中梯形体内侧核的一部分。CARS的分辨率低于电子显微镜，大约为几百纳米。可以使用标准图像分析软件（例如ImageJ）分析图像，以量化感兴趣的参数，例如髓磷脂厚度或长度。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) Application for Imaging Myelination in Brain Slices

A Rapid Approach to High-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging in Semi-Thick Brain Slices

一个快速高分辨率的荧光成像的方法在半厚的脑片

A fundamental goal to both basic and clinical neuroscience is to better understand the identities, molecular makeup, and patterns of connectivity that are ...

科研

神经科学

Imaging Calcium Responses in GFP-tagged Neurons of Hypothalamic Mouse Brain Slices

在GFP标记的下丘脑神经元的小鼠脑片成像钙反应

Despite an enormous increase in our knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the encoding of information in the brain, a central question concerning the ...

Local Application of Drugs to Study Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices

局部应用药物研究烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体功能的小鼠脑片

Tobacco use leads to numerous health problems, including cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and stroke. Addiction to cigarette smoking is a prevalent ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

多单位记录方法来描述蝗虫的神经活动（<em&gt; Schistocerca美洲</em&gt;）嗅觉电路

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

In vivo Postnatal Electroporation and Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Mouse Acute Brain Slices

In vivo Postnatal Electroporation and Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Mouse Acute Brain Slices

成神经细胞迁移的小鼠急性脑片在体内电穿孔产后和时间推移成像

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the main neurogenic niches in the postnatal brain. Here, neural progenitors proliferate and give rise to ...

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

在器官型海马脑片搭配全细胞记录

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

在脑片恐惧电路体外光遗传学解剖

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

Application of Automated Image-guided Patch Clamp for the Study of Neurons in Brain Slices

自动图像引导贴片夹在脑切片神经元研究中的应用

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a ...