Name: coherent anti-stokes raman spectroscopy (cars) application for imaging myelination in brain slices
Uploaded: 2022-07-22T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy CARS Application for Imaging Myelination in Brain Slices at JoVE.com

Understøttet af NIH R01 DC 17924, R01 DC 18401 (Klug) og NIH 1R15HD105231-01, T32DC012280 og FRAXA (McCullagh). CARS-billeddannelsen blev udført i Advanced Light Microscopy Core-delen af NeuroTechnology Center ved University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, delvist understøttet af NIH P30 NS048154 og NIH P30 DK116073.

Alle eksperimenter overholdt alle gældende love, National Institutes of Health-retningslinjer og blev godkendt af University of Colorado Anschutz Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
1. Dyr
<ol><li>Brug C57BL/6J (lager #000664) mus (Mus musculus ) opnået fra The Jackson Laboratory eller mongolske gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) oprindeligt opnået fra Charles River.</li>
</ol>2. Vævspræparation
<ol><li>...

<ol>
	<li>Cole, K., Curtis, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electric+impedance+of+the+squid+giant+axon+during+activity.">Electric impedance of the squid giant axon during activity.</a> The Journal of General Physiology. 22 (5), 649-670 (1939).</li><li>Cole, K. S., Curtis, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+potential+of+the+squid+giant+axon+during+current+flow.">Membrane potential of the squid giant axon during current flow.</a> Journal of General Physiology. 24 (4), 551-563 (1941).</li><li>Alcami, P., El Hady, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+computations.">Axonal computations.</a> Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 13, 413 (2019).</li><li>Neumann, E., Nachmansohn, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nerve+excitability-Toward+an+integrating+concept.">Nerve excitability-Toward an integrating concept.</a> Aharon Katzir Memorial Volume. , 99-166 (1975).</li><li>Waxman, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrative+properties+and+design+principles+of+axons.">Integrative properties and design principles of axons.</a> International Review of Neurobiology. 18, 1-40 (1975).</li><li>Fitzhugh, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computation+of+impulse+initiation+and+saltatory+conduction+in+a+myelinated+nerve+fiber.">Computation of impulse initiation and saltatory conduction in a myelinated nerve fiber.</a> Biophysical Journal. 2 (1), 11-21 (1962).</li><li>Zalc, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+acquisition+of+myelin:+a+success+story.">The acquisition of myelin: a success story.</a> Novartis Foundation Symposium. 276, 275-281 (2006).</li><li>Salzer, J. L., Zalc, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelination.">Myelination.</a> Current Biology. 26 (20), 971-975 (2016).</li><li>Boullerne, A. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+history+of+myelin.">The history of myelin.</a> Experimental Neurology. 283, 431-445 (2016).</li><li>Kuhn, S., Gritti, L., Crooks, D., Dombrowski, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oligodendrocytes+in+development,+myelin+generation+and+beyond.">Oligodendrocytes in development, myelin generation and beyond.</a> Cells. 8 (11), 1424 (2019).</li><li>Saab, A. S., Nave, K. -. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelin+dynamics:+protecting+and+shaping+neuronal+functions.">Myelin dynamics: protecting and shaping neuronal functions.</a> Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 47, 104-112 (2017).</li><li>Chomiak, T., Hu, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+is+the+optimal+value+of+the+g-Ratio+for+myelinated+fibers+in+the+rat+CNS?+A+theoretical+approach.">What is the optimal value of the g-Ratio for myelinated fibers in the rat CNS? A theoretical approach.</a> PLOS ONE. 4 (11), 7754 (2009).</li><li>Ford, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tuning+of+Ranvier+node+and+internode+properties+in+myelinated+axons+to+adjust+action+potential+timing.">Tuning of Ranvier node and internode properties in myelinated axons to adjust action potential timing.</a> Nature Communications. 6, 8073 (2015).</li><li>Stange-Marten, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Input+timing+for+spatial+processing+is+precisely+tuned+via+constant+synaptic+delays+and+myelination+patterns+in+the+auditory+brainstem.">Input timing for spatial processing is precisely tuned via constant synaptic delays and myelination patterns in the auditory brainstem.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (24), 4851-4858 (2017).</li><li>Bu, J., Banki, A., Wu, Q., Nishiyama, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+NG2++glial+cell+proliferation+and+oligodendrocyte+generation+in+the+hypomyelinating+mutant+shiverer.">Increased NG2+ glial cell proliferation and oligodendrocyte generation in the hypomyelinating mutant shiverer.</a> Glia. 48 (1), 51-63 (2004).</li><li>Pacey, L. K. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+myelination+in+a+mouse+model+of+fragile+X+syndrome.">Delayed myelination in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 22 (19), 3920-3930 (2013).</li><li>Green, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clemastine+fumarate+as+a+remyelinating+therapy+for+multiple+sclerosis+(ReBUILD):+a+randomised,+controlled,+double-blind,+crossover+trial.">Clemastine fumarate as a remyelinating therapy for multiple sclerosis (ReBUILD): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial.</a> Lancet. 390 (10111), 2481-2489 (2017).</li><li>Jeon, S. J., Ryu, J. H., Bahn, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+translational+control+of+fragile+X+mental+retardation+protein+on+myelin+proteins+in+neuropsychiatric+disorders.">Altered translational control of fragile X mental retardation protein on myelin proteins in neuropsychiatric disorders.</a> Biomolecules &amp; Therapeutics. 25 (3), 231-238 (2017).</li><li>Barak, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+deletion+of+Gtf2i,+associated+with+Williams+syndrome,+causes+behavioral+and+myelin+alterations+rescuable+by+a+remyelinating+drug.">Neuronal deletion of Gtf2i, associated with Williams syndrome, causes behavioral and myelin alterations rescuable by a remyelinating drug.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 22 (5), 700-708 (2019).</li><li>Phan, B. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+myelin-related+transcriptomic+profile+is+shared+by+Pitt-Hopkins+syndrome+models+and+human+autism+spectrum+disorder.">A myelin-related transcriptomic profile is shared by Pitt-Hopkins syndrome models and human autism spectrum disorder.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 23 (3), 375-385 (2020).</li><li>Lucas, A., Poleg, S., Klug, A., McCullagh, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelination+deficits+in+the+auditory+brainstem+of+a+mouse+model+of+fragile+X+syndrome.">Myelination deficits in the auditory brainstem of a mouse model of fragile X syndrome.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15, 1536 (2021).</li><li>Wang, H., Fu, Y., Zickmund, P., Shi, R., Cheng, J. -. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coherent+anti-stokes+raman+scattering+imaging+of+axonal+myelin+in+live+spinal+ttissues.">Coherent anti-stokes raman scattering imaging of axonal myelin in live spinal ttissues.</a> Biophysical Journal. 89 (1), 581-591 (2005).</li><li>Kim, S. -. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+coherent+anti-stokes+raman+spectroscopy+images+intact+atheromatous+lesions+and+concomitantly+identifies+distinct+chemical+profiles+of+atherosclerotic+lipids.">Multiplex coherent anti-stokes raman spectroscopy images intact atheromatous lesions and concomitantly identifies distinct chemical profiles of atherosclerotic lipids.</a> Circulation Research. 106 (8), 1332-1341 (2010).</li><li>Gage, G. J., Kipke, D. R., Shain, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+animal+perfusion+fixation+for+rodents.">Whole animal perfusion fixation for rodents.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (65), e3564 (2012).</li><li>Tu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Free-floating+Immunostaining+of+Mouse+Brains.">Free-floating Immunostaining of Mouse Brains.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (176), e62876 (2021).</li><li>. Fluorescence SpectraViewer Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/order/fluorescence-spectraviewer">https://www.thermofisher.com/order/fluorescence-spectraviewer</a> (2022)</li><li>Held, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Die+centrale+geh&#246;rleitung.">Die centrale geh&#246;rleitung.</a> Arch Anat Physiol Anat Abt. 17, 201-248 (1893).</li><li>Sherman, D. L., Brophy, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+axon+ensheathment+and+myelin+growth.">Mechanisms of axon ensheathment and myelin growth.</a> Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 6 (9), 683-690 (2005).</li><li>Gruchot, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+basis+for+remyelination+failure+in+multiple+sclerosis.">The molecular basis for remyelination failure in multiple sclerosis.</a> Cells. 8 (8), 825 (2019).</li><li>Rivera, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+growth+factor+pathway+in+the+age-related+decline+of+oligodendrocyte+regeneration.">Epidermal growth factor pathway in the age-related decline of oligodendrocyte regeneration.</a> Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 16, 838007 (2022).</li><li>K&#250;tna, V., O'Leary, V. B., Hoschl, C., Ovsepian, S. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebellar+demyelination+and+neurodegeneration+associated+with+mTORC1+hyperactivity+may+contribute+to+the+developmental+onset+of+autism-like+neurobehavioral+phenotype+in+a+rat+model.">Cerebellar demyelination and neurodegeneration associated with mTORC1 hyperactivity may contribute to the developmental onset of autism-like neurobehavioral phenotype in a rat model.</a> Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research. 15 (5), 791-805 (2022).</li><li>Ozsv&#225;r, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+lipid+debris+accumulation+caused+by+cuprizone+induced+myelin+degradation+in+different+CNS+areas.">Quantitative analysis of lipid debris accumulation caused by cuprizone induced myelin degradation in different CNS areas.</a> Brain Research Bulletin. 137, 277-284 (2018).</li><li>Prineas, J. W., Graham, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+sclerosis:+capping+of+surface+immunoglobulin+G+on+macrophages+engaged+in+myelin+breakdown.">Multiple sclerosis: capping of surface immunoglobulin G on macrophages engaged in myelin breakdown.</a> Annals of Neurology. 10 (2), 149-158 (1981).</li><li>B&#233;gin, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+method+for+the+segmentation+and+morphometry+of+nerve+fibers+in+large-scale+CARS+images+of+spinal+cord+tissue.">Automated method for the segmentation and morphometry of nerve fibers in large-scale CARS images of spinal cord tissue.</a> Biomedical Optics Express. 5 (12), 4145-4161 (2014).</li></ol>

En voksende mængde litteratur understreger myelins rolle i hjernefunktionen 13,16,21,28. Desuden ved vi, at myelineringstykkelse og myelineringsmønster kan ændre sig i flere neurologiske tilstande såsom multipel sklerose (gennemgået i29), aldring (gennemgået i 30), autisme20,31 og mange andre.<sup class="xr...

Handlingspotentialer er den grundlæggende informationsenhed i hjernen, og handlingspotentialeudbredelse gennem axoner udgør en søjle i informationsbehandling 1,2,3. Neuroner modtager typisk afferente input fra flere andre neuroner og integrerer disse input inden for et givet smalt tidsvindue 4,5. Derfor har mekanismerne for handlingspotentiale formering i axoner fået en betydelig mængde opmærksomhed fra efterforskere.
Ved formering gennem en axon regenereres et handlingspotentiale gentagne gange langs axonen for at sikre pålidelig udbredelse6. I de fleste neuroner af kæbede hvirveldyr (gnathostomer) er axoner omgivet af en kappe af myelin, som er et lipidrigt stof produceret af nærliggende oligodendrocytter eller Schwann-celler, som er typer af gliaceller (gennemgået i 7,8). Denne myelinkappe isolerer axonen elektrisk, reducerer dens kapacitans og muliggør handlingspotentialeudbredelse effektivt, hurtigt og med lavere energiforbrug. Myelin dækker ikke axonen ensartet, men den kapper axonen i segmenter, der har korte mellemrum imellem dem, kaldet Ranviers knudepunkter (gennemgået i 9,10). Både myelineringstykkelse, som styrer niveauet for elektrisk isolering af en axon, og afstanden mellem Ranviers knuder, som styrer hyppigheden, hvormed handlingspotentialer regenereres langs en axon, påvirker hastigheden af handlingspotentialeudbredelse (gennemgået i11).
Der er en stor mængde litteratur, der tyder på, at myelineringstykkelse påvirker hastigheden af aktionspotentialeudbredelse i axoner12,13,14. Desuden kan ændringer i axonmyelinering resultere i en række CNS-underskud 15,16,17,18,19,20,21. Det er derfor ikke overraskende, at fokus for mange forskningsindsatser involverer måling og karakterisering af axonmyelinering. Målinger af myelintykkelse er oftest udført med elektronmikroskopi, en teknik, der kræver en betydelig mængde vævsforberedelse og er udfordrende at bruge i kombination med immunhistokemi. Der er dog også en hurtigere og enklere teknik til at måle axonmyelinering, der er baseret på Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS). En CARS-laser kan indstilles til forskellige frekvenser, og når den er indstillet til frekvenser, der er egnede til at ophidse lipider, kan myelin afbildes uden behov for yderligere etiketter22. Lipidbilleddannelsen kan kombineres med standard immunhistokemi, således at lipider kan afbildes sammen med flere fluorescerende kanaler23. Imaging myelinering med CARS er signifikant hurtigere end elektronmikroskopi og har en opløsning, der er, omend lavere end EM, tilstrækkelig til at detektere selv små forskelle i myelinering i samme type axoner.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthetic:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL disposable syringe with needle 27 GA x 0.5&#34;</td>
			<td>Exel int</td>
			<td>260040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fatal +</td>
			<td>Vortech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgery:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring Scissors - 8mm Cutting Edge</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15024-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard tweezers</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11027-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perfusion:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>SF994 (CS)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Scissors - Sharp</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14063-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kelly hemostats</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>13019-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millipore H2O</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle tip, 23 GA x 1&#34;</td>
			<td>BD precision glide</td>
			<td>305193</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS):</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pump with variable flow or equivalent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>s271-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodiumphosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL vial with 4% PFA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bochem Chemical Spoon 180mm</td>
			<td>Bochem</td>
			<td>230331000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Scissors - Sharp</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14063-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Noyes Spring Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15011-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pair of fine (Graefe) tweezers</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11050-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shallow glass or plastic tray, approximately 10&#34; x 10&#34;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard tweezers</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11027-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Scissors - Blunt</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14000-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slicing:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar, plant</td>
			<td>RPI</td>
			<td>9002-18-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT1000s</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>well plate</td>
			<td>Alkali Sci.</td>
			<td>TPN1048-NT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staining:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AB Media:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1n 1,000 mL of Millipore H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered (PB):</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Phosphate Monobase</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Phosohate Dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA (Bovine serum albumin)</td>
			<td>Sigma life science</td>
			<td>A2153-100g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>s271-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma - Aldrich</td>
			<td>x100-500ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nissl 435/455</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>N21479</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CARS:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APE&#160;picoemerald laser</td>
			<td>Angewandte Physik &#38; Elektronik&#160;GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bandpass filter (420-520 nm)</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td>HQ470/100m-2P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bandpass filter (500-530 nm)</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td>HQ515/30m-2P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bandpass filters (640-680 nm)</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td>HQ660/40m-2P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>FV1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cut Transfer pipet</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-711-7M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dichroic longpass 565 nm</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td>565dcxr</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dichroic longpass 585 nm</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td>585dcxr</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dichroic shortpass 750 nm</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td>T750spxrxt</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass bottom culture dish</td>
			<td>MatTek</td>
			<td>P35G-0-10-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass weight (10 mm x 10 mm boro rod)</td>
			<td>Allen Scientific Glass Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>multiphoton shortpass emission filter 680 nm</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td>ET680sp-2p8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

coherent anti-stokes raman spectroscopy (cars) application for imaging myelination in brain slices

Sammenhængende anti-Stokes Raman-spektroskopi (CARS) er en teknik, der klassisk anvendes af kemikere og fysikere til at producere et sammenhængende signal om signaturvibrationer af molekyler. Imidlertid er disse vibrationssignaturer også karakteristiske for molekyler inden for anatomisk væv som hjernen, hvilket gør det stadig mere nyttigt og anvendeligt til neurovidenskabelige applikationer. For eksempel kan CARS måle lipider ved specifikt spændende kemiske bindinger inden for disse molekyler, hvilket muliggør kvantificering af forskellige aspekter af væv, såsom myelin involveret i neurotransmission. Derudover kan CARS sammenlignet med andre teknikker, der typisk bruges til at kvantificere myelin, også indstilles til at være kompatible med immunfluorescerende teknikker, hvilket giver mulighed for co-mærkning med andre markører såsom natriumkanaler eller andre komponenter i synaptisk transmission. Myelineringsændringer er en iboende vigtig mekanisme i demyeliniserende sygdomme som multipel sklerose eller andre neurologiske tilstande såsom fragilt X syndrom eller autismespektrumforstyrrelser er et voksende forskningsområde. Afslutningsvis kan CARS bruges på innovative måder til at besvare presserende spørgsmål inden for neurovidenskab og give bevis for underliggende mekanismer relateret til mange forskellige neurologiske tilstande.

En af de største fordele ved CARS-mikroskopi i forhold til andre teknikker er kompatibiliteten med fluorescerende billeddannelse23. Figur 1 viser CARS-spektrene sammenlignet med Nissl mærket med immunfluorescerende markør, der viser ringe / ingen overlapning i spektre. Figur 2 illustrerer laseropsætningen til CARS i kombination med konfokal mikroskopi. Figur 3 viser to repræsentative billeder, et som en ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy CARS Application for Imaging Myelination in Brain Slices at JoVE.com

Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy CARS Application for Imaging Myelination in Brain Slices

Visualisering af myelinering er et vigtigt mål for mange forskere, der studerer nervesystemet. CARS er en teknik, der er kompatibel med immunfluorescens, der naturligt kan afbilde lipider i væv som hjernen, der belyser specialiserede strukturer såsom myelin.

Sammenhængende Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) ansøgning om billeddannelse myelinering i hjerneskiver

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) is a technique classically employed by chemists and physicists to produce a coherent signal of signature ...

Denne teknik kan afbilde myelin i hjernevævsafsnit. Myelinering spiller en vigtig rolle i ledningen af handlingspotentialer og forståelse af myelin vil hjælpe os med at forstå hjernens funktion. Den største fordel ved CARS-teknikken i forhold til for eksempel elektronmikroskopi er, at CARS er en lysmikroskopiteknik og let kan kombineres med anden fluorescensbilleddannelse, såsom anvendt i immunhistokemi.Flere medicinske tilstande skyldes ændringer i myelinering, for eksempel multipel sklerose, aldring og autisme. At forstå disse ændringer vil hjælpe os med at forstå de underliggende medicinske tilstande. I dette tilfælde er CARS-laseren indstillet til billedlipider eller specifikt CH2-bindinger.I hjernen er den største kilde til lipider myelin. Således er dette en teknik til at afbilde myelin i hjernevæv. Det bør være muligt at anvende den samme metode til andre typer væv, når billeddannelse af lipider er af interesse.Tuning og justering af CARS-laseren kræver betydelig ekspertise og udføres bedst af en laser- eller lysmikroskopiekspert. Efter at have forberedt vævene som beskrevet i manuskriptet, plet fritflydende sektioner til nisel og antistofmedier for at visualisere cellelegemer og inkubere derefter sektionerne på en standard laboratorieryster i 30 minutter ved stuetemperatur. Før prøverne bringes til mikroskopet, skal du tænde og varme CARS-laseren op i mindst en time, derefter justere CARS-laseren ved rumligt at overlappe pumpen og fyre op i laserstrålerne og justere forsinkelsen mellem de to laserstråler.Farv kondensatoroptikken og mikroskopets membran til fremadgående CARS-billeddannelse, og juster derefter det eksterne periskop for at centrere de rumligt overlappede to lasere på mikroskopets scanningshovedspejle. For bedste fremadrettede CARS ikke-descannede detektion. Sørg for, at kondensatoren er farvelokket.Til immunfluorescens, konfokal billeddannelse og bilbilleddannelse skal du udstyre CARS-laseren med både fremadgående og epi CARS-ikke-descannede detektorer ved at inkorporere et konfokalmikroskop udstyret med synlige lasere til fluorescensbilleddannelse. Placer nu sektionerne i en kulturskål med en dækslipbund og PBS for at undgå at tørre vævet. Brug også en glasvægt til at holde vævet i nærheden af dækselslippen.Brug den grafiske brugergrænseflade til at indstille billedoptagelsesparametrene for biler og missilfluorescens konfokal billeddannelse. Placer prøven på mikroskopstadiet, fokuser prøven, og tag billederne. CARS'spectra spænder fra 640 til 660 nanometer, og der synes ikke at være nogen overlapning i spektre med nisel-mærket immunfluorescerende markør, hvilket indikerer, at CARS-signaler kan bruges med immunfluorescerende signaler.Nisel blev brugt til at visualisere cellelegemerne i mongolske gerbil- og musehjerner, og CARS'imaging blev brugt til at visualisere myelinskeden, hvilket indikerer, at denne teknik kunne bruges på tværs af arter. Begge sæt billeder viser en del af den mediale kerne i trapezlegemet i hjernestammen. Opløsningen af CARS er lavere end med elektronmikroskop og er i størrelsesordenen flere hundrede nanometer.Billederne kan analyseres med standard billedanalysesoftware, såsom ImageJ for at kvantificere parametrene af interesse, for eksempel myelintykkelse eller længde.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) Application for Imaging Myelination in Brain Slices

A Rapid Approach to High-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging in Semi-Thick Brain Slices

A fundamental goal to both basic and clinical neuroscience is to better understand the identities, molecular makeup, and patterns of connectivity that are ...

Imaging Calcium Responses in GFP-tagged Neurons of Hypothalamic Mouse Brain Slices

Imaging Calcium respons i GFP-mærkede neuroner i hypothalamus musehjerne Slices

Despite an enormous increase in our knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the encoding of information in the brain, a central question concerning the ...

Local Application of Drugs to Study Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices

Tobacco use leads to numerous health problems, including cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and stroke. Addiction to cigarette smoking is a prevalent ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

Multi-unit Optagelse metoder til karakterisering af neurale aktivitet i Locust (<em&gt; Schistocerca Americana</em&gt;) Lugtesansen Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

In vivo Postnatal Electroporation and Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Mouse Acute Brain Slices

In vivo Postnatal Electroporation and Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Mouse Acute Brain Slices

In vivo Fødselsdepression Elektroporation og Time-lapse Imaging af neuroblast Migration i Mouse Akut hjerneskiver

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the main neurogenic niches in the postnatal brain. Here, neural progenitors proliferate and give rise to ...

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

Forbundne Helcelle optagelser i Organotypiske hippocampusskiver

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Ex Vivo optogenetic Dissektion af Frygt Kredsløb i Brain Skiver

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

Application of Automated Image-guided Patch Clamp for the Study of Neurons in Brain Slices

Anvendelse af automatiseret billedstyret patchklemme til undersøgelse af neuroner i hjerneskiver

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a ...