Name: using a bipolar electrode to create a temporal lobe epilepsy mouse model by electrical kindling of the amygdala
Uploaded: 2022-06-29T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Bipolar Electrode to Create a Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Mouse Model by Electrical Kindling of the Amygdala at JoVE.com

该研究得到了国家自然科学基金（第82030037号，81871009）和北京市卫生健康委员会（11000022T000000444685）的支持。我们感谢 TopEdit （www.topeditsci.com） 在编写本手稿期间提供的语言帮助。

该实验得到了首都医科大学宣武医院实验动物伦理委员会的批准。所有小鼠均在首都医科大学宣武医院动物实验室保存。该协议分为四个部分。前两部分介绍了使用滑环连接电极和脑电图记录/刺激设备的电极和电路的构建方法。第三部分描述了电极植入的操作方法，第四部分介绍了用于杏仁核癫痫模型的脑电记录和刺激参数。
1. 电极的制造
<ol><li>准备好以下先...

<ol>
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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amygdala+pathology+in+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis+and+primary+lateral+sclerosis.">Amygdala pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and primary lateral sclerosis.</a> Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 417, 117039 (2020).</li><li>Kuchukhidze, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emotional+recognition+in+patients+with+mesial+temporal+epilepsy+associated+with+enlarged+amygdala.">Emotional recognition in patients with mesial temporal epilepsy associated with enlarged amygdala.</a> Frontiers in Neurology. 12, 803787 (2021).</li><li>Soper, C., Wicker, E., Kulick, C. V., N'Gouemo, P., Forcelli, P. 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癫痫是一组表现多样、病因多样的疾病18;应该注意的是，没有单一的模型可以用于所有类型的癫痫，研究人员必须为他们的特定研究选择合适的模型。本研究介绍了一种最容易获得的电极制造方法。该方法的各个部分可以进行调整以适应不同的实验条件。
该方法利用具有刺激和记录功能的电极，减少了植入单独的电极进行刺激和脑电图记录对动物大脑造成?...

颞叶癫痫（TLE）是最普遍的癫痫类型，具有转化为耐药性癫痫的高风险。手术，如选择性杏仁核海马切除术，是治疗TLE的有效方法，该病的癫痫发生和发作仍在研究中1，2。TLE的发病机制已被证明不仅发生在海马体中，而且广泛存在于杏仁核3，4中。例如，杏仁核硬化和杏仁核增大经常被报道为TLE癫痫发作的起源5，6。杏仁核的重要性不容低估;杏仁核模型对于癫痫发生研究至关重要，迫切需要对该模型进行清晰的说明。
在动物模型中已经提出了几种诱导癫痫发作的方法。过去，惊厥药物在早期阶段腹膜内注射7。虽然这种方法很方便，但癫痫病灶的位置尚不确定。随着立体定向技术和详细的动物脑图谱的发展，应用颅内药物注射解决了定位问题8。然而，在急性期缺乏对严重癫痫发作的干预导致高死亡率，慢性自发性癫痫发作伴有发作间期不稳定和癫痫发作频率不稳定的问题9，10。最后，开发了电点火方法;该方法周期性地多次刺激特定的大脑区域，允许在明确控制位置和发病时间的情况下诱导癫痫发作11。
这种方法的一个优点是电极的颅内植入是微创的12。此外，癫痫发作的严重程度可以通过刺激的终止来控制，从而降低癫痫发作引起的死亡率。这些变化解决了以前方法的缺点。值得注意的是，该模型可以充分模拟人类癫痫发作，并且特别适合癫痫持续状态（SE）的研究，因为它能够快速诱导SE13。它还可用于抗癫痫药物筛选14 和癫痫机制的研究。最后，众所周知，杏仁核与记忆调节、奖励处理和情绪密切相关15.癫痫患者经常遇到这些精神功能的障碍，因此，杏仁核癫痫模型可能是研究癫痫情绪问题的更好选择16。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-21206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>c-Fos antibody</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ab222699</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cranial drill</td>
			<td>SANS</td>
			<td>SA302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dental cement</td>
			<td>NISSIN</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG recording and stimulation equipment</td>
			<td>Neuracle Technology (Changzhou) Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>NSHHFS-210803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lead-free tin wire</td>
			<td>BAKON</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pin header/Female header</td>
			<td>XIANMISI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>spacing of 1.27 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver wire</td>
			<td>A-M systems</td>
			<td>786000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slip ring</td>
			<td>Senring Electronics Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>SNM008-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten wire</td>
			<td>A-M systems</td>
			<td>796000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ultrafine multi-stand wire</td>
			<td>Shenzhen Chengxing wire and cable</td>
			<td>UL10064-FEP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>welding equipment</td>
			<td>BAKON</td>
			<td>BK881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using a bipolar electrode to create a temporal lobe epilepsy mouse model by electrical kindling of the amygdala

杏仁核是癫痫发作最常见的起源之一，杏仁核小鼠模型对于说明癫痫至关重要。然而，很少有研究详细描述实验方案。本文通过介绍双极电极的制作方法，阐述了杏仁核电点燃癫痫模型制作的全过程。该电极既可以刺激又可以记录，减少因植入单独的电极进行刺激和记录而引起的脑损伤。对于长期脑电图（EEG）记录目的，使用滑环来消除由电缆缠结和脱落引起的记录中断。
在基底外侧杏仁核（AP：1.67毫米，长：2.7毫米，V：4.9毫米）的周期性刺激（60Hz，每15分钟1秒）19.83±5.742次后，在六只小鼠中观察到完全点燃（定义为诱导三次连续V级发作按拉辛量表分类）。在整个点燃过程中记录颅内脑电图，点燃后观察到杏仁核癫痫放电持续20-70 s。因此，这是模拟源自杏仁核的癫痫的稳健方案，该方法适用于揭示杏仁核在颞叶癫痫中的作用。本研究有助于未来颞叶内侧癫痫的机制和新型抗癫痫药物的研究。

电极和电路能够记录脑电图并起到刺激作用（图1）;这种设置避免了分别植入记录和刺激电极的复杂性，并最大限度地减少了对脑组织的损害。滑环的应用允许电极与所有类型的设备连接。
我们对6只健康的成年雄性C57BL / 6小鼠进行了电极植入手术，并在手术后2周进行了电刺激。行为癫痫发作水平随着刺激次数的增加而逐渐增加，分级基于拉辛量表：1 =?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Bipolar Electrode to Create a Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Mouse Model by Electrical Kindling of the Amygdala at JoVE.com

Using a Bipolar Electrode to Create a Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Mouse Model by Electrical Kindling of the Amygdala

杏仁核在颞叶癫痫中起关键作用，颞叶癫痫起源于该结构并从该结构传播。本文详细介绍了具有记录和刺激功能的深部脑电极的制造。它介绍了源自杏仁核的内侧颞叶癫痫模型。

使用双极电极通过电点燃杏仁核创建颞叶癫痫小鼠模型

The amygdala is one of the most common origins of seizures, and the amygdala mouse model is essential for the illustration of epilepsy. However, few ...

该协议提出了一种以杏仁核为起源的癫痫模型。它为研究内侧颞叶结构铺平了道路。该模型可以解释为实验的基础。由于该协议是一种低成本和有效的方法，因此可以在大多数实验室中快速进行。演示该程序的将是我们实验室的研究生Yongchang Lu。首先收集预先准备好的组件，从两厘米长的特氟龙涂层钨丝开始，轴承直径为76.2微米。一根轴承直径为127微米的相同长度的银线和一套两乘两号的绳针。使用打火机燃烧每根钨丝的一端，以去除五毫米的绝缘涂层。剥下一段超细多股线。从底部到上端展开，在那里它开始变黑，继续到顶部。通过捏住一端并轻轻扭动另一端，将这种超细线和钨丝结合起来，使两种材料可以轻松地缠绕在一起。轻轻拉动以确保电线缠绕紧并切断多余的超细电线。在整个过程中尽量保持钨丝笔直。将绳销固定在焊接台上的夹子上，销的较长一侧朝外。使用注射器针头捡起一些焊膏并将其涂在引脚上。将焊枪加热至 320 摄氏度。用割炬尖端熔化并涂抹一些无铅锡丝。将钨丝的上端与绳针的一根针重叠，并使用割炬上的焊料将钨丝粘合到针上。以相同的方式将另一根钨丝和另一根银丝焊接到绳针上，使每根线对应于一根针。切割两根比钨丝上端稍长的热缩管。将它们放在两根钨丝的焊点上，确保导电部分完全覆盖在管中，这样两根钨丝的电路就不会串联放置。从焊接台夹上取下电极，并用大钳子轻轻握住电极，因为在加热热缩管时电极很容易变形。使用一个良好的导热夹具，用力稍大一些。打开风管并加热，直到达到 320 摄氏度的温度。吹热缩管几秒钟，直到拧紧。用热熔胶加固电极。握住两根钨丝并将它们扭在一起，使它们的两端分开。将双绞钨丝修剪至约10毫米长，使两端的间距不超过0.5毫米。用万用表检查电极，将万用表的一根杆放在绳销的未焊接侧，然后将钨丝或银线的末端轻轻接触另一根。检查电路是否平滑。确保线条未串联放置。在两端剥下五毫米的绝缘皮，露出里面的金属线。在每根起动线上添加一段热缩管。用EEG设备连接器插头焊接每根电线。用热空气收缩热缩管。在每根转子线上添加一段热缩管。将红色和橙色电线的导电部件拧在一起，并将它们焊接到接头和接头上以适合绳销。将接头上的其他两根电线焊接到每个接头上。称量鼠标。当鼠标完全麻醉后，用剃须刀从眼睛到耳朵区域剃毛。将鼠标固定在立体定位框架上。将前上牙放入门牙杆中，并将两个耳杆插入耳朵的深度相等。将红霉素眼膏涂抹在眼睛上，以防止手术过程中因强光引起的干燥和失明。用碘伏和75%酒精交替拭子对手术区域进行至少三次消毒。做一个纵向切口以完全暴露手术区域或做一个三角形切口，只要它暴露前后囟门和电极植入部位。将一小块棉花卷成球状，并用3%的过氧化氢润湿。用小棉球轻轻摩擦暴露区域，直到看到前囟门和后囟，去除附着在颅骨上的软组织。调整前后高度，使前囟和后囟水平。将前囟门的位置视为轴的原点。将不锈钢螺钉固定在左小脑颅骨上。设置杏仁核点燃的坐标，并调整立体定位装置以定位该点并标记它。用直径为0.5毫米的头骨钻在行军点上钻一个孔。将电极固定在立体定位装置的定位杆上。将电极垂直放置在孔上方，并将位置缓慢降至负 4.9 毫米。将银线缠绕在螺钉上三次。操作过程中注意不要晃动电极体。混合牙科水泥并将其轻轻涂抹在电极和颅骨表面。当牙科水泥硬化时，修改外部，直到包围固定电极的水泥变成锥体。然后从立体定位装置中释放电极。取出鼠标并将其放回笼子中。将其与其他小鼠分开。将鼠标放入定制的盒子中，用滑动电缆连接鼠标头上的电极和脑电图设备。将电缆穿过盒子盖上的一个孔，并调整盒子中剩余的长度，让鼠标自由移动。打开脑电图设备并确保其正常工作。设置刺激器参数，以 60 赫兹提供 1 毫秒单相方波脉冲，持续 10 个刺激周期，持续 1 秒。从第一次刺激的电流强度为 50 微安开始。监测以高频尖峰为特征的放电后的脑电图。如果没有观察到放电后，则向下一个刺激物添加25微安，并每10分钟继续此过程，直到观察到放电后并持续5秒。每15分钟用确定的电流强度刺激鼠标，每天不超过20次。监测对刺激的行为反应。对6只健康成年雄性C57黑6只小鼠进行电极植入手术，并在手术后两周进行电刺激。行为发作水平随着刺激次数的增加而逐渐增加，并记录完全点燃所需的刺激次数。出院后的脑电图持续5至15秒。然后颅内自发分泌物加剧，行为症状开始。癫痫发作持续时间通常少于一分钟，这降低了导致呼吸暂停的严重抽搐导致的死亡风险。在完全点燃后两小时通过免疫组织化学检测脑组织中c-Fos的表达。结果表明，c-Fos在同侧杏仁核中的表达显著增加，验证了该模型的可行性。钨丝末端的间距不应超过半毫米，否则将无法通过脑孔。电极的长度不宜过长，否则会影响小鼠的活动。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Identification of Olfactory Volatiles using Gas Chromatography-Multi-unit Recordings (GCMR) in the Insect Antennal Lobe

Identification of Olfactory Volatiles using Gas Chromatography-Multi-unit Recordings GCMR in the Insect Antennal Lobe

用气相色谱 - 多单元的录音（GCMR）昆虫触角叶嗅觉挥发物的鉴定

All  organisms inhabit a world full of sensory stimuli that determine their  behavioral and physiological response to their environment. Olfaction is ...

科研

神经科学

Trypsin Digest Protocol to Analyze the Retinal Vasculature of a Mouse Model

胰蛋白酶精华协议分析视网膜血管小鼠模型

Trypsin digest is the gold standard method to analyze the retinal vasculature 1-5. It allows visualization of the entire network of complex ...

A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial Temporal Lobe Structures

一个全面协议的内侧颞叶结构的手动分割

The present paper describes a comprehensive protocol for manual tracing of the set of brain regions comprising the medial temporal lobe (MTL): amygdala, ...

Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Mouse Model

戊四氮诱导点燃小鼠模型

Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) is a GABA-A receptor antagonist. An intraperitoneal injection of PTZ into an animal induces an acute, severe seizure at a high ...

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

间刺激间隔对啮齿类动物时间处理评估的力量

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in ...

Behavioral And Physiological Analysis In A Zebrafish Model Of Epilepsy

斑马鱼癫痫模型中的行为和生理分析

Epilepsy represents one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting an estimated 50 million people worldwide. Recent advances in genetic research ...

Successful In vivo Calcium Imaging with a Head-Mount Miniaturized Microscope in the Amygdala of Freely Behaving Mouse

在自由行为鼠标的杏仁核中，使用头山小型显微镜成功进行体内钙成像

In vivo real-time monitoring of neuronal activities in freely moving animals is one of key approaches to link neuronal activity to behavior. For this ...

A Behavioral Screen for Heat-Induced Seizures in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

癫痫小鼠模型中热诱发癫痫发作的行为筛查

Transgenic mouse models have proved to be powerful tools in studying various aspects of human neurological disorders, including epilepsy. The ...

Preparation and Implantation of Electrodes for Electrically Kindling VGAT-Cre Mice to Generate a Model for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

It was discovered that electrical kindling of VGAT-Cre mice led to the spontaneous motor and electrographic seizures. A recent paper focused on how unique ...

Registration of Calcium Transients in Mouse Neuromuscular Junction with High Temporal Resolution using Confocal Microscopy

使用共聚焦显微镜以高时间分辨率记录小鼠神经肌肉接头中的钙瞬变

Estimation of the presynaptic calcium level is a key task in studying synaptic transmission since calcium entry into the presynaptic cell triggers a ...