Name: the miniature pig: a large animal model for cochlear implant research
Uploaded: 2022-07-28T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Miniature Pig: A Large Animal Model for Cochlear Implant Research at JoVE.com

本研究由国家自然科学基金（第81970890号）和重庆市科研机构绩效激励项目（第19540号）资助。我们感谢MED-EL公司的Anandhan Dhanasingh和Zhi Shu的支持。

所有程序和动物手术均按照解放军总医院伦理委员会的指导方针进行，并获得了批准。
1.麻醉和手术准备
<ol><li>肌肉注射猪（雄性，2个月大，5公斤）用替他明和唑拉西泮，剂量为10-15mg / kg，并用5.5法式气管插管插管插管。通过呼吸机辅助呼吸和异氟烷吸入来维持麻醉。使用连接到猪舌头的心电监护仪的脉搏血氧饱和度（>90%）、呼吸（15-20/分钟）和心率（60-120?...

<ol>
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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+course+of+residual+hearing+preservation+with+a+slim,+modiolar+cochlear+implant+electrode+array.">Natural course of residual hearing preservation with a slim, modiolar cochlear implant electrode array.</a> American Journal of Otolaryngology. 43 (2), 103382 (2022).</li><li>Lorens, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binaural+advantages+in+using+a+cochlear+implant+for+adults+with+profound+unilateral+hearing+loss.">Binaural advantages in using a cochlear implant for adults with profound unilateral hearing loss.</a> Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 139 (2), 153-161 (2019).</li><li>Lally, J. W., Adams, J. K., Wilkerson, B. 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T., Svirsky, M. A., Froemke, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+physiological+and+behavioral+system+for+hearing+restoration+with+cochlear+implants.">A physiological and behavioral system for hearing restoration with cochlear implants.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 116 (2), 844-858 (2016).</li><li>Chen, M., Min, S., Zhang, C., Hu, X., Li, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+extracochlear+multichannel+electrical+stimulation+to+relieve+tinnitus+and+reverse+tinnitus-related+auditory-somatosensory+plasticity+in+the+cochlear+nucleus.">Using extracochlear multichannel electrical stimulation to relieve tinnitus and reverse tinnitus-related auditory-somatosensory plasticity in the cochlear nucleus.</a> Neuromodulation. , (2021).</li><li>Yi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Miniature+pigs:+A+large+animal+model+of+cochlear+implantation.">Miniature pigs: A large animal model of cochlear implantation.</a> American Journal of Translational Research. 8 (12), 5494-5502 (2016).</li><li>Vollmer, M., Beitel, R. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passive+stimulation+and+behavioral+training+differentially+transform+temporal+processing+in+the+inferior+colliculus+and+primary+auditory+cortex.">Passive stimulation and behavioral training differentially transform temporal processing in the inferior colliculus and primary auditory cortex.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 117 (1), 47-64 (2017).</li><li>Sunwoo, W., Delgutte, B., Chung, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+bilateral+cochlear+implant+stimulation+partially+restores+neural+binaural+sensitivity+in+neonatally-deaf+rabbits.">Chronic bilateral cochlear implant stimulation partially restores neural binaural sensitivity in neonatally-deaf rabbits.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 41 (16), 3651-3664 (2021).</li><li>Mantokoudis, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lamb+temporal+bone+as+a+surgical+training+model+of+round+window+cochlear+implant+electrode+insertion.">Lamb temporal bone as a surgical training model of round window cochlear implant electrode insertion.</a> Otology &amp; Neurotology. 37 (1), 52-56 (2016).</li><li>de Abajo, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+implantation+and+reimplantation+of+cochlear+implant+electrodes+in+an+in+vivo+animal+experimental+model+(Macaca+fascicularis).">Effects of implantation and reimplantation of cochlear implant electrodes in an in vivo animal experimental model (Macaca fascicularis).</a> Ear and Hearing. 38 (1), 57-68 (2017).</li><li>Johnson, L. 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Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Raising+and+pathogen+purification+of+Chinese+experimental+mini-pig.">Raising and pathogen purification of Chinese experimental mini-pig.</a> Laboratory Animal Science and Administration. 20, 44-46 (2003).</li><li>Guo, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+morphology+and+electrophysiology+of+the+cochlea+of+the+miniature+pig.">The morphology and electrophysiology of the cochlea of the miniature pig.</a> The Anatomical Record. 298 (3), 494-500 (2015).</li><li>Christov, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electric+compound+action+potentials+(ECAPs)+and+impedances+in+an+open+and+closed+operative+site+during+cochlear+implantation.">Electric compound action potentials (ECAPs) and impedances in an open and closed operative site during cochlear implantation.</a> Cochlear Implants International. 20 (1), 23-30 (2019).</li><li>Zhong, L. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inner+ear+structure+of+miniature+pigs+measured+by+multi-planar+reconstruction+techniques.">Inner ear structure of miniature pigs measured by multi-planar reconstruction techniques.</a> American Journal of Translational Research. 10 (3), 709-717 (2018).</li><li>The Lancet. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hearing+loss:+An+important+global+health+concern.">Hearing loss: An important global health concern.</a> The Lancet. 387 (10036), 2351 (2016).</li><li>Guo, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cochlear+implant-based+electric-acoustic+stimulation+modulates+neural+stem+cell-derived+neural+regeneration.">Cochlear implant-based electric-acoustic stimulation modulates neural stem cell-derived neural regeneration.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 9 (37), 7793-7804 (2021).</li><li>Gabrielpillai, J., Geissler, C., Stock, B., St&#246;ver, T., Diensthuber, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+hormone+promotes+neurite+growth+of+spiral+ganglion+neurons.">Growth hormone promotes neurite growth of spiral ganglion neurons.</a> Neuroreport. 29 (8), 637-642 (2018).</li><li>Li, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+growth+of+auditory+neurons:+Bioactive+particles+towards+gapless+neural+-+electrode+interface.">Guided growth of auditory neurons: Bioactive particles towards gapless neural - electrode interface.</a> Biomaterials. 122, 1-9 (2017).</li><li>Wille, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+neuronal+guidance+fibers+for+stimulating+electrodes:+Basic+construction+and+delivery+of+a+growth+factor.">Development of neuronal guidance fibers for stimulating electrodes: Basic construction and delivery of a growth factor.</a> Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 10, 776890 (2022).</li></ol>

世界上约有15%的人口患有一定程度的听力损失，超过5%的人口患有致残性听力损失21。对于患有严重和重度感音神经性听力损失的成人和儿童患者，CI 提供是最有效的治疗方法。作为第一个成功的植入式颅神经刺激器，在过去的20年中，CI为成千上万的听力损失者提供了重返声音世界并（重新）融入主流社会的机会。尽管CI现在与它们原来的外观和功能大不相同，但CI研究仍然缺乏?...

根据世界卫生组织 （WHO） 的数据，全球有超过 10 亿人面临听力损失的风险，据估计，到 2050 年，四分之一的人将遭受听力损失1。在过去的20年中，CI一直是永久性严重和严重感音神经性听力损失（SNHL）患者的最有效干预措施。CI将声音的物理信号转换为生物电信号，从而绕过毛细胞刺激螺旋神经节神经元（SGN）。随着时间的推移，CI的适应症已经扩大，现在包括残余听力，单侧听力损失以及非常年老或年轻人的人2，3，4。同时，开发了完全可植入的CI和先进的阵列5。然而，没有经济上可行的大型动物模型来研究CI的内耳电生理学和组织病理学。缺乏大型动物模型限制了寻求改善CI和深入了解CI对内耳电生理影响的研究。
几种啮齿动物模型已应用于CI研究，如小鼠6，沙鼠7，大鼠8和豚鼠9;然而，形态和电生理反应的特征与人类不同。传统上用于CI研究的动物模型（如猫，豚鼠和其他动物）的耳蜗结构与人类耳蜗结构有很大不同10。尽管已经在猫11 和兔12上进行阵列插入，但由于它们的耳蜗较小，这是通过不是为人类设计的阵列完成的。还探索了几种大型动物模型的CI。羔羊非常适合作为无创伤性人工耳蜗植入的训练模型，但耳蜗的较小尺寸使得无法进行全阵列插入13。灵长类动物可能是最适合CI研究的动物，因为它们在解剖学上与人类相似14，15;但猴子性成熟延迟（4-5年），妊娠期长达165天左右，每只雌性通常每年只产一个后代16。这些原因以及昂贵的成本阻碍了灵长类动物在CI研究中的广泛应用。
相比之下，猪在5-8个月时达到性成熟，妊娠期为~114天，使猪更容易作为大型动物模型进行CI研究16。巴马迷你猪（mini-pigs）起源于1985年中国的一种小型猪种，其遗传背景众所周知。它们的特点是固有的小尺寸、早的性成熟、快速繁殖和易于管理17。迷你猪是耳科和听力学的理想模型，因为它在形态学和电生理学上与人类相似18。巴马迷你猪的鼓膜长度为38.58毫米，接近人类10的36毫米长度。迷你猪耳蜗有3.5圈，与人类10的2.5-3圈相似。除了形态，巴马迷你猪的电生理学也与人类高度相似18。因此，在本研究中，我们通过圆窗膜将设计用于人类的阵列插入迷你猪耳蜗中，并遵循与人类CI受体类似的手术方法。应用术中ECAP测量来评估手术。我们在此描述的过程既可用于与CI相关的临床前转化研究，也可用于住院医师培训的平台。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 mm diamond burr</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mm diamond burr</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mm diamond burr</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-0 suture silk</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Slicer image computing platform</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D reconstruction of CT image</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bipolar cautery</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bipolar electrocoagulation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stop bleeding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CI designed for human use (CONCERTO FLEX28)</td>
			<td>MED-EL</td>
			<td>&#160;Concerto F28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dressing forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ECG monitor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodine tincture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3.6 mL/h</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laryngoscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MAESTRO Software</td>
			<td>MED-EL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Measure ECAP responses</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro spatula</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mosquito forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle probe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Negative pressure suction device</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Otological surgical instruments&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Respiratory Anesthesia Machine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel with blade No. 15</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaver</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulation device (MAX Programming Interface)</td>
			<td>MED-EL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Measure ECAP responses</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgery microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical drill</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Power Device</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tiletamine and zolazepan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10-15 mg/kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trachea cannula</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the miniature pig: a large animal model for cochlear implant research

人工耳蜗（CI）是治疗重度至重度感音神经性听力损失患者的最有效方法。尽管CI在世界范围内使用，但没有标准模型用于研究患者或具有CI的动物模型的电生理学和组织病理学，或用于评估电极阵列的新模型。具有与人类相似的耳蜗特征的大型动物模型可以为先进和改良的阵列在用于人类之前提供研究和评估平台。 
为此，我们用巴马迷你猪建立了标准的CI方法，其内耳解剖结构与人类高度相似。设计用于人类使用的阵列通过圆窗膜植入迷你猪耳蜗，随后采用类似于人类CI受体的手术方法。阵列插入后进行诱发复合动作电位（ECAP）测量，以评估听觉神经的功能。本研究描述了动物的准备、手术步骤、阵列插入和术中电生理测量。 
结果表明，用于人类的相同CI可以通过标准化的手术方法轻松植入迷你猪中，并产生与人类CI受体相似的电生理结果。迷你猪可能是一种有价值的动物模型，在将其应用于人类之前，为新型电极阵列和手术方法的安全性和潜在性能提供初步证据。

CI的完整性（图4A）和阻抗（图4B）由MAESTRO软件确认。ECAP结果表明，所有12个电极都表现出良好的神经反应（图4C），这意味着电极阵列很好地连接到耳蜗轴并刺激听觉神经。 图5 显示了术后3D重建的右耳蜗电极线圈。阵列未折叠或脱臼。电极阵列盘绕在耳蜗的基底转弯处（图5A），电极...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Miniature Pig: A Large Animal Model for Cochlear Implant Research at JoVE.com

The Miniature Pig: A Large Animal Model for Cochlear Implant Research

微型猪（迷你猪）是研究人工耳蜗的理想大型动物模型。小型猪的人工耳蜗植入手术可用于提供新型电极阵列和手术方法在类似于人类的生命系统中的安全性和潜在性能的初步证据。

微型猪：人工耳蜗研究的大型动物模型

Cochlear implants (CI) are the most effective method to treat people with severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss. Although CIs are used worldwide, ...

小型猪舍的人工耳蜗植入手术可用于提供新型电极区域的安全性和潜在性能的有意证据，以及在类似于人类的生命系统中的手术方法。迷你猪是用于研究人工耳蜗植入物的内窥实验室动物模型。小型耳荚蜗上的人工耳蜗为患有严重至重度感觉神经听力损失的移植患者提供了一个单独的平台。此外，它还为大型动物模型中的听力损失提供了基因治疗的手术损失。因为它们在形态和结构上具有重要意义和相似性，介于迷你猪和人类之间的嗅觉器官上。这种手术方法阐明了程序，对初学者很有帮助。演示该程序的将是我实验室的耳鼻喉科教授纪晓军和主任医师罗毅。麻醉两个月大的公猪后，使用连接到猪舌头的心电监护仪的脉搏血氧仪夹监测血氧饱和度呼吸和心率。将迷你猪放在左侧位置。使用医疗贴片保持眼睛闭合以防止干燥。剃除耳垂周围 10 厘米的手术区域。用三支碘和酒精交替拭子对皮肤进行消毒。然后用无菌手术窗帘覆盖手术区域。用无菌塑料套管盖住显微镜，并取下覆盖目镜和物镜的部件。将耳蜗的表面投影部位定位在耳垂水平耳后沟后方 1 厘米处。然后，使用手术刀，以投影部位为中心，做一个5厘米长的耳后切口。用微型剪刀将皮下组织、腮腺和胸锁乳突肌分开，露出乳突骨表面。对于皮质乳突切除术，在乳突骨上耳蜗的表面投影处钻乳突到致密且呈淡蓝色的外耳道或 EAC。注意不要损伤面神经背侧到EAC的苍白或红色垂直部分，以免出血。接下来，通过钻孔后骨 EAC 周围的骨来暴露鼓室。用皮下注射针将EAC的皮肤和面神经分开，以避免损伤面神经。小心地推开EAC的皮肤，露出鼓室，包括听骨链和圆窗壁龛。然后，用小金刚石钻去除圆窗壁龛，并保持连续的吸灌，以露出耳蜗和圆窗膜的基底转弯。分离颅顶肌，形成接收器的口袋。将内部接收器包放入肌肉口袋中，并用固定缝合线固定。接下来，用锋利的显微手术刀打开圆窗膜，并使用微镊子缓慢、稳定和连续地插入阵列，从而插入连接到固定在肌肉口袋中的接收器的电极阵列。对于诱发复合动作电位或 ECAP 测量，通过皮肤磁连接到人工耳蜗或 CI 线圈到 CI 接收器。然后使用Maestro软件，确认CI的完整性，并在ECAP测量之前使用ECAP测量的遥测功能检查所有通道的电极阻抗 CI.To 进行ECAP测量，选择ECAP模块。然后，使用30微秒相位持续时间的双相刺激刺激所有12个电极进行ECAP测量，交替极性范式平均超过25次迭代，刺激速率为每秒45.1个脉冲。CI的完整性和阻抗由Maestro软件确认。ECAP结果表明，所有12个电极均表现出良好的神经应答，表明电极阵列与耳蜗轴连接良好，并刺激了听觉神经。图中显示了右侧耳蜗中的术后三维重建电极线圈。电极阵列盘绕在耳蜗的基底转弯处，电极呈现为绿色。此外，三维重建表明电极阵列在耳蜗中螺旋盘绕。最重要的是暴露耳蜗的血管色调，并在协议中运行窗口部件和电极气道内部。在ACE开发技术上，联合基因治疗和人工耳蜗植入治疗人类严重的传感器神经性听力损失相形见绌。

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

脓毒症动物模型，用于评估新型草药疗法

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several ...

科研

医学

An Isolated Working Heart System for Large Animal Models

一个孤立的工作心脏系统的大型动物模型

Since its introduction in the late 19th century, the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion apparatus, and the subsequent development of the working heart ...

Techniques for Processing Eyes Implanted with a Retinal Prosthesis for Localized Histopathological Analysis: Part 2 Epiretinal Implants with Retinal Tacks

为处理眼植入视网膜假体的局部病理组织学分析技术：第2部分视网膜前植入视网膜大头钉

Retinal prostheses for the treatment of certain forms of blindness are gaining traction in clinical trials around the world with commercial devices ...

A Surgical Procedure for Resecting the Mouse Rib: A Model for Large-Scale Long Bone Repair

外科手术切除为鼠标肋骨：模型进行大规模的长骨修复

This protocol introduces researchers to a new model for large-scale bone repair utilizing the mouse rib. The procedure details the following: preparation ...

Surgical Angiogenesis in Porcine Tibial Allotransplantation: A New Large Animal Bone Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Model

猪胫骨移植术后血管生成的动物模型

Segmental bone loss resulting from trauma, infection malignancy and congenital anomaly remains a major reconstructive challenge. Current therapeutic ...

Percutaneous Contrast Echocardiography-guided Intramyocardial Injection and Cell Delivery in a Large Preclinical Model

经皮超声心动图引导心肌注射液与大鼠前体细胞的临床研究

Cell and gene therapy are exciting and promising strategies for the purpose of cardiac regeneration in the setting of heart failure with reduced ejection ...

Cochlear Implantation in the Guinea Pig

豚鼠耳蜗植入术

Cochlear implants are highly efficient devices that can restore hearing in subjects with profound hearing loss. Due to improved speech perception ...

Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo

Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo

大动物模型肝组织血浆凝固的评价

Plasma coagulation as a form of electrocautery is used in liver surgery for decades to seal the large liver cut surface after major hepatectomy to prevent ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Canine Carotid Artery Thrombosis: A Large Animal Model of Vascular Injury

氯化铁诱导的犬颈动脉血栓形成: 一种大的血管损伤动物模型

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

用线 Myography 测定小鼠肠系膜动脉的等轴收缩力

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...