Name: assessment of thermal damage from robot-drilled craniotomy for cranial window surgery in mice
Uploaded: 2022-11-11T13:20:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Thermal Damage from Robot-Drilled Craniotomy for Cranial Window Surgery in Mice at JoVE.com

这项研究得到了优异评论奖GRANT12418820（Capadona）和GRANTI01RX003420（Shoffstall / Capadona）以及美国退伍军人事务部康复研究与发展服务的研究职业科学家奖#GRANT12635707（Capadona）的部分支持。此外，这项工作还得到了美国国立卫生研究院，国家神经疾病和中风研究所GRANT12635723（Capadona）和国家生物医学成像和生物工程研究所T32EB004314（Capadona/Kirsch）的部分支持。本材料基于美国国家科学基金会研究生研究奖学金支持的工作，资助号为GRANT12635723。本材料中表达的任何意见、发现、结论或建议均为作者的观点，不一定反映美国国家科学基金会的观点。

所有程序和动物护理实践均由路易斯斯托克斯克利夫兰退伍军人事务部医疗中心机构动物护理和使用委员会审查、批准和执行。
1. 手术机器人硬件设置
<ol><li>手术前，请按照手术机器人（见 材料表）手册和指南设置硬件和软件。按照手册中的详细说明执行帧校准。如果钻头或框架移动，建议重新校准钻头以确保精度。</li>
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	<li>Kilic, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+cranial+windows+for+long+term+multimodal+neurovascular+imaging+in+mice.">Chronic cranial windows for long term multimodal neurovascular imaging in mice.</a> Frontiers in Physiology. 11, 612678 (2020).</li><li>Goldey, G. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removable+cranial+windows+for+long-term+imaging+in+awake+mice.">Removable cranial windows for long-term imaging in awake mice.</a> Nature Protocols. 9 (11), 2515-2538 (2014).</li><li>Augustinaite, S., Kuhn, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+optical+signal+imaging+and+targeted+injections+through+a+chronic+cranial+window+of+a+head-fixed+mouse.">Intrinsic optical signal imaging and targeted injections through a chronic cranial window of a head-fixed mouse.</a> STAR Protocols. 2 (3), 100779 (2021).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+skull-removed+chronic+cranial+window+for+ultrasound+and+photoacoustic+imaging+of+the+rodent+brain.">A skull-removed chronic cranial window for ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging of the rodent brain.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15, 673740 (2021).</li><li>Wang, Y., Xi, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+cranial+window+for+photoacoustic+imaging:+a+mini+review.">Chronic cranial window for photoacoustic imaging: a mini review.</a> Visual Computing for Industry, Biomedicine, and Art. 4 (1), 15 (2021).</li><li>Augustinaite, S., Kuhn, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+cranial+window+for+imaging+cortical+activity+in+head-fixed+mice.">Chronic cranial window for imaging cortical activity in head-fixed mice.</a> STAR Protocols. 1 (3), 100194 (2020).</li><li>Kunori, N., Takashima, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+implantable+cranial+window+using+a+collagen+membrane+for+chronic+voltage-sensitive+dye+imaging.">An implantable cranial window using a collagen membrane for chronic voltage-sensitive dye imaging.</a> Micromachines. 10 (11), 789 (2019).</li><li>Beckmann, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longitudinal+deep-brain+imaging+in+mouse+using+visible-light+optical+coherence+tomography+through+chronic+microprism+cranial+window.">Longitudinal deep-brain imaging in mouse using visible-light optical coherence tomography through chronic microprism cranial window.</a> Biomedical Optics Express. 10 (10), 5235-5250 (2019).</li><li>Heo, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+soft,+transparent,+freely+accessible+cranial+window+for+chronic+imaging+and+electrophysiology.">A soft, transparent, freely accessible cranial window for chronic imaging and electrophysiology.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 27818 (2016).</li><li>Holtmaat, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+neocortical+neurons+through+a+chronic+cranial+window.">Imaging neocortical neurons through a chronic cranial window.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2012 (6), 694-701 (2012).</li><li>Holtmaat, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=high-resolution+imaging+in+the+mouse+neocortex+through+a+chronic+cranial+window.">high-resolution imaging in the mouse neocortex through a chronic cranial window.</a> Nature Protocols. 4 (8), 1128-1144 (2009).</li><li>Sundaram, G. 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EB染料和成像的使用简单，快速且可用于评估大脑中的血管损伤，以获取新的方法和技术。无论是使用手术机器人还是确认目前在实验室中完成的方法，验证手术方法以隔离实验性治疗与手术影响的效果并改善动物福利非常重要。热电偶设置在评估钻孔方法以确保不会发生加热时也很有用。已知由于骨钻孔引起的温度升高会导致组织损伤，即使升高5°C也足以导致大脑中的大血管损伤32，<sup class="xr...

颅窗已在整个神经科学、神经工程和生物学领域得到普遍应用，以便对活体动物的皮层进行直接可视化和成像1，2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9，10，11.转基因小鼠和多光子成像的强大结合为体内大脑中的电路活动和其他生物学见解提供了极其有价值的见解12，13，14，15，16，17，18。安装在头骨上的微型显微镜进一步扩展了这些功能，使清醒的，自由移动的动物能够进行记录19。创建颅窗的过程需要电钻以薄或完全去除颅骨以产生足够大的颅骨切开术，以将一块透明玻璃固定在皮层20上。聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）和其他聚合物也已作为颅窗材料9，21进行了测试。最终，理想的颅窗是不改变或干扰下方正常内源性活动的颅窗。然而，人们普遍认为，颅窗钻孔会加重下层组织，导致大脑损伤、环境破坏，并影响脑膜直至阻塞多光子成像深度22。由此产生的神经炎症具有广泛的影响，从血脑屏障（BBB）的通透性到植入部位周围神经胶质细胞的激活和募集23。因此，表征更安全、更可重复的颅窗钻孔方法对于一致的成像质量和减少混杂因素至关重要。
虽然注意尽量减少对下层组织的创伤，但钻孔骨骼的行为有可能对大脑造成热和机械扰动24，25。意外钻头插入硬脑膜造成的机械创伤可能进一步诱发不同程度的皮质损伤24。在Shoffstall等人25的一项研究中，骨钻孔产生的热量导致BBB渗透性增加，如脑实质25中存在埃文斯蓝（EB）染料所示。静脉注射的EB染料与血液中循环的白蛋白结合，因此通常不会以可观的浓度穿过健康的BBB。因此，EB染料通常用作BBB渗透性26，27的敏感标志物。虽然他们的研究没有直接测量BBB通透性对后续生物后遗症的影响，但先前的研究已将BBB通透性与对长期植入微电极的神经炎症反应增加和运动功能的改变相关联28。
根据研究目标，热损伤和机械损伤的程度可能会导致实验误差，从而对研究的严谨性和可重复性产生负面影响。有几十种引用的制作颅窗的方法，每种方法使用不同的钻孔设备，速度，技术和用户1，2，3，4，5，6，7，8，9，10，11。Shoffstall等人25报告说，观察到的加热结果变化归因于钻头施加的力，进给速率和应用角度的变化，以及手工钻孔时无法控制的其他方面25。人们认为，自动钻井系统和其他立体定位设备可以提高可重复性和结果一致性，但已发表的方法研究并未严格评估温度或BBB渗透性作为结果之一。因此，需要更可重复和一致应用的方法来产生颅窗，以及严格应用的方法来评估颅窗钻孔对下层神经组织的影响。
本研究的重点是确定和开发一致和安全的颅窗钻孔方法。用于颅窗安装的开颅术的尺寸明显大于用于脑植入微电极的标准开颅术。当使用标准设备时，这种开颅手术不能用单个毛刺孔完成，因此在手动进行时引入了更多的外科医生间技术差异20。外科钻孔机器人已引入现场，但尚未得到广泛采用1、6、29。钻井自动化提供了对变量的控制，这些变量有助于观察到试验间的变化，这表明使用该设备可以减少外科医生之间和外科医生内的影响。考虑到颅窗放置所需的较大开颅术的额外难度，这一点特别令人感兴趣。虽然人们可以假设自动化钻井所提供的控制有明显的好处，但对这些设备的实施几乎没有评估。虽然尚未观察到可见病变5，但需要使用EB进行更高的敏感性测试。
在这里，BBB渗透率是使用带有相应软件的市售外科钻孔机器人测量的，该软件允许对立体定位坐标，开颅规划/映射以及选择钻孔类型（“逐点”与“水平”）进行编程，参考钻头的布线路径。最初，钻八个“种子”点（图1A），勾勒出颅窗。从这里开始，使用“逐点”或“水平”钻孔方法切割种子之间的空间。“逐点”执行垂直导向孔切割（类似于CNC钻床），而“水平”沿轮廓孔的颅窗圆周执行水平切割（类似于CNC路由器）。这两种方法的结果都是一块头骨，可以移除以露出颅窗。为了隔离钻孔造成的损坏，不会物理移除颅窗，以避免任何额外的损坏。EB染料与荧光成像相结合的组合用于测量小鼠进行开颅后的BBB渗透性，插入的热电偶用于在钻孔过程中直接测量脑表面的温度（图1B，C）。先前的观察表明，间隔2秒的脉冲钻孔开/关足以减轻钻孔加热25，因此被纳入手术机器人的实验方法。
所介绍的工作的目的是演示评估开颅钻孔热损伤的方法。虽然这些方法是在自动钻井的背景下提出的，但这些方法也可以应用于手动钻井方案。这些方法可用于在采用作为标准程序之前验证设备和/或钻井方案的使用。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64188/64188fig01.jpg"> 图 1：实验管道原理图。示意图显示了动物在颅窗手术后接受EB定量的过程。（A）带有立体定位框架和手术机器人钻头的鼠标的示意图设置。一个示例颅窗显示在运动皮层上，带有种子点（绿色）和边缘点（蓝色）。（B）灌注装置包括在整个动物体内注射1x磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）以去除任何血液，然后提取大脑。（C）然后将大脑放入EB荧光成像系统室，对埃文斯蓝染料进行荧光成像。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/64188/64188fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的大图。</a>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1x Phosphate Buffered Saline 
			Type: Reagent</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>MRGF-6235</td>
			<td>For Evans Blue dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aura Software 
			Type: Tool</td>
			<td>Spectral Instruments Imaging</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Open access imaging processing software for Lumina imaging sytems</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine 
			Type: Drug</td>
			<td>Sourced from Animal Facility</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbide Drill Bit, 0.6mm (Robot Drill) 
			Type: Tool</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>58640-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carprofen 
			Type: Drug</td>
			<td>Sourced from Animal Facility</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cefazolin 
			Type: Drug</td>
			<td>Sourced from Animal Facility</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Evans Blue Dye 
			Type: Reagent</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>E2129</td>
			<td>Reconstituted in 1x phosphate-buffered saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane 
			Type: Drug</td>
			<td>Sourced from Animal Facility</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS Lumina II 
			Type: Tool</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>CLS136334</td>
			<td>IVIS Lumina III currently in place of Lumina II on the market</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jenco Linearizing Thermometer 
			Type: Tool</td>
			<td>Jenco</td>
			<td>765JF</td>
			<td>For Thermocouple setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine 
			Type: Drug</td>
			<td>Sourced from Animal Facility</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LivingImage 
			Type: Tool</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Software for IVIS Lumina III</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Marcaine 
			Type: Drug</td>
			<td>Sourced from Animal Facility</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurostar Software 
			Type: Tool</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Comes with surgical robot purchase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Physiosuite with MouseSTAT&#174; Pulse Oximeter &#38; Heart Rate Monitor 
			Type: Tool</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>PS-03</td>
			<td>Used to monitor vitals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PrismPlus mice 
			Type: Animal</td>
			<td>Jackson Labortory</td>
			<td>031478, RRID:IMSR_JAX:031478, Male, ~8 months old</td>
			<td>Animals used for the study</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stoelting Drill and Injection Robot for Motorized Stereotaxic Instruments 
			Type: Tool</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>58640</td>
			<td>Main robotic drill with stereotaxic frame</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocouple 
			Type: Tool</td>
			<td>TC Direct</td>
			<td>206-557</td>
			<td>For Thermocouple setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB-6008 Multifunction I/O DAQ 
			Type: Tool</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>USB-6008</td>
			<td>For Thermocouple setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine 
			Type: Drug</td>
			<td>Sourced from Animal Facility</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of thermal damage from robot-drilled craniotomy for cranial window surgery in mice

颅窗手术允许使用多光子或其他活体成像技术对活小鼠的脑组织进行成像。然而，当用手进行任何开颅手术时，脑组织通常会受到热损伤，这本质上是手术与手术之间的变化，并且可能取决于个体外科医生的技术。实施手术机器人可以使手术标准化，并减少与手术相关的热损伤。在这项研究中，测试了三种机器人钻孔方法来评估热损伤：水平、逐点和脉冲逐点。水平钻孔使用连续钻孔原理图，而逐点钻孔围绕颅窗的几个孔。脉冲逐点增加了“2 s 开，2 s 关”钻孔方案，以允许在钻孔之间冷却。静脉注射的埃文斯蓝（EB）染料的荧光成像测量脑组织的损伤，而放置在钻孔部位下方的热电偶测量热损伤。热电偶结果表明，与水平（16.66 °C ± 2.08 °C）和逐点（18.69 °C ± 1.75 °C）组相比，脉冲逐点（6.90 °C ± 1.35 °C）组的温度变化显着降低。同样，与水平方法相比，脉冲逐点组在颅窗钻孔后也显示出显着减少的EB存在，表明对大脑血管的损害较小。因此，脉冲逐点钻孔方法似乎是减少热损伤的最佳方案。机器人钻头是一种有用的工具，可帮助最大程度地减少训练、可变性并减少热损伤。随着多光子成像在研究实验室中的使用越来越多，提高结果的严谨性和可重复性非常重要。这里讨论的方法将有助于告知其他人如何更好地使用这些手术机器人来进一步推进该领域。

热评估 通过使用水平（图2A）、逐点（图2B）和脉冲逐点（图2C）方法测量钻孔引起的温度与基线的变化来评估热损伤的可能性。图2D显示了获取热数据的实验设置。使用N = 4颅窗的样本量进行热评估。水平和逐点使用相同的种子钻孔示意图，但边缘点的切割方式有所不同。脉冲逐点对种子和边...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Thermal Damage from Robot-Drilled Craniotomy for Cranial Window Surgery in Mice at JoVE.com

Assessment of Thermal Damage from Robot-Drilled Craniotomy for Cranial Window Surgery in Mice

颅窗已成为一种普遍实施的手术技术，允许在转基因小鼠中进行活体成像。该协议描述了手术机器人的使用，该机器人对颅窗进行半自动骨钻孔，可以帮助减少外科医生之间的变异性并部分减轻热血脑屏障损伤。

机器人钻孔开颅术对小鼠颅窗手术热损伤的评估

Cranial window surgery allows for the imaging of brain tissue in live mice with the use of multiphoton or other intravital imaging techniques. However, ...

该协议提供了一种评估颅窗钻孔引起的血管损伤的方法。手术机器人提高了手术的一致性，同时减少了学习该技术的培训量。在此过程中，我们使用了可能非常具有挑战性的颅脑注射。我们建议对那些刚接触该技术的人进行广泛的培训。首先，按照手稿中的描述设置系统，并按照手术机器人手册执行框架校准。导航到手术软件，并通过选择从干净的项目开始来创建新项目。然后将主题设置为顶部的鼠标，以指定要使用的钻孔坐标图集。接下来，选择“开始新项目”，然后单击左下角的“计划”以导航到钻孔坐标计划屏幕。通过单击立体定位图谱上的任意位置为要执行的颅窗技术创建钻孔方案。使用bregma作为参考，并输入手稿中描述的运动皮层的坐标。按键盘上的 Enter 键以更新所选坐标。单击存储目标以保存这些坐标并输入适当的名称。然后单击左下角的移动按钮以导航回主钻孔屏幕。单击工具，然后单击投影，然后另存为选项以在以后的项目中重用此模板项目，因为它将自动保留钻孔坐标。首先，向麻醉小鼠皮下注射抗生素、头孢唑啉、镇痛药、卡洛芬和丁丙诺啡。接下来，将鼠标放在加热垫上，并通过鼻锥吸入维持0.5%至2%异氟醚的麻醉。使用随附的耳杆将动物安装在手术机器人立体定位框架上，并通过捏住脚趾定期评估生命体征和麻醉深度。然后用葡萄糖酸氯己定和70%异丙醇擦洗手术区域进行灭菌。并在鼠标和立体定向框架上放置无菌保鲜膜，以在手术过程中保持无菌。使用手术刀刀片，从眼睛后部开始，在颅骨中线做一个一英寸的切口，用 3% 过氧化氢和棉尖涂抹器擦干并清洁头骨。为了准备便于注射的尾巴，请用酒精擦拭。使用拇指和食指弯曲尾巴，使尾部静脉暴露在尾巴弯曲的顶部。插入与静脉平行的注射器，并缓慢注入埃文斯蓝的体积。注射后，等待五分钟，让埃文斯蓝循环。当小鼠的四肢和手术窗口变为蓝色时，会立即验证成功的注射。一旦颅骨准备好钻孔，导航回手术软件并单击工具。然后选择“项目”，然后选择“新建”，然后从下拉菜单中选择一个模板项目以选择模板项目。选择相同的协议元素。单击“计划”，然后选择要结转到此新项目的钻取参数，然后单击“启动新项目”。接下来，通过单击工具校正钻头和框架以考虑当前动物的鼠标头骨的倾斜和缩放，然后选择“正确倾斜和缩放”以打开校正屏幕。在屏幕顶部，通过单击浅红色钻头按钮确保钻头处于活动状态 执行校正后，通过单击屏幕底部中间的关闭退出校正窗口，并通过单击工具导航到钻孔屏幕，然后选择钻孔以开始钻孔过程。通过选择屏幕顶部的开颅形状窗口来确认钻孔位置，然后在下面的下拉列表中查看钻孔靶区详细信息。要执行手动脉冲钻孔，请通过取消选中钻头菜单中自动停止选项旁边的复选框来关闭自动停止功能，该复选框允许控制钻头何时关闭脉冲。在钻头菜单中，选择 100 微米作为钻孔深度推进。打开钻井现场菜单并导航到第一个钻孔地点。使用前进按钮或手动控制降低钻头，直到它接触头骨，并在钻头到达头骨后按下固定表面。准备就绪后，单击“前进”开始钻取。钻头前进 100 微米后，按 Esc 两次停止钻头。两秒钟后，对颅骨的深度重复此循环。对于钻孔过程中的每个种子和边缘点，确保在达到硬脑膜后使用钻头菜单中的按钮设置 dura。使用热电偶结合连接到数据采集系统的三种不同钻孔方案来测量颅骨和大脑的温度变化，从而可以将测量结果读取到 MATLAB 中。将尸体鼠标安装到立体定位框架和机器人钻头设置上。手动在距离颅窗将进入颅骨侧面的位置约两毫米处钻一个小孔，这允许热电偶滑入颅窗钻孔的位置。如前所述，开始三种方案中每一种方案的钻孔过程，由于温度变化导致峰值，表明当钻头穿过颅骨时，大脑附近发生加热。通过使用水平、逐点和脉冲逐点方法测量钻井引起的温度与基线的变化来评估热损伤的可能性。水平钻孔和逐点钻孔方案均显示出热变化的显著差异。然而，改用脉冲逐点方法导致大脑的热量明显低于水平和逐点钻孔。水平边缘钻孔需要 300 秒，而逐点边缘钻孔需要 200 秒。脉冲法在种子和边缘钻孔中花费的时间最长，每次大约需要 500 秒。为了监测钻孔方案与血管损伤之间的关系，进行了埃文斯蓝色荧光成像。通过水平和逐点切割进行的钻孔被认为会损害大脑中的脉管系统。与对照组相比，脉冲逐点法在种子点和边缘点的局部损伤较小，但在颅窗内仍存在可见的埃文斯蓝。手动钻孔时，在推进钻头后检查开颅术以确保硬脑膜没有被破坏至关重要。除了颅窗外，手术机器人还可用于标准颅骨切开术，以改善手术结果。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Intravital Microscopy of the Mouse Brain Microcirculation using a Closed Cranial Window

活体鼠脑微循环显微镜使用一个封闭的颅窗口

This experimental model was designed to assess the mouse pial microcirculation during acute and chronic, physiological and pathophysiological hemodynamic, ...

科研

神经科学

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities

吗啡诱发的痛觉过敏和镇痛耐受小鼠中利用热和机械伤害性的评估方式

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance severely impact the clinical efficacy of opiates as pain relievers in animals and humans. The molecular ...

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

横向慢性颅窗口准备启用<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;观察继末节小鼠大脑中动脉闭塞

Focal cerebral ischemia (i.e., ischemic stroke) may cause major brain injury, leading to a severe loss of neuronal function and consequently to a host of ...

Assessment of Hippocampal Dendritic Complexity in Aged Mice Using the Golgi-Cox Method

使用高尔基Cox方法评估老年小鼠海马树突状复杂性

Dendritic spines are the protuberances from the neuronal dendritic shafts that contain&#160; excitatory synapses. The morphological and branching ...

Piezo High Accuracy Surgical Osteal Removal (PHASOR): A Technique for Improved Cranial Window Surgery in Mice

Piezo High Accuracy Surgical Osteal Removal PHASOR: A Technique for Improved Cranial Window Surgery in Mice

压电高精度手术骨切除 (相量): 改进小鼠颅骨窗手术的技术

Multiphoton microscopy has been widely adapted for imaging neurons in vivo. Repeated imaging requires implantation of a cranial window or repeated ...

Craniotomy Procedure for Visualizing Neuronal Activities in Hippocampus of Behaving Mice

行为小鼠希波坎帕的神经元活动可视化的颅骨切除术

Imaging neuronal activities at single-cell resolution in awake behaving animals is a very powerful approach for the investigation of neural circuit ...

Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice

Implantation of a Cranial Window for Repeated In Vivo Imaging in Awake Mice

植入颅窗以在清醒小鼠 中重复体内 成像

To fully understand the cellular physiology of neurons and glia in behaving animals, it is necessary to visualize their morphology and record their ...

Assessment of Sensory Thresholds in Dogs Using Mechanical and Hot Thermal Quantitative Sensory Testing

使用机械和热热定量感官测试评估狗的感官阈值

Quantitative sensory testing (QST) is used to evaluate the function of the somatosensory system in dogs by assessing the response to applied mechanical ...

Dosage-Adjusted Resistance Training in Mice with a Reduced Risk of Muscle Damage

降低肌肉损伤风险的小鼠剂量调整阻力训练

Progressive resistance training (PRT), which involves performing muscle contractions against progressively greater external loads, can increase muscle ...

In Vivo Wide-Field and Two-Photon Calcium Imaging from a Mouse Using a Large Cranial Window

In Vivo Wide-Field and Two-Photon Calcium Imaging from a Mouse Using a Large Cranial Window

体内 使用大颅窗的小鼠宽场和双光子钙成像

Wide-field calcium imaging from the mouse&#39;s neocortex allows one to observe cortex-wide neural activity related to various brain functions. On the ...