Name: establishment of a simple and effective rat model for intraoperative parathyroid gland imaging
Uploaded: 2022-08-17T14:05:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging at JoVE.com

本研究得到了国家自然科学基金（NSFC）（82172598）、浙江省自然科学基金（LZ22H310001）、浙江省卫生健康委员会551卫生人才培养项目和中国浙江省医疗卫生科技项目（2021KY110）的支持。

所有动物研究均已获得中国科学院基础医学与癌症研究所机构动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）的批准。 这是一种非生存性手术。
1. 动物
<ol><li>使用6-8周大的雌性SD大鼠，重250g，进行术中PG成像。</li>
</ol>2. 麻醉
<ol><li>打开麻醉机。</li>
	<li>在开始之前，确保麻醉蒸发器中的异氟醚水平已满。然后，打开氧气并将流速设?...

<ol>
	<li>Cope, O., Donaldson, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relation+of+thyroid+and+parathyroid+glands+to+calcium+and+phosphorus+metabolism.+Study+of+a+case+with+coexistent+hypoparathyroidism+and+hyperthyroidism.">Relation of thyroid and parathyroid glands to calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Study of a case with coexistent hypoparathyroidism and hyperthyroidism.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 16 (3), 329-341 (1937).</li><li>Mansberger, A. R., Wei, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+embryology+and+anatomy+of+the+thyroid+and+parathyroid+glands.">Surgical embryology and anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands.</a> Surgical Clinics of North America. 73 (4), 727-746 (1993).</li><li>Koch, A., Hofbeck, M., Dorr, H. G., Singer, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypocalcemia-induced+heart+failure+as+the+initial+symptom+of+hypoparathyroidism.">Hypocalcemia-induced heart failure as the initial symptom of hypoparathyroidism.</a> Zeitschrift f&#252;r Kardiologie. 88 (1), 10-13 (1999).</li><li>Shoback, D. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presentation+of+hypoparathyroidism:+etiologies+and+clinical+features.">Presentation of hypoparathyroidism: etiologies and clinical features.</a> The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 101 (6), 2300-2312 (2016).</li><li>Arneiro, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-report+of+psychological+symptoms+in+hypoparathyroidism+patients+on+conventional+therapy.">Self-report of psychological symptoms in hypoparathyroidism patients on conventional therapy.</a> Archives of Endocrinology Metabolism. 62 (3), 319-324 (2018).</li><li>Olson, E., Wintheiser, G., Wolfe, K. M., Droessler, J., Silberstein, P. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+of+thyroid+cancer:+a+review+of+the+national+cancer+database,+2000-2013.">Epidemiology of thyroid cancer: a review of the national cancer database, 2000-2013.</a> Cureus. 11 (2), 4127 (2019).</li><li>Du, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+of+thyroid+cancer:+incidence+and+mortality+in+China,+2015.">Epidemiology of thyroid cancer: incidence and mortality in China, 2015.</a> Frontiers in Oncology. 10, 1702 (2020).</li><li>Barrios, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidental+parathyroidectomy+in+thyroidectomy+and+central+neck+dissection.">Incidental parathyroidectomy in thyroidectomy and central neck dissection.</a> Surgery. 169 (5), 1145-1151 (2021).</li><li>Sitges-Serra, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inadvertent+parathyroidectomy+during+total+thyroidectomy+and+central+neck+dissection+for+papillary+thyroid+carcinoma.">Inadvertent parathyroidectomy during total thyroidectomy and central neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma.</a> Surgery. 161 (3), 712-719 (2017).</li><li>Sakorafas, G. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidental+parathyroidectomy+during+thyroid+surgery:+an+underappreciated+complication+of+thyroidectomy.">Incidental parathyroidectomy during thyroid surgery: an underappreciated complication of thyroidectomy.</a> World Journal of Surgery. 29 (12), 1539-1543 (2005).</li><li>Sahyouni, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rate+of+incidental+parathyroidectomy+in+a+pediatric+population.">Rate of incidental parathyroidectomy in a pediatric population.</a> OTO Open. 5 (4), (2021).</li><li>Erickson, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence,+survival+time,+and+surgical+treatment+of+parathyroid+carcinomas+in+dogs:+100+cases+(2010-2019).">Incidence, survival time, and surgical treatment of parathyroid carcinomas in dogs: 100 cases (2010-2019).</a> Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 259 (11), 1309-1317 (2021).</li><li>Bi, R., Fan, Y., Luo, E., Yuan, Q., Mannstadt, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+techniques+to+create+hypoparathyroid+mice:+parathyroidectomy+using+GFP+glands+and+diphtheria-toxin-mediated+parathyroid+ablation.">Two techniques to create hypoparathyroid mice: parathyroidectomy using GFP glands and diphtheria-toxin-mediated parathyroid ablation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (121), e55010 (2017).</li><li>Soulsby, S. N., Holland, M., Hudson, J. A., Behrend, E. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonographic+evaluation+of+adrenal+gland+size+compared+to+body+weight+in+normal+dogs.">Ultrasonographic evaluation of adrenal gland size compared to body weight in normal dogs.</a> Veterinary Radiology &amp; Ultrasound. 56 (3), 317-326 (2015).</li><li>Zheng, W. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodegradable+iron+oxide+nanoparticles+for+intraoperative+parathyroid+gland+imaging+in+thyroidectomy.">Biodegradable iron oxide nanoparticles for intraoperative parathyroid gland imaging in thyroidectomy.</a> PNAS Nexus. 1 (3), 087 (2022).</li></ol>

我们展示了使用黑色IOPPs的大鼠PG的IOPS引导阴性成像技术，黑色IOPs局部注射在甲状腺中心并在甲状腺内扩散，而不是PG。它可以在没有任何显微镜帮助的情况下用肉眼清晰地识别PG。尽管已经报道了在PG中选择性表达的绿色荧光蛋白的转基因小鼠13，但本文中描述的模型更易于执行。注射后每只大鼠只需~1分钟，肉眼可以观察到甲状腺和PG之间的明显差异。
此?...

甲状旁腺（PG）是位于人类和其他脊椎动物颈部的椭圆形小内分泌腺，产生和分泌甲状旁腺激素，以调节和平衡血液和骨骼中的钙和磷水平1。人类通常有两对PG位于甲状腺叶后面的不同位置;人类PG的大小通常为6毫米x 4毫米x 2毫米，重量约为35-40毫克2。去除或损坏PG会导致甲状旁腺功能减退症（HP），这是一种内分泌疾病，其特征是低钙血症和甲状旁腺激素水平低或检测不到，可引起从痉挛样痉挛到畸形牙齿到慢性肾脏疾病的各种症状。其中一些并发症是致命的（例如，心力衰竭和癫痫发作）3，4，5;因此，PG对于调节身体的新陈代谢和维持生命至关重要。
HP是颈前路手术后最常见的并发症之一，特别是在甲状腺切除术中，甲状腺癌是一种公认的治疗方法，甲状腺癌是全球最常见的内分泌癌6，7。甲状腺切除术后HP主要是由手术中的直接创伤，缺血或PG切除引起的，因为在手术室中严重缺乏可靠地区分PG与甲状腺叶和其他周围组织（例如淋巴结和外周脂肪颗粒）的能力。2021 年，Barrios 等人报告说，在 1，114 例甲状腺切除术病例中，PG 误产率平均为 22.4%，甚至经验丰富的外科医生的最低错误率为 7.7%8。如此高的PG错误剖析率与其他类似报告一致9，10，11。因此，不正确的甲状旁腺切除术是术后短暂性和永久性HP的独立危险因素。
开发有效的术中PG识别方法是解决这一关键未满足的医疗需求的关键;然而，由于临床前研究中缺乏动物模型，它受到了严重限制。迄今为止，大多数术中PG鉴定研究都是在人类患者和大型动物（例如狗）12上进行的，这些研究昂贵且难以获得伦理批准，扩大受试者数量并重复测试。同时，小鼠是生物学研究中最常用的脊椎动物模型，其PG极小，尺寸小于1毫米13。由于这种限制，小鼠PG模型很少用于术中PG识别研究。
本文报道了为术中PG鉴定研究建立简单、直接、有效的大鼠模型。我们研究了在甲状腺切除术手术中测试PG成像造影剂IOPs的本地Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠在没有任何手术修改或基因工程的情况下作为可靠的动物模型的使用。该大鼠模型表现出与人类高度相似的PG和周围微环境的生理结构，并且与小鼠相比，大鼠PG的大小足以在视觉上检测到。大多数大鼠在甲状腺的每一侧都有一个PG。通过在甲状腺切除术中进行术中IONP增强PG成像，已经证明了该大鼠模型的简单性和有效性。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>alcohol</td>
			<td>Li feng</td>
			<td>9400820067</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anesthesia machine</td>
			<td>RWD Company</td>
			<td>R520IE</td>
			<td>Machine number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>blade</td>
			<td>Daopian</td>
			<td>TB-JZ-10#</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cylindrical pillow</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>made by ourselves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>depilatory cream</td>
			<td>Nair</td>
			<td>TMG-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>electronic scale</td>
			<td>Hong xingda</td>
			<td>CN-HXD2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eosin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher (Waltham, USA).</td>
			<td>C0105S-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>erythromycin</td>
			<td>Shuang ji (Beijing, China)</td>
			<td>200409</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gauze</td>
			<td>Fulanns</td>
			<td>YY0331-2006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heating pad</td>
			<td>Johon (ShenZhen,China)</td>
			<td>JH-36-2006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hematoxylin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher (Waltham, USA).</td>
			<td>C0105S-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>insulin injection needle</td>
			<td>Jiangyin NanquanMacromolecule</td>
			<td>20170702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iodophor cotton ball</td>
			<td>HOYON</td>
			<td>19-6007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iron oxide nanoparticle solution</td>
			<td>Zhongke Leiming Technology (Beijing, China)</td>
			<td>Mag9110-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isoflurane</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich (St Louis USA).</td>
			<td>21112801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>needle holder</td>
			<td>Meijun</td>
			<td>MH0587</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>operation table</td>
			<td>BioJane</td>
			<td>BJ-P-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paraformaldehyde solution</td>
			<td>Biosharp</td>
			<td>21269333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rubber</td>
			<td>G-CLONE</td>
			<td> 
			XT41050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scanning machine</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>Slideview VS200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>surgical forceps</td>
			<td>Suping</td>
			<td>SPHC-0676</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>surgical knife handle</td>
			<td>Aladdin</td>
			<td>S3052-06-1EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>surgical retractor</td>
			<td>TOCYTO</td>
			<td>18-4010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>surgical scissors</td>
			<td>Suping</td>
			<td>SPHC-0795</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>surgical towel</td>
			<td>Along technology</td>
			<td>YCKJ-RJ-036205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>SA84G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>suture with needle</td>
			<td>Jinhuan (Shanghai,China)</td>
			<td>F301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vascular forceps</td>
			<td>Along technology</td>
			<td>YCKJ-RJ-016218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water Bath-Slide Drier</td>
			<td>Hua su (Jinhua, China)</td>
			<td>HS-1145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishment of a simple and effective rat model for intraoperative parathyroid gland imaging

甲状旁腺 （PG） 识别是甲状腺切除术中未满足的关键需求。PG的鉴定在甲状腺手术中具有挑战性，因为它的颜色与甲状腺相似。临床前研究中缺乏有效的动物模型是PG鉴定技术发展的严重限制。该协议允许建立用于PG鉴定的简单有效的大鼠模型。在该模型中，黑色氧化铁纳米颗粒（IONPs）被局部注射到甲状腺中，并在甲状腺内迅速扩散，而不是PG。阴性染色的PG和阳性染色的甲状腺可以通过肉眼轻松识别，而无需外部显微镜。PG的位置可以通过增加甲状腺和PG之间的颜色对比度来识别，基于黑色IOP的颜色。该大鼠模型成本低，便于PG鉴定，离子是一种新型PG造影剂。

在这个动物模型中，我们通过手术切开了SD大鼠的颈部，以暴露气管，喉部和周围组织。然后，甲状腺在视觉上位于气管的两侧;它是蝴蝶形的，尺寸约为 3 毫米 x 5 毫米。一对PG通常位于甲状腺的上部，它们的颜色与甲状腺叶的颜色非常相似，因此用肉眼很难区分它们（图1）。
注射后，造影剂（图1 和 图2）IO...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging at JoVE.com

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

迄今为止，甲状旁腺（PG）鉴定方法的发展受到临床前研究中缺乏动物模型的限制。在这里，我们建立了一个简单有效的术中PG成像大鼠模型，并使用氧化铁纳米颗粒作为新型PG造影剂来评估其有效性。

建立简单有效的术中甲状旁腺成像大鼠模型

Parathyroid gland (PG) identification is a critical unmet need in thyroidectomy. The identification of the PG is challenging in thyroid surgery as it is ...

甲状旁腺是一个具有非常重要功能的小器官。我们的协议可用于开发新的PG识别技术，可以帮助外科医生在甲状腺癌甲状腺切除术期间保护它。该模型的主要优点是可以通过IONP的阴性成像观察到甲状腺和PG之间的明显差异。此外，这种大鼠模型的成本和操作难度比大型动物模型低得多。首先，将预热的加热垫放在手术台上，以便在手术过程中维持动物的体温，然后将麻醉的大鼠转移到放置在手术台上的手术单上。使用橡皮筋将大鼠的四肢固定在手术台上，并在大鼠的肩膀下放置一个由悬垂物制成的圆柱形枕头，使其头部向后倾斜，完全暴露颈部区域，然后在颈部区域涂抹脱毛膏，直至下颌下间隙，向下至剑突，两侧涂抹至胸锁乳突肌外侧。三分钟后，用纸巾轻轻擦拭头发和脱毛膏。接下来，使用碘伏棉球对颈部中部和周围区域进行消毒。从中去除头发。用手术布覆盖动物，使孔与消毒区域对齐。使用手术刀，在大鼠颈部的前中线做一个大约五厘米的纵向切口。沿着切口两侧提起皮肤，并使用剪刀，沿白颈线纵向切割。用镊子分离胸舌骨肌和胸骨肌。使用血管钳将分离的肌肉夹在颈部前面，然后将夹紧的组织拉到外面。使用针头将缝合线穿过夹紧的组织。打一个结并将缝合线固定在手术台的手术布上。在手术区以盾状定位甲状腺软骨，以环形环状定位环状软骨为上边界，然后以颈部前部和中部的管状软骨环形定位气管作为手术区的下边界。找到甲状腺，这是一个红色的蝴蝶形腺体，位于气管另一侧的上下边界之间。接下来，找到两个梭形甲状旁腺，它们呈红色，但比周围的甲状腺轻，在甲状腺的上侧和外侧有一定的边界。拍摄甲状旁腺与气管、甲状腺和喉部的正面照片。解剖食道后部并使用牵开器，暴露甲状旁腺的右侧。拍摄甲状旁腺与甲状腺和气管的右侧照片，并同样曝光和捕获腺体的左侧。使用胰岛素注射器将10微升黑色氧化铁纳米颗粒悬浮液局部注射到甲状腺中心，并用纱布轻轻按压注射部位5秒钟，然后观察黑色氧化铁纳米颗粒在甲状腺内的快速扩散，而不是甲状旁腺，因为它对甲状旁腺进行负染色并将其与周围的甲状腺区分开来。拍摄负染色甲状旁腺与气管、甲状腺和喉部的正面、左侧和右侧照片。注射后，造影剂黑色氧化铁纳米颗粒容易在甲状腺内扩散并将其染成黑色，但由于其高组织密度，不能浸润甲状旁腺。对注射甲状腺的黑色氧化铁纳米颗粒的组织学分析表明，甲状旁腺富含紧密排列的首席细胞，而甲状腺具有许多松散的管腔，表明组织密度要低得多。在此过程中应记住两件重要的事情。首先，老鼠的姿势。我们建议倾斜耳朵并向后仰，完全暴露颈部区域。其次，当我们注射IOPs时，我们应该使用细确保针，因为甲状腺表面充满了血管。该过程也可以通过PG的自发荧光成像来进行，PG是非侵入性的，提供实时信息，并且不使用染料作为造影剂，但自发荧光信号较弱，成像效率也较差。其他研究人员可以使用这种简单有效的大鼠模型来开发和评估新的PG识别技术和产品，而不是使用更复杂和昂贵的大型动物，如狗和猪。

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

MRI-guided Disruption of the Blood-brain Barrier using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

MRI引导下的破坏血脑屏障在大鼠模型经颅聚焦超声

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a ...

科研

医学

A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

一个简单的临界尺寸股骨缺损模型小鼠

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all ...

Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model

建立和UTI和CAUTI表征在小鼠模型

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are highly prevalent, a significant cause of morbidity and are increasingly resistant to treatment with antibiotics. ...

Retroductal Submandibular Gland Instillation and Localized Fractionated Irradiation in a Rat Model of Salivary Hypofunction

Retroductal颌下腺灌输和本地化分割照射在涎腺功能减退症大鼠模型

Normal tissues that lie within the portals of radiation are inadvertently damaged. Salivary glands are often injured during head and neck radiotherapy. ...

3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue

3D 超声成像: 快速、经济高效的肌骨骼组织形态分析

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS ...

Establishment and Evaluation of a Porcine Vein Graft Disease Model

猪静脉移植病模型的建立与评价

Venous graft disease (VGD) is the leading cause of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) failure. Large animal models of CABG-VGD are needed for the ...

Investigation of the Electrophysiological and Thermographic Safety Parameters of Surgical Energy Devices During Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery in a Porcine Model

猪模型中甲状腺和甲状旁腺手术中手术能量装置的电生理和热学安全参数研究

In thyroid and parathyroid surgery, surgical energy devices (SEDs) provide more efficient hemostasis than conventional clamp-and-tie hemostasis in areas ...

A Simple and Effective Method to Consistently Isolate Mouse Cardiomyocytes

一种持续分离小鼠心肌细胞的简单有效的方法

The need for reproducible yet technically simple methods yielding high-quality cardiomyocytes is essential for research in cardiac biology. Cellular and ...

Modified Arteriovenous Fistula Surgery to Establish the RV Volume Overload Mouse Model

Establishment and Confirmation of a Postnatal Right Ventricular Volume Overload Mouse Model

Establishment and Confirmation of a Postnatal Right Ventricular Volume Overload Mouse Model (Video) | JoVE 

出生后右心室容积超负荷小鼠模型的建立与确认

Right ventricular (RV) volume overload (VO) is common in children with congenital heart disease. In view of distinct developmental stages,the RV ...

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

通过经腋窝入路进行无气内窥镜甲状腺切除术

For patients with early, low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma, an increasing number are opting for endoscopic thyroid surgery due to its ability to ...