Name: systematic assessment of mammalian skull specimens for dental and temporomandibular joint pathology
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作者感谢旧金山加州科学院鸟类学和哺乳动物学系、加州大学伯克利分校脊椎动物学博物馆和阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校北方博物馆为这项研究提供他们的藏品。

本研究使用来自旧金山加州科学院鸟类学和哺乳动物学系、加州大学伯克利分校脊椎动物学博物馆和阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校北方博物馆的标本进行。检查头骨标本和根据数据发表作品的许可是从拥有和管理每个藏品的博物馆获得的。
1. 试样选择和记录
<ol><li>记录标本信息，包括身份证号码、物种、性别和原产地。 注意：特定馆藏中保存的标本数量以及...

<ol>
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牙齿和颌骨的解剖结构是发散进化的典型例子，是物种自然历史、行为和健康状况的真实反映。一个人的口腔健康可能直接影响他们的生存和健康。目前的研究概述了一种系统、可重复和详细的方法来评估博物馆标本的牙齿健康和颞下颌关节异常，这些标本可能反映了活体人群的病理。
尽管牙齿疾病普遍影响着各种属的哺乳动物，但这一主题仍未得到充分探索。了解野生、?...

颌骨和牙齿的发育标志着脊椎动物进化发育的关键时间点。虽然颚最初是作为水生和海洋物种呼吸机制的一部分而发展起来的，但牙齿提供了一种捕捉和处理猎物的新方法1，2。自从颌骨和牙齿发育以来，生物体在解剖结构上已经进化出无数的变化，这些变化对应于它们的功能并反映了它们所属的生态作用。由于其矿化性质，牙齿和头骨代表了环境和化石记录中存在的大量信息，并且可以提供有关个人和物种的生态，健康状况和行为的无数见解。
获取有关动物牙齿和下颌的信息以及表征形式和病理学有很多好处。识别常见的疾病过程可以改善野生物种的保护工作，并优化对圈养动物的护理3，4，5。例如，从博物馆头骨标本中收集的信息已被用于推断波罗的海灰海豹（Halichoerus grypus）和海豹（Phoca vitulina）在一段时间内暴露于环境污染物（如有机氯）6，7，尽管口面部病变与污染物之间的因果关系尚未得到证实。此外，口腔疾病是家养物种中一些最普遍的疾病，了解野生物种的口腔健康状况可能会促进家养物种的临床医学和管理8，9。
由于动物在正常颅面形状和牙列方面已经发展出这种变化，因此在物种之间表征和比较这些方面可能具有挑战性。在尝试检查其头骨之前，了解生物体的生态学和自然行为以及其典型环境至关重要。这样做将推动关于特定物种牙列的问题和假设的形成，并不可避免地丰富数据分析的结论。例如，认识到南方海獭（Enhydra lutris nereis）的典型饮食包括硬壳软体动物，甲壳类动物和棘皮动物对于了解牙齿磨损和/或磨损的程度和影响至关重要10，11。虽然人们可以假设一个物种的个体会发展某些牙齿疾病的可能性，但有一个系统、精确和可重复的方案来评估牙科病理学是至关重要的。这应包括对闭塞、解剖和发育表现、牙周疾病、牙髓表现和颞下颌关节 （TMJ） 病理的评估。制定具有类似统计分析的此类协议将允许对不同物种的牙齿和颞下颌关节疾病进行详细比较。一种系统的方法已被用于表征许多哺乳动物物种的牙齿和颞下颌关节病理学，并已被证明可转化为具有不同形式的生物体11，12，13，14，15，16，17，18，19，20，21，22， 23，24.
为了比较其他物种的未来数据，重要的是要有一种公认的方法来评估可以应用于各种物种的牙齿和颌骨疾病。本文旨在详细介绍一种标准化和有组织的方法，用于评估颅骨标本的牙科和颞下颌关节病变。

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systematic assessment of mammalian skull specimens for dental and temporomandibular joint pathology

博物馆头骨标本代表了一种非侵入性、信息丰富且现成的方法，用于研究许多哺乳动物物种的颞下颌关节 （TMJ） 病变、牙齿病理学和解剖变异。研究一系列物种的牙齿和颌骨可能是一个挑战，需要关注细节和理解物种的正常解剖结构。在本文中，讨论了用于检查头骨标本的系统且精确的方案，该方案已应用于各种哺乳动物，以定义口颌面部区域的特征性疾病。概述的程序同时精确，可重复，并适应不同物种的高度不同的头骨和牙齿形状以及解剖结构。具体而言，检查标本是否有牙齿缺失、牙周病、牙髓病、颞下颌关节病变和解剖变异。从博物馆标本研究中收集的结果可能反映了个体和物种的自然历史、健康和疾病状况。此外，这些数据可以为生态和保护研究工作以及圈养个体的护理提供信息。

目前的协议导致客观和半主观数据的结合，积极的结果取决于对标本的准确和可重复的评估。理想情况下，必须有多名了解目标物种正常解剖结构并了解一般牙齿和颌面部病理学的观察者在场，以评估每个标本，以系统地减少偏差。必须讨论每个标本的评估，并需要达成共识。为确保样本具有代表性，没有提出标本数量的阈值，但已发表的研究包括76至1，205人11，<sup clas...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology at JoVE.com

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

本协议描述了用于系统评估颅骨标本的技术，以表征牙齿的解剖和发育变化和异常、牙周疾病、牙髓疾病和颞下颌关节病理学。

哺乳动物颅骨标本的牙齿和颞下颌关节病理学系统评估

Museum skull specimens represent a non-invasive, informative, and readily available means to study temporomandibular joint (TMJ) lesions, dental ...

我们已经与加州科学院和其他博物馆合作了很长一段时间，以记录美国西部哺乳动物的牙齿病理学，包括熊，海洋哺乳动物，猫科动物和犬科动物，以及这种技术的优势，它允许跨物种的可重复结果。我们的协议是制定科学方法的绝佳手段。过去的项目对兽医学生和牙科预科学生具有形成性，合作者已经对正常的颌面解剖学、数据分析和科学写作有了了解。颞下颌关节（TMJ）是哺乳动物身体最重要的关节之一，因为它会影响呼吸、进食、饮水和其他保护功能。从颞下颌关节及其疾病的研究中获得的信息对于保护科学至关重要，因为它会影响生存和健康该协议可以提供对伴侣动物和外来动物健康，进化生物学和生态学的见解。这种方法特定于哺乳动物物种的口腔颌面部区域。使用这种方法的先决条件是对物种的正常解剖结构有很好的了解，并对牙科病理学有很好的工作知识，以识别病变。记录标本信息，包括身份证号、物种、性别和原产地。检查颅骨解剖结构的完整性。根据颅缝线的闭合情况估计死亡时标本的年龄。对于灰狐狸头骨，年轻人在头骨底部有开放的缝合线，而老年人的缝合线已经闭合。有关颅缝闭合时间，请查阅相关文献，因为这因目标物种而异。用相应的牙槽替换松动的牙齿。依次检查每个牙齿象限，并记录牙齿的存在与否。将每颗牙齿的脱落分为先天性缺损或后天性缺牙或人为缺损。记录任何持续存在的乳牙或多余牙齿。检查每颗牙齿的牙冠形状和任何可见的牙根结构。通过检查牙槽中松动的牙齿来记录牙根的数量。检查牙齿是否有多余的牙根。使用金属或塑料牙周探针和探查仪确定牙槽骨的质地，以发现牙周炎的证据。尝试将牙周探针插入每颗多根牙齿的牙根之间，以测试是否存在分叉受累或暴露。根据根的数量，应测试多个区域的分叉。检查每颗牙齿是否有断裂，如牙齿物质的锋利边缘损失所示。要确定每个骨折是复杂还是不复杂，请尝试将探头从骨折部位插入牙髓室。检查颅骨和牙齿两侧是否有根尖周病变的证据，这些病变的特征是牙根顶端区域的牙槽骨扩张，并有血管形成增加的证据。检查每颗牙齿是否有磨损或磨损，这些磨损或磨损是由牙齿物质的损失所指示的，具有光滑、玻璃状的外观和圆形边缘。尝试将探头插入纸浆室，以确定磨损区域的纸浆室暴露情况。检查颞下颌关节的骨骼成分，包括下颌骨头、髁突和鳞状颞骨的下颌窝。检查颞下颌关节病变的证据，同时排除死后创伤、抽屉损伤或准备伪影等伪影。接下来，检查颅骨是否有创伤的证据。目前的协议导致客观和半主观数据的结合，结果取决于对标本的准确和可重复的评估;例如，在Mirounga angustirostris中，观察到持续的乳牙，并且在Lynx rufus californicus中观察到多余的根。在Urocyon cinereoargenteus中，观察到第二阶段牙周炎，其特征在于牙槽骨血管化增加。第三阶段的特征是中度骨质流失和分叉受累。第四阶段的特征是严重的肺泡骨质流失。在熊窦胼胝中观察到牙齿断裂，在内雷氏水螅中观察到根尖周病变。美洲狮颞下颌关节骨关节炎见于关节面不规则、软骨下骨暴露、下颌髁突孔隙率的美洲狮。发现并记录了没有任何可检测病理或微小疾病或解剖变异的标本，作为比较标准。该协议最重要的方面是熟悉物种的正常颌面和牙齿解剖结构，识别受影响的组织以及勤奋地记录发现。颞下颌关节的未来研究将提供有关组织学，生物力学以及对野外动物观察的信息。这将介绍博物馆标本中发现的病理背景。我们的工作为分析提供了合理的方法，并为与世界其他地区其他物种的比较工作提供了重要的参考点。

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Laser Capture Microdissection of Mammalian Tissue

激光捕获显微切割哺乳动物组织

Laser capture microscopy, also known as laser microdissection (LMD), enables the user to isolate small numbers of cells or tissues from frozen or ...

科研

生物学

Trypsinizing and Subculturing Mammalian Cells

Trypsinizing和传代的哺乳动物细胞

As cells reach confluency, they must be subcultured or passaged. Failure to subculture confluent cells results in reduced mitotic index and eventually in ...

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

电子显微镜对胚胎的制备果蝇胚胎心管

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila  embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell ...

Isometric and Eccentric Force Generation Assessment of Skeletal Muscles Isolated from Murine Models of Muscular Dystrophies

等距和骨骼肌产生偏心力评估隔离肌营养不良症的小鼠模型

Critical to the evaluation of potential  therapeutics for muscular disease are sensitive and reproducible physiological  assessments of muscle function. ...

Detecting Somatic Genetic Alterations in Tumor Specimens by Exon Capture and Massively Parallel Sequencing

由外显子捕获和大规模平行测序检测体细胞遗传学改变在肿瘤标本

Efforts  to detect and investigate key oncogenic mutations have proven valuable to  facilitate the appropriate treatment for cancer patients. The ...

Autonomously Bioluminescent Mammalian Cells for Continuous and Real-time Monitoring of Cytotoxicity

自主的生物发光哺乳动物细胞连续和实时监测细胞毒性

Mammalian  cell-based in vitro assays have been  widely employed as alternatives to animal testing for toxicological studies but  have been limited due to ...

Isolation and Culture of Dental Epithelial Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Incisor

从成年小鼠切牙牙源性上皮干细胞的分离和培养

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie tooth regeneration and renewal has become a topic of great interest1-4, and the mouse ...

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

多聚核糖体分离和哺乳动物Translatomes分析在基因组范围内

mRNA translation plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression and represents the most energy consuming process in mammalian cells. ...

Identification of Protein Interaction Partners in Mammalian Cells Using SILAC-immunoprecipitation Quantitative Proteomics

的蛋白质相互作用的合作伙伴在哺乳动物细胞中使用SILAC-免疫定量蛋白质组学鉴定

Quantitative proteomics combined with immuno-affinity purification, SILAC immunoprecipitation, represent a powerful means for the discovery of novel ...

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

选择性的mRNA翻译在哺乳动物细胞中的核糖体性能分析评估

Regulation of protein synthesis represents a key control point in cellular response to stress. In particular, discreet RNA regulatory elements were shown ...