Name: assessing corticospinal excitability during goal-directed reaching behavior
Uploaded: 2022-12-02T12:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior at JoVE.com

这项研究的部分原因是奈特校园本科生学者计划和菲尔和佩妮奈特基金会的慷慨资助。

此处详述的所有方法均按照IRB协议和批准（俄勒冈大学IRB协议编号10182017.017）进行。获得所有受试者的知情同意。
1. 伸展装置
<ol><li>将大型图形输入板平放在桌面上。</li>
	<li>使用可调节的 80-20 铝制框架将任务监视器平行放置在平板电脑上方 6-8 处，屏幕朝上（有关蓝图，请查看此处：https://github.com/greenhouselab/Reach_TMS 和补充图 1）。 注意：此设?...

<ol>
	<li>Georgopoulos, A. P., Kalaska, J. F., Caminiti, R., Massey, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+relations+between+the+direction+of+two-dimensional+arm+movements+and+cell+discharge+in+primate+motor+cortex.">On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 2 (11), 1527-1537 (1982).</li><li>Georgopoulous, A. P., Schwartz, A. B., Kettner, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+population+coding+of+movement+direction.">Neuronal population coding of movement direction.</a> Science. 233 (4771), 1416-1419 (1986).</li><li>Kim, H. E., Morehead, J. R., Parvin, D. E., Moazzezi, R., Ivry, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invariant+errors+reveal+limitations+in+motor+correction+rather+than+constraints+on+error+sensitivity.">Invariant errors reveal limitations in motor correction rather than constraints on error sensitivity.</a> Communications Biology. 1, 19 (2018).</li><li>Huberdeau, D. M., Krakauer, J. W., Haith, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual-process+decomposition+in+human+sensorimotor+adaptation.">Dual-process decomposition in human sensorimotor adaptation.</a> Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 33, 71-77 (2015).</li><li>Shadmehr, R., Smith, M. A., Krakauer, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Error+correction,+sensory+prediction,+and+adaptation+in+motor+control.">Error correction, sensory prediction, and adaptation in motor control.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 33 (1), 89-108 (2010).</li><li>Filimon, F., Nelson, J. D., Hagler, D. J., Sereno, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+cortical+representations+for+reaching:+Mirror+neurons+for+execution,+observation,+and+imagery.">Human cortical representations for reaching: Mirror neurons for execution, observation, and imagery.</a> NeuroImage. 37 (4), 1315-1328 (2007).</li><li>Hammon, P. S., Makeig, S., Poizner, H., Todorov, E., de Sa, V. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+reaching+targets+from+human+EEG.">Predicting reaching targets from human EEG.</a> IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 25 (1), 69-77 (2008).</li><li>Busan, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+(TMS)+on+parietal+and+premotor+cortex+during+planning+of+reaching+movements.">Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on parietal and premotor cortex during planning of reaching movements.</a> PloS One. 4 (2), 4621 (2009).</li><li>Busan, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+and+preparation+of+visually-guided+reaching+movements.">Transcranial magnetic stimulation and preparation of visually-guided reaching movements.</a> Frontiers in Neuroengineering. 5, 18 (2012).</li><li>Lega, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+topography+of+visually+guided+grasping+in+the+premotor+cortex:+a+dense-transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+(TMS)+mapping+study.">The topography of visually guided grasping in the premotor cortex: a dense-transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) mapping study.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 40 (35), 6790-6800 (2020).</li><li>Marigold, D. S., Lajoie, K., Heed, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No+effect+of+triple-pulse+TMS+medial+to+intraparietal+sulcus+on+online+correction+for+target+perturbations+during+goal-directed+hand+and+foot+reaches.">No effect of triple-pulse TMS medial to intraparietal sulcus on online correction for target perturbations during goal-directed hand and foot reaches.</a> PloS One. 14 (10), 0223986 (2019).</li><li>Savoie, F. -. A., Dallaire-Jean, L., Thenault, F., Whittingstall, K., Bernier, P. -. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-pulse+TMS+over+the+parietal+cortex+does+not+impair+sensorimotor+perturbation-induced+changes+in+motor+commands.">Single-pulse TMS over the parietal cortex does not impair sensorimotor perturbation-induced changes in motor commands.</a> eNeuro. 7 (2), (2020).</li><li>Taga, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+adaptation+and+internal+model+formation+in+a+robot-mediated+forcefield.">Motor adaptation and internal model formation in a robot-mediated forcefield.</a> Psychoradiology. 1 (2), 73-87 (2021).</li><li>Vesia, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+dorsomedial+parieto-motor+circuit+specifies+grasp+during+the+planning+of+goal-directed+hand+actions.">Human dorsomedial parieto-motor circuit specifies grasp during the planning of goal-directed hand actions.</a> Cortex. 92, 175-186 (2017).</li><li>Bestmann, S., Krakauer, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+uses+and+interpretations+of+the+motor-evoked+potential+for+understanding+behaviour.">The uses and interpretations of the motor-evoked potential for understanding behaviour.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 233 (3), 679-689 (2015).</li><li>Rossini, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+electrical+and+magnetic+stimulation+of+the+brain,+spinal+cord,+roots+and+peripheral+nerves:+Basic+principles+and+procedures+for+routine+clinical+and+research+application.+An+updated+report+from+an+I.F.C.N.+Committee.">Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 126 (6), 1071-1110 (2015).</li><li>Rothwell, J. C., Thompson, P. D., Boyd, S., Marsden, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulation+of+the+human+motor+cortex+through+the+scalp.">Stimulation of the human motor cortex through the scalp.</a> Experimental Physiology. 76 (2), 159-200 (1991).</li><li>Bestmann, S., Duque, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+magnetic+stimulation:+decomposing+the+processes+underlying+action+preparation.">Transcranial magnetic stimulation: decomposing the processes underlying action preparation.</a> The Neuroscientist. 22 (4), 392-405 (2016).</li><li>Kim, H. E., Avraham, G., Ivry, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+psychology+of+reaching:+action+selection,+movement+implementation,+and+sensorimotor+learning.">The psychology of reaching: action selection, movement implementation, and sensorimotor learning.</a> Annual Review of Psychology. 72 (1), 61-95 (2021).</li><li>McDougle, S. D., Bond, K. M., Taylor, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Explicit+and+implicit+processes+constitute+the+fast+and+slow+processes+of+sensorimotor+learning.">Explicit and implicit processes constitute the fast and slow processes of sensorimotor learning.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (26), 9568-9579 (2015).</li><li>McDougle, S. D., Bond, K. M., Taylor, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implications+of+plan-based+generalization+in+sensorimotor+adaptation.">Implications of plan-based generalization in sensorimotor adaptation.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 118 (1), 383-393 (2017).</li><li>McDougle, S. D., Ivry, R. B., Taylor, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taking+aim+at+the+cognitive+side+of+learning+in+sensorimotor+adaptation+tasks.">Taking aim at the cognitive side of learning in sensorimotor adaptation tasks.</a> Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 20 (7), 535-544 (2016).</li><li>Morehead, J. R., Qasim, S. E., Crossley, M. J., Ivry, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Savings+upon+re-aiming+in+visuomotor+adaptation.">Savings upon re-aiming in visuomotor adaptation.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (42), 14386-14396 (2015).</li><li>Taylor, J. A., Krakauer, J. W., Ivry, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Explicit+and+implicit+contributions+to+learning+in+a+sensorimotor+adaptation+task.">Explicit and implicit contributions to learning in a sensorimotor adaptation task.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (8), 3023-3032 (2014).</li><li>Tsay, J. S., Kim, H. E., Parvin, D. E., Stover, A. R., Ivry, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individual+differences+in+proprioception+predict+the+extent+of+implicit+sensorimotor+adaptation.">Individual differences in proprioception predict the extent of implicit sensorimotor adaptation.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 125 (4), 1307-1321 (2021).</li><li>Jackson, N., Greenhouse, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VETA:+An+open-source+matlab-based+toolbox+for+the+collection+and+analysis+of+electromyography+combined+with+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">VETA: An open-source matlab-based toolbox for the collection and analysis of electromyography combined with transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 13, 975 (2019).</li><li>Goldsworthy, M. R., Hordacre, B., Ridding, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimum+number+of+trials+required+for+within-+and+between-session+reliability+of+TMS+measures+of+corticospinal+excitability.">Minimum number of trials required for within- and between-session reliability of TMS measures of corticospinal excitability.</a> Neuroscience. 320, 205-209 (2016).</li><li>Koch, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+interplay+between+posterior+parietal+and+ipsilateral+motor+cortex+revealed+by+twin-coil+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+during+reach+planning+toward+contralateral+space.">Functional interplay between posterior parietal and ipsilateral motor cortex revealed by twin-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation during reach planning toward contralateral space.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 28 (23), 5944-5953 (2008).</li><li>Goldenkoff, E. R., Mashni, A., Michon, K. J., Lavis, H., Vesia, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+and+manipulating+functionally+specific+neural+pathways+in+the+human+motor+system+with+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Measuring and manipulating functionally specific neural pathways in the human motor system with transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (156), e60706 (2020).</li></ol>

上面概述的方法提供了一种在达到行为的背景下研究运动准备的新方法。尽管到达代表了运动控制和学习研究中的流行模型任务，但需要精确评估与到达行为相关的CS动力学。TMS提供了一种非侵入性的，时间精确的方法来捕获到达过程中离散时间点的CS活动。这里描述的方法结合了两个独立的子领域 - TMS和触及 - 涉及同时记录运动学和电生理指标的单一范式。 
虽?...

目标导向的到达是一种基本的运动行为，允许人类与外部环境互动并操纵外部环境。运动生理学、心理学和神经科学领域的研究产生了丰富而广泛的文献，其中包括各种方法论。早期的接触研究使用非人类灵长类动物的直接神经记录来研究单个神经元水平的神经活动1，2。最近的研究调查了使用行为范式来探索运动学习和控制的本质3，4，5。这种行为任务与功能性磁共振成像和脑电图相结合，可以测量人类到达时的全脑活动6，7。其他研究已应用在线TMS来调查到达准备和执行的各种特征8，9，10，11，12，13，14。然而，仍然需要一种开源和灵活的方法，将覆盖的行为评估与TMS相结合。虽然将TMS与行为协议相结合的效用已经非常成熟15，但在这里，我们专门研究了TMS在使用开源方法的背景下的应用。这是新颖的，因为使用这种方法组合发表文章的其他小组没有使他们的工具随时可用，因此禁止直接复制。这种开源方法促进了复制、数据共享和多中心研究的可能性。此外，如果其他人希望使用类似的工具追求新颖的研究问题，开源代码可以作为创新的发射台，因为它很容易适应。
TMS提供了一种在精确控制的时间点16探测电机系统的无创方法。当应用于初级运动皮层（M1）时，TMS可以在目标肌肉的肌电图中引起可测量的偏转。该电压波的振幅称为电机诱发电位（MEP），提供了皮质脊髓（CS）通路瞬时兴奋状态的指数 - 这是对CS通路17的所有兴奋性和抑制性影响的合成模拟。除了提供可靠的内在CS兴奋性受试者内测量外，TMS还可以与其他行为或运动学指标相结合，以时间精确的方式研究CS活动与行为之间的关系。许多研究已经利用TMS和肌电图（EMG）的组合来解决有关运动系统的各种问题，特别是因为这种方法的组合使得在各种行为条件下研究MEP成为可能15。事实证明，这特别有用的一个领域是动作准备的研究，最常见的是通过研究单关节运动18。然而，对自然主义多关节运动（如伸展）的TMS研究相对较少。
目前的目标是设计一种延迟反应到达任务，包括行为运动学，在线单脉冲TMS管理以及来自多个肌肉的同时肌电图记录。该任务包括一个二维点对点到达范式，使用水平方向的监视器进行在线视觉反馈，使得视觉反馈与到达轨迹相匹配（即，在真实反馈期间的 1：1 关系，视觉反馈和运动之间没有转换）。目前的设计还包括一组视觉运动扰动试验。在提供的示例中，这是光标反馈中的 20° 旋转偏移。以前的研究使用类似的到达范式来解决与感觉运动适应相关的机制和计算的问题19，20，21，22，23，24，25。此外，这种方法可以在在线运动学习期间的精确时间点评估运动系统的兴奋性动态。
由于接触已被证明是研究学习/适应的一种富有成效的行为，因此在这种行为的背景下评估CS兴奋性具有揭示这些行为所涉及的神经基质的巨大潜力。这些可能包括局部抑制影响，调谐特性的变化，神经事件的时间等，正如在非人类灵长类动物研究中已经建立的那样。然而，这些特征在人类和临床人群中更难量化。在人类没有明显运动的情况下，也可以使用TMS和EMG组合方法（即，在准备运动或休息时）研究神经动力学。
所提供的工具是开源的，代码很容易适应。这种新颖的范式将对伸展运动的准备、执行、终止和适应所涉及的机制产生重要的见解。此外，这种方法的组合有可能揭示电生理学与人类到达行为之间的关系。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Port Native PCI Express&#160;</td>
			<td>StarTech.com</td>
			<td>RS232 Card with 16950 UART&#160;</td>
			<td>Must be compatible with desktop computer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adjustable 80-20 aluminum frame</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol prep pads</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EMG preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bagnoli Bipolar Electrodes</td>
			<td>Delsys</td>
			<td>DE 2.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bagnoli Reference Electrode</td>
			<td>Delsys</td>
			<td>USX2000</td>
			<td>2&#8221; (5cm) Round</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bagnoli-8 EMG System</td>
			<td>Delsys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chair</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer monitor for EMG/TMS</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desk</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desktop Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>xps 8930</td>
			<td>RAM: 16 GB, Storage: 1TB, Graphics: 1060 6GB&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMG electrodes</td>
			<td>Delsys</td>
			<td>Sensor Adhesive Interface</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine grain sandpaper</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EMG preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphics tablet</td>
			<td>Wacom</td>
			<td>Intuos-4 XL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Handle of paint roller</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to be used as stylus handle, hollowed out center must be large enough for stylus to sit securely inside&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical tape</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To secure EMG electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCI-6220 card DAQ</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To interface EMG system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photodiode Sensor</td>
			<td>Vishay</td>
			<td>BPW21R</td>
			<td>To record timing of task events into EMG trace.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rear TMS port</td>
			<td>Magstim</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Included with TMS machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Right-handed polyethylene glove</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cut out thumb and index finger of glove to expose FDI muscle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sensory Adhesive Interface, 2-slot</td>
			<td>Delsys</td>
			<td>SC-F01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stylus</td>
			<td>Wacom</td>
			<td>Intuos-4 grip pen</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tablet-to-Computer USB cable&#160;</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Included in Tablet purchase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Task Monitor</td>
			<td>Asus</td>
			<td>VG248</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMS coil</td>
			<td>Magstim</td>
			<td>D70 Remote Coil</td>
			<td>7cm diameter, figure-of-eight coil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMS machine</td>
			<td>Magstim</td>
			<td>200-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMS-to-Computer DB9 cable</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Connects to PCIe Serial Card</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Velcro</td>
			<td>any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To be placed on glove and stylus handle</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing corticospinal excitability during goal-directed reaching behavior

伸展是运动生理学和神经科学研究中广泛研究的行为。虽然已经使用各种行为操作检查了到达，但在理解到达计划、执行和控制所涉及的神经过程方面仍然存在重大差距。这里描述的新方法将二维到达任务与经颅磁刺激（TMS）和来自多个肌肉的同步肌电图（EMG）记录相结合。该方法允许在伸展运动展开期间的精确时间点无创检测皮质脊髓活动。示例任务代码包括一个延迟响应到达任务，其中两个可能的目标显示在偏离中线 45° ±。单脉冲TMS在大多数任务试验中提供，无论是在准备提示（基线）开始时还是在命令性提示（延迟）之前100毫秒。该样品设计适用于研究 REACH 制备过程中皮质脊髓兴奋性的变化。示例代码还包括视觉运动扰动（即光标旋转 ± 20°），以研究适应对 REACH 准备过程中皮质脊髓兴奋性的影响。可以调整任务参数和TMS交付，以解决有关到达行为期间运动系统状态的特定假设。在最初的实施中，83%的TMS试验成功诱发了运动诱发电位（MEP），并在所有试验中记录了到达轨迹。

所描述方法的成功执行包括记录片剂数据、肌电图痕迹和可靠地引出 MEP。完成了一项实验，其中包括270项测试试验，其中4/5试验（216项试验）提供了TMS。
数据来自16名年龄在25岁±10岁的参与者（8名女性8名男性），他们都自我报告为右撇子。我们通过推导一位代表性参与者的学习函数来评估视觉扰动对行为表现的有效性。 这些数据如图1B 所示，并显示?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior at JoVE.com

Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior

伸手是允许人类与环境互动的基本技能。一些研究旨在使用各种方法表征到达行为。本文提供了经颅磁刺激的开源应用，以评估人类在达到任务执行期间的皮质脊髓兴奋状态。

评估目标导向到达行为期间的皮质脊髓兴奋性

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral ...

This method combines a flexible behavioral reaching paradigm with transcranial magnetic stimulation electromyography all from a single computer.This is significant because it streamlines existing approaches.The main advantages of this technique are that it is openly available and offers flexibility in terms of behavioral task and TMS parameters.This setup can easily be adapted for use with clinical populations, as it is versatile and mobile.The method offers unique insights into corticospinal excitability and muscle activity during behavioral reaching and motor adaptation.Place a large graphics tablet flat on a desktop.Use an adjustable 80-20 aluminum frame to position the task monitor six to eight inches above the tablet in parallel with the screen facing upward.Next, position the subject in a comfortable chair facing the tablet and ensure that the knees are flexed to 90

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

在昆虫单感器记录果蝇按蚊</em

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed ...

科研

神经科学

Cryopreservation of Cortical Tissue Blocks for the Generation of Highly Enriched Neuronal Cultures

生成高度丰富的神经文化皮层组织块冷冻保存

In this study, we outline a standardized protocol for the successful cryopreservation and thawing of cortical brain tissue blocks to generate highly ...

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice

T-迷宫强迫交替和评估工作，并参考在小鼠记忆的左，右的歧视任务

Forced alternation and left-right discrimination tasks using the T-maze have been widely used to assess working and reference memory, respectively, in ...

Nerve Excitability Assessment in Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity

化疗引起的毒性神经的兴奋性评估

Chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity is a serious consequence of cancer treatment, which occurs with some of the most commonly used chemotherapies1,2. ...

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

一个程序，植入脊柱商会纵<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;鼠标脊髓成像

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by ...

Assays to Detect UV-reflecting Structures and Determine their Importance in Mate Preference using the Sailfin Molly Poecilia latipinna

Assays to Detect UV-reflecting Structures and Determine their Importance in Mate Preference using the Sailfin Molly Poecilia latipinna

试验以检测紫外线反射结构，并使用茉莉花鳉确定其重要性伴侣偏好<em&gt;孔雀鱼latipinna</em

Many organisms use cues and signals beyond human sensitivity during social interactions. It is important to take into account how organisms perceive their ...

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

啮齿动物强化决策中成本效益分析的操作协议

Reinforcement-guided decision making is the ability to choose between competing courses of action based on the relative value of the benefits and their ...

Generation of 3-D Collagen-based Hydrogels to Analyze Axonal Growth and Behavior During Nervous System Development

生成基于3-D胶原蛋白的水凝胶,分析神经系统发育过程中的Axonal生长和行为

This protocol uses natural type I collagen to generate three-dimensional (3-D) hydrogel for monitoring and analyzing the axonal growth. The protocol is ...

Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood

测量幼儿期午睡期间睡眠依赖记忆巩固背后的神经机制

Sleep is critical for daily functioning. One important function of sleep is the consolidation of memories, a process that makes them stronger and less ...