Name: a mouse model of ankle-subtalar complex joint instability
Uploaded: 2022-10-28T14:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability at JoVE.com

本研究得到了江苏省政府奖学金项目和江苏省高等学校学术项目发展项目（PAPD）的支持。

所有动物研究均按照《实验动物护理和使用指南》进行，并得到苏州大学机构动物护理和使用委员会的批准。
1. 外科手术
<ol><li>将21只6周龄的C57BL/6雄性小鼠分为三组：颈横韧带和距腓前韧带组，颈横韧带和三角韧带组，假手术组。确保所有小鼠都是在符合特定无病原体（SPF）标准的环境中饲养的。</li>
	<li>在实验前2周使小鼠适应新的饲养环境（12小时/ 12小时的...

<ol>
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M., Garcia, J., Hoffmeyer, P., Fritschy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+subtalar+sprain.+A+roentgenographic+study.">The subtalar sprain. A roentgenographic study.</a> Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. (226), 169-173 (1988).</li><li>Mittlmeier, T., Rammelt, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Update+on+subtalar+joint+instability.">Update on subtalar joint instability.</a> Foot and Ankle Clinics. 23 (3), 397-413 (2018).</li><li>Chang, S. 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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoarthritis+cartilage+histopathology:+Grading+and+staging.">Osteoarthritis cartilage histopathology: Grading and staging.</a> Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 14 (1), 13-29 (2006).</li><li>Glasson, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+OARSI+histopathology+initiative+-+Recommendations+for+histological+assessments+of+osteoarthritis+in+the+mouse.">The OARSI histopathology initiative - Recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the mouse.</a> Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 18, 17-23 (2010).</li><li>Hubbard-Turner, T., Wikstrom, E. A., Guderian, S., Turner, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+ankle+sprain+in+a+mouse+model.">Acute ankle sprain in a mouse model.</a> Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise. 45 (8), 1623-1628 (2013).</li><li>Wikstrom, E. A., Hubbard-Turner, T., Guderian, S., Turner, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lateral+ankle+sprain+in+a+mouse+model:+Lifelong+sensorimotor+dysfunction.">Lateral ankle sprain in a mouse model: Lifelong sensorimotor dysfunction.</a> Journal of Athletic Training. 53 (3), 249-254 (2018).</li><li>Bell-Krotoski, J. A., Fess, E. E., Figarola, J. 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本研究通过横断CL+ATFL或CL+DL成功构建了2个ASCJ不稳定性小鼠模型。小鼠通过平衡木的时间在手术后8周和12周显着增加，这与Hubbard-Turner团队通过切割踝关节外侧韧带获得的结果相似23,24。在右足滑动试验中，我们观察到两组断韧带小鼠的滑行次数明显高于假韧带组小鼠，并且在手术后12周滑动次数达到最大值，从而提示两组断韧带小鼠可能患有ASCJ不稳定?...

踝关节扭伤是全球最常见的运动损伤之一。据估计，美国每天有 10,000 人受伤1，其中运动相关伤害占 15%-45%2。在美国，与治疗踝关节扭伤相关的医疗费用每年达 42 亿美元 3,4,5。慢性足部不稳是踝关节扭伤后的常见问题，约占踝关节扭伤的 74% 6，包括踝关节或距下关节不稳。然而，由于临床症状和体征相似，医务人员在临床上很难区分慢性踝关节不稳是否也伴有距下关节不稳，因此容易漏诊慢性距下关节不稳。因此，慢性踝距下复合关节 （ASCJ） 不稳定（一种特定类型的慢性足部不稳定，包括慢性踝关节不稳定和慢性距下不稳定）的真实发生率可能高于报告的 7,8,9。如果不及时治疗，慢性踝距下复合关节不稳定会导致反复踝关节扭伤，导致踝关节扭伤和慢性踝距下复合关节不稳定的恶性循环。长期慢性踝距下复合体不稳定可导致 ASCJ 退化和创伤后骨关节炎，严重时会影响邻近关节10.对于这些疾病，目前的临床治疗主要是保守治疗，此外还有韧带修复和韧带重建等手术治疗方法11,12。
ASCJ 是足部的核心结构，在运动13 期间保持身体平衡。已经对踝关节和距下关节的结构进行了广泛的研究分别 14,15,16,17。然而，对整个踝距下关节的研究很少见。大约四分之一的踝关节损伤病例与距下关节损伤有关18。由于ASCJ不稳定的损伤机制复杂，临床上对诊断和治疗尚无共识。考虑到目前临床踝关节损伤的现状，需要一种更科学的方法，将踝关节和距下关节作为一个整体进行研究，从而为研究足部疾病提供新的认识。
由于小鼠后足在肌肉骨骼水平上的解剖结构与人足的解剖结构相当19，因此在几项研究中，已经实施了用于足/踝研究的小鼠模型10,19。Chang 等 19 成功开发了三种不同的踝骨关节炎小鼠模型。受小鼠模型中踝关节不稳定性成功建立的启发，我们建立了踝距下复合体不稳定性的小鼠模型，假设小鼠后足部分韧带的横断会导致ASCJ的机械不稳定，从而导致ASCJ的创伤后骨关节炎（PTOA）。ASCJ不稳动物模型可用于踝关节不稳和距下不稳的治疗，比目前使用的单纯踝关节不稳模型7、8、9、19更符合临床实际情况。为了验证这一假设，设计了两个韧带横断诱导的ASCJ不稳定的小鼠模型。采用平衡木试验、足迹分析、热伤害感受评估等感觉运动功能结果评价模型的可行性，采用显微计算机断层扫描（CT）和组织学染色评估小鼠关节软骨损伤和变性。ASCJ不稳定性小鼠模型的成功建立，不仅为研究足部疾病提供了新的认识，也为损伤相关机制的临床研究提供了有价值的参考，为踝关节扭伤提供了更好的治疗选择，有助于进一步研究该疾病。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>5-0 Surgical Nylon Suture</td>
			<td>Ningbo Medical Needle Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>191104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acidic ethanol differentiation solution (1%)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>R20778</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive slides</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Shitai Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonia solution (1%)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>R20788</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anhydrous ethanol</td>
			<td>Shanghai Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aqueous acetic acid (1%)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>R20773</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black cube cassette</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yizhe Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tube 15ml</td>
			<td>Beijing Soleibo Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>YA0476</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tube 50ml</td>
			<td>Beijing Soleibo Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>YA0472</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glass</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Shitai Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CTAn software</td>
			<td>Blue scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>micro-CT analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dataview software</td>
			<td>AEMC instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>commercial data analysing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA-2Na)</td>
			<td>Beijing Soleibo Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>E8490</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric incubator</td>
			<td>Suzhou Huamei Equipment Factory</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Embedding paraffin</td>
			<td>Leica, Germany</td>
			<td>39001006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin staining solution (alcohol soluble, 1%)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>R30117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast green staining solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>F7275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gait paper</td>
			<td>Baoding Huarong Paper Factory</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GraphPad Prism 8.0</td>
			<td>Graphpad software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>online statistical analysis tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodophor cotton balls</td>
			<td>Qingdao Hainuo Bioengineering Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica 818 blade</td>
			<td>Leica, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-CT</td>
			<td>Skyscan, Belgium</td>
			<td>SkyScan 1176</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulation microscope</td>
			<td>Suzhou Omet Optoelectronics Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mimics software</td>
			<td>Materialise&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D medical image processing software&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modified Harris Hematoxylin Stain</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>R20566</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-mouse type II collagen</td>
			<td>American Abcam Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Shanghai Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-butanol</td>
			<td>Shanghai Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neutral formalin fixative (10%)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neutral resin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nrecon reconstrcution software&#160;</td>
			<td>Micro Photonics Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oaks hair clipper</td>
			<td>Oaks Group Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin Embedding Machine</td>
			<td>Leica, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PH meter</td>
			<td>Shanghai Leitz Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>American Biosharp</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Physiological saline (for mammals, sterile)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>R22172</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safranin O-staining solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>HT90432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline (0.9%)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Baxter Medical Drug Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>309107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker</td>
			<td>Haimen Qilin Bell Instrument Manufacturing Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>2008779</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS 23</td>
			<td>IBM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>online statistical analysis tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tablet machine</td>
			<td>Leica, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue slicer</td>
			<td>Leica, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ugo Basile</td>
			<td>Ugo Basile Biological Research Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Upright fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss Axiovert, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U-shaped plastic channel</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yizhe Instrument Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veterinary eye ointment</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>Shanghai Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>YLS-10B Wheel Fatigue Tester</td>
			<td>Jinan Yiyan Technology Development Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a mouse model of ankle-subtalar complex joint instability

踝关节扭伤可能是日常生活中最常见的运动损伤，通常会导致踝距下复合关节 （ASCJ） 不稳定，从长远来看，最终会导致创伤后骨关节炎 （PTOA）。然而，由于损伤机制的复杂性和临床表现，如瘀斑、血肿或外侧足压痛，对ASCJ不稳定的诊断和治疗尚无临床共识。由于小鼠后足骨骼和韧带的肌肉骨骼结构与人类相当，因此通过ASCJ周围韧带的横断建立了小鼠ASCJ不稳定的动物模型。该模型通过一系列行为测试和组织学分析得到了充分验证，包括平衡木测试、足迹分析（评估小鼠的运动水平和平衡能力）、热伤害感受评估（评估小鼠的足部感觉功能）、显微计算机断层扫描 （CT） 扫描和关节软骨切片染色（评估小鼠关节软骨损伤和退化）。成功建立ASCJ不稳定小鼠模型将为损伤机制的临床研究提供有价值的参考，并为踝关节扭伤提供更好的治疗选择。

利用在线统计分析工具对相关数据进行统计分析。采用单因素方差分析，将满足正态分布和方差均匀性两个检验的数据用于进一步的统计分析。如果数据不符合两个检验，则采用Kruskal-Wallis检验进行统计分析。数据表示为平均值±标准差 （SD）， p < 0.05 被认为具有统计学意义。
平衡木试验 对每组小鼠在每阶段通过平衡木两次的平均所需时间进行统计分析...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability at JoVE.com

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

踝距下复合关节 （ASCJ） 是足部的核心，在日常活动中起着关键作用。运动损伤通常会导致该关节不稳定。在这里，我们描述了韧带横断诱导的ASCJ不稳定性的小鼠模型。

踝距下复杂关节不稳定的小鼠模型

Ankle sprains are perhaps the most common sports injuries in daily life, often resulting in instability of the ankle-subtalar complex joint (ASCJ), and ...

ASCJ无能小鼠模型的成功建立扩展了简单的踝关节无能动物模型，为临床足部疾病的研究提供了新的概念。我们建立了更符合实际临床情况的动物模型，可用于足部疾病诊断和治疗的进一步研究。实验前一周，对小鼠进行平衡木和步态训练，从平衡木或U形管的一端到另一端，不停地进行。麻醉并去除小鼠右后肢踝关节上的毛发后，用碘拭子对暴露的皮肤进行消毒。使用无菌手术垫将小鼠转移到显微外科动物手术室。对于颈横韧带和距腓前韧带组，用手术刀在右踝关节上方的皮肤上做一个 7 毫米的斜向下纵向切口。并在踝关节前部用显微的直镊进行探头。确保距骨体和腓骨下缘的距腓前韧带暴露，用手术刀轻轻切开。分离腓骨长肌腱和腓骨短肌腱，以及趾长伸肌腱。露出颈部韧带，用手术刀切开。对于颈横韧带加三角韧带组，在右踝关节内侧皮肤上做一个8毫米的垂直切口，钝地将DL与内踝分开进行切割。然后如前所述切断颈椎韧带。对于假手术组，对右踝关节进行假手术。用无菌生理盐水冲洗切口后，用 5-0 手术尼龙线缝合，然后用碘拭子对缝合的切口进行消毒。一旦手术后两周角关节肿胀减轻，每天在小鼠旋转疲劳机中锻炼小鼠一小时。对于平衡木测试，用摄影三脚架夹夹住一端倾斜 15 度的圆形木梁，并将另一端放在连接到封闭盒的工作台面上。手术前一周进行平衡木训练，以确保小鼠顺利地从平衡木的一端移动到另一端。假设一只鼠标在 60 秒内两次穿过光束而没有停顿，它就通过了测试。每次试验后，用75%的酒精喷洒平衡木，以呈现前一只小鼠的残留气味，以免影响下一只小鼠。进行平衡木测试，记录每只鼠标连续两次通过平衡木的平均时间。右后脚从横梁上滑落的次数，作为因变量。对于足迹分析，在实验台上放置一个U形塑料通道，并将塑料通道的一端连接到封闭的盒中。将普通颜料纸平放在通道中。然后用双手握住鼠标，用无毒的红色和绿色颜料均匀地涂上前脚和后脚。现在，将涂漆的鼠标放在通道的一端，并让它移动到盒的另一端。取带有脚印的颜料纸，标记，并在通风和阴凉处晾干。每只老鼠通过后，用75%的酒精喷洒U形塑料通道，以防止前一只老鼠的残留气味影响下一只老鼠。在每张纸上选择三个连续的清除鼠标足迹。用尺子测量鼠标右脚脚印的步长，左右脚印之间的步宽。使用显微镊子和剪刀去除脚踝标本周围多余的软组织。然后，将试样放入含有10%EDTA脱钙溶液的离心管中，并标记不同的组。接下来，将离心管放在振动台上进行脱钙。每天更换一次脱钙液，并确定试样的脱钙情况。脱钙一个月后，用梯度醇使试样脱水，然后使用正丁醇八小时进行澄清。最后，将清除的标本浸入石蜡中的冠状位置进行包埋。切片前，将试样从4摄氏度的冰箱转移到零下20摄氏度的冰箱中约10分钟，以方便整个平面切割。将标本固定在切片机上，并将它们切成六微米的厚度。同时，使用显微镜观察样品是否已切割到预期的水平，以便于将注射器针头穿透骨组织。连续切割两到三个完整的石蜡切片后，将它们转移到40摄氏度的压片机中，以使其完全膨胀。然后用载玻片取出石蜡部分。最后，用组和数字标记幻灯片。在显微镜下观察完整的ASCJ关节结构。将切片放入 60 摄氏度的培养箱中 40 至 50 分钟。然后用二甲苯对切片进行三次脱蜡，如手稿中所述。将脱蜡切片置于 100% 乙醇中两次，每次 3 分钟，然后加入 90% 和 80% 乙醇，每次 5 分钟。然后用双蒸水清洗这些部分五分钟。在苏木精中浸泡一分钟后，用双蒸水洗涤切片，直到它们变成无色。将切片浸泡在1%酸性乙醇分化液中30秒，并用双蒸水洗涤。用1%氨溶液染色切片并用双蒸水洗涤后，用曙红染色液对样品染色一分钟。然后将它们连续放入 95% 和 100% 乙醇中，每次一分钟。最后，用二甲苯四处理切片一分钟。将一滴中性树脂粘贴到载玻片上的标本上后，将切片风干并用盖玻片覆盖。然后用正置荧光显微镜在明场中以 5 倍和 20 倍的速度拍摄图像。将苏木精和氨染色切片浸泡在 0.05%固绿中两分钟。然后将切片浸泡在 1% 乙酸溶液中 30 秒，将 0.1% 番红浸泡 5 分钟。然后如前所述，用乙醇和二甲苯处理载玻片。用正置荧光显微镜在明场中以 5X 和 20X 拍摄图像。经过 3 天、8 周和 12 周的手术后，断韧带组通过平衡木的时间明显长于假韧带组。术前，三组小鼠的右后足步长相当。然而，术后 12 周，韧带切割组的步长比假切割组短。手术前，三组小鼠在活动期间足部的热伤害感受反应时间相似。手术后，与假手术组相比，韧带切割组的小鼠表现出更长的反应时间。断韧带组右后足ASCJ表现为表面粗糙、骨赘堆积、退行性改变。并且骨体积分数明显高于假手术组。韧带切割组ASCJ软骨层出现不连续性，软骨细胞数量减少。此外，韧带截肢小鼠的Malkin和骨关节炎研究学会国际评分显著高于假手术组。假手术组右后足ASCJ关节软骨层的2型胶原更均匀，高于两组断韧带小鼠。本研究可用于踝关节不稳的诊断和治疗，为该病的临床治疗提供实验参考。

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Cancer Borealis Stomatogastric Nervous System Dissection

Cancer Borealis Stomatogastric Nervous System Dissection

癌症北欧化工 Stomatogastric神经系统解剖

The stomatogastric ganglion (STG) is an excellent model for studying cellular and network interactions because it contains a relatively small number of ...

科研

生物学

Gross Dissection of the Stomach of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus

Gross Dissection of the Stomach of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus

肚子里的龙虾总夹层， Homarus Americanus</em

The stomach of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) is located in the cephalothorax, between the rostrum and the cervical groove. The anterior end of ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

活体成像和治疗卵巢癌的原位小鼠模型

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Studying Age-dependent Genomic Instability using the S. cerevisiae Chronological Lifespan Model

Studying Age-dependent Genomic Instability using the S. cerevisiae Chronological Lifespan Model

研究年龄相关的基因组不稳定性使用 S。酵母年代的寿命模型

Studies using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae aging model have uncovered life span regulatory pathways that are partially conserved in higher eukaryotes1-2. ...

Sorting of Streptomyces Cell Pellets Using a Complex Object Parametric Analyzer and Sorter

Sorting of Streptomyces Cell Pellets Using a Complex Object Parametric Analyzer and Sorter

排序<em&gt;链霉菌</em&gt;细胞沉淀用一个复杂的对象参数分析仪和分选机

Streptomycetes are filamentous soil bacteria that are used in industry for the production of enzymes and antibiotics. When grown in bioreactors, these ...

Purifying the Impure: Sequencing Metagenomes and Metatranscriptomes from Complex Animal-associated Samples

从复杂的动物相关样品测序宏基因组和Metatranscriptomes：净化不纯

The accessibility of high-throughput sequencing has revolutionized many fields of biology. In order to better understand host-associated viral and ...

High Yield Expression of Recombinant Human Proteins with the Transient Transfection of HEK293 Cells in Suspension

重组人蛋白与HEK293悬浮细胞的瞬时转染高产表达

The art of producing recombinant proteins with complex post-translational modifications represents a major challenge for studies of structure and ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

胚胎干细胞的跨内细胞质量注射导致嵌合体率增高

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

A Mouse Model of Intestinal Partial Obstruction

小肠部分梗阻的小鼠模型

Intestinal obstructions, that impede or block peristaltic movement, can be caused by abdominal adhesions and most gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including ...