Name: erythrocyte sedimentation rate: a physics-driven characterization in a medical context
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这项工作得到了德国研究基金会FOR 2688 - Wa1336/12研究单位和玛丽·斯克沃多夫斯卡-居里资助协议第860436-EVIDENCE的支持。T. J. 和 C. W. 感谢法国德国大学 （DFH/UFA） 的资助。A. D. 感谢萨尔大学青年研究者资助。

血液样本采集和实验得到了“萨尔州人协会”（伦理学第51/18号）的批准，并在根据《赫尔辛基宣言》获得知情同意后进行。标准测量应在韦斯特格伦管中使用乙二胺四乙酸 （EDTA）-抗凝血（标准 EDTA 浓度为 1.6 mg/mL 血液，欧洲标准 NF EN ISO 6710）进行。填充Westergren管所需的体积取决于制造商（因为较低的零件有时包含更宽的储液罐）;全血的体积应约为 1 mL， 材料表中所示的试管的体?...

<ol>
	<li>Bedell, S. E., Bush, B. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Erythrocyte+sedimentation+rate.+From+folklore+to+facts.">Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. From folklore to facts.</a> The American Journal of Medicine. 78, 1001-1009 (1985).</li><li>Grzybowski, A., Sak, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Edmund+Biernacki+(1866-1911):+Discoverer+of+the+erythrocyte+sedimentation+rate.+On+the+100th+anniversary+of+his+death.">Edmund Biernacki (1866-1911): Discoverer of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. On the 100th anniversary of his death.</a> Clinics in Dermatology. 29 (6), 697-703 (2011).</li><li>Kushner, I., Mackiewicz, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Acute Phase Response: An Overview. Acute Phase Proteins. , (1993).</li><li>Tishkowski, K., Gupta, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Erythrocyte+Sedimentation+Rate.">Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.</a> StatPearls Publishing. , (2022).</li><li>Menees, S. B., Powell, C., Kurlander, J., Goel, A., Chey, W. 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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+utility+of+the+erythrocyte+sedimentation+rate.">Clinical utility of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.</a> Americal Family Physician. 60 (5), 1443-1450 (1999).</li><li>Liu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preliminary+case-control+study+to+evaluate+diagnostic+values+of+C-reactive+protein+and+erythrocyte+sedimentation+rate+in+differentiating+active+Crohn's+disease+from+intestinal+lymphoma,+intestinal+tuberculosis+and+Behcet's+syndrome.">Preliminary case-control study to evaluate diagnostic values of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in differentiating active Crohn's disease from intestinal lymphoma, intestinal tuberculosis and Behcet's syndrome.</a> The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 346 (6), 467-472 (2013).</li><li>Greidanus, N. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+erythrocyte+sedimentation+rate+and+C-reactive+protein+level+to+diagnose+infection+before+revision+total+knee+arthroplasty:+A+prospective+evaluation.">Use of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein level to diagnose infection before revision total knee arthroplasty: A prospective evaluation.</a> The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 89 (7), 1409-1416 (2007).</li><li>Flormann, D., Kuder, E., Lipp, P., Wagner, C., Kaestner, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+there+a+role+of+C-reactive+protein+in+red+blood+cell+aggregation.">Is there a role of C-reactive protein in red blood cell aggregation.</a> International Journal of Laboratory Hematology. 37 (4), 474-482 (2015).</li><li>Brust, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+plasma+protein+fibrinogen+stabilizes+clusters+of+red+blood+cells+in+microcapillary+flows.">The plasma protein fibrinogen stabilizes clusters of red blood cells in microcapillary flows.</a> Scientific Reports. 4, 4348 (2014).</li><li>Gray, S. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+a+standard+ESR+possible.">Is a standard ESR possible.</a> Laboratory Medicine. 6 (11), 31-39 (1975).</li><li>Bull, B. S., Brecher, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+evaluation+of+the+relative+merits+of+the+Wintrobe+and+Westergren+sedimentation+methods,+including+hematocrit+correction.">An evaluation of the relative merits of the Wintrobe and Westergren sedimentation methods, including hematocrit correction.</a> American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 62 (4), 502-510 (1974).</li><li>Reinhart, W. H., Singh, A., Straub, P. 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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serum+and+plasma+proteomics.">Serum and plasma proteomics.</a> Chemical Reviews. 107 (8), 3601-3620 (2007).</li><li>Yu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+between+human+plasma+and+serum+metabolite+profiles.">Differences between human plasma and serum metabolite profiles.</a> PLoS One. 6 (7), 21230 (2011).</li><li>. Proper Pipetting Techniques - DE Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.thermofisher.com/de/de/home/life-science/lab-plasticware-supplies/lab-plasticware-supplies-learning-center/lab-plasticware-supplies-resource-library/fundamentals-of-pipetting/proper-pipetting-techniques.html">https://www.thermofisher.com/de/de/home/life-science/lab-plasticware-supplies/lab-plasticware-supplies-learning-center/lab-plasticware-supplies-resource-library/fundamentals-of-pipetting/proper-pipetting-techniques.html</a> (2023)</li><li>Otsu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+threshold+selection+method+from+gray-level+histograms.">A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms.</a> IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. 9 (1), 62-66 (1979).</li><li>Solomon, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+fibrinogen+measurement+methods+with+fibrin+clot+elasticity+assessed+by+thromboelastometry,+before+and+after+administration+of+fibrinogen+concentrate+in+cardiac+surgery+patients.">A comparison of fibrinogen measurement methods with fibrin clot elasticity assessed by thromboelastometry, before and after administration of fibrinogen concentrate in cardiac surgery patients.</a> Transfusion. 51 (8), 1695-1706 (2011).</li><li>Norouzi, N., Bhakta, H. C., Grover, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sorting+cells+by+their+density.">Sorting cells by their density.</a> PLoS One. 12 (7), 0180520 (2017).</li><li>Trudnowski, R. J., Rico, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specific+gravity+of+blood+and+plasma+at+4+and+37+degrees+C.">Specific gravity of blood and plasma at 4 and 37 degrees C.</a> Clinical Chemistry. 20 (5), 615-616 (1974).</li><li>K&#233;sm&#225;rky, G., Kenyeres, P., R&#225;bai, M., T&#243;th, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+viscosity:+A+forgotten+variable.">Plasma viscosity: A forgotten variable.</a> Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 39 (1-4), 243-246 (2008).</li><li>Teece, L. 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为了使自动化协议高效工作，具有清晰的背景和适当的照明非常重要。深色背景可能会阻止存在有效的二值化阈值。对于具有一些溶血的样品，通常会随着时间的推移而发生（增加），重要的是首先验证所选的二值化阈值是否与初始和最终图像相关。
当涉及到图片的二值化过程时，ROI和二值化阈值的选择是最敏感的一步。在三个不同的图片上（在沉降过程的开始、中间和结?...

红细胞沉降率（ESR）是一种医学体外临床工具，于20世纪正式引入循证医学1，2，3，4。它目前在世界范围内用作非特异性炎症试验，或监测某些特定病症的演变5，6，7，8。这主要是由于纤维蛋白原浓度的增加，但也增加了其他血浆成分，如IgM1，9，10，11。根据当前的Westergren标准协议，ESR值报告为在静止时离开典型尺寸为20cm的垂直管后，在给定时间点（30分钟或1小时）测量无细胞等离子体层12。然而，这种测量方法受到批评，因为已经报道了沉降过程中的定性不同阶段，包括达到最大沉降速度13之前的延迟。这种延迟在大约一半的健康样本中持续超过1小时14。此阶段的速度与沉降的第二个较快阶段的尺度不同15.将读数限制在第一个小时内的平均沉降速度，然后比较不同个体之间各种血液特性的不同组合。
此外，最近已经证明，该协议背后的通常理论考虑是错误的16，17，18。在生理性血细胞比联（约25%以上）时，红细胞（RBC）不会作为单独的聚集体沉降，而是作为连续的，所谓的渗透，红细胞17，18网络，遵循与通常提到的斯托克斯沉降16，17不同的物理方程。已经表明，在某些新的医学环境中，考虑基于沉降（整个曲线）的时间分辨测量的物理描述更为稳健19，20。此外，这些测量可用于阐明改变细胞形状改变的病理学中改变ESR的物理机制19，20。此外，缓慢的 ESR 可以具有有用的医学解释，如神经棘细胞增多症综合征患者队列的测量所示19，20。本文回顾了如何基于整个ESR动力学实际实现物理上有意义的参数的测量。更准确地说，这里介绍的方法提取了最大沉降速度Um，其值可以校正以考虑供体16，17的血细胞比容的影响。该参数比传统的测量值16，17，19，20更准确，因此更可靠。
此外，在一些基础研究中，与其监测给定患者的炎症状态，不如排除血细胞比容对 ESR 21，22，23 的影响，或研究红细胞在修饰的 ESR中的作用 19，20，24，25 在不同的捐赠者之间。比较不是直接来自患者的全血样本的样本可能是有用的。因此，在自体血浆或血浆取代基中重悬具有受控血细胞比容的红细胞可能用作 ESR 测量的第一步。例如，浓度为55 mg/mL的葡聚糖70 kDa在磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）中的溶液在健康细胞的对照范围内产生沉降范围19。这份手稿还展示了应该如何进行这些步骤，并且所提出的分析在这些情况下也相关。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anticoagulant (EDTA or Heparin) tube (for blood sample)</td>
			<td>SARSTEDT</td>
			<td>267001 or 265</td>
			<td>Anticoagulated blood sample to characterize</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera EOS M50</td>
			<td>Canon</td>
			<td>Kit EF-M18-150 IS STM</td>
			<td>Any camera should work, provided that sector alimentation, connection to computer for automated shooting and adapted objective are available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>HERMLE</td>
			<td>302.00 V03 - Z 36 HK</td>
			<td>Requirements: at least 3000 x g ofr 7 min.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-centrifuge</td>
			<td>MLW</td>
			<td>TH21</td>
			<td>or any other way to determine the hematocrit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-hematocrit capilaries</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>11884040</td>
			<td>or other capillaries/containers for hematocrit determination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td>1x PBS, pH 7.4, 298 Osm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes (e.g. positive displacement pipette)</td>
			<td>Gilson</td>
			<td>FD10006</td>
			<td>Pipette required to manipulate blood and/or packed cells.Other models are of course suitable, but be careful to treat blood and pakced cells as highly viscous fluids.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wax sealing plate</td>
			<td>Hirschmann</td>
			<td>9120101</td>
			<td>Sealing wax for the micro-hematocrit capillaries</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Westergren tubes</td>
			<td>Praxindo</td>
			<td>A9244560</td>
			<td>Any other standard Wetsergren tube should work too</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White background with illumination</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td>White sheet(s) of paper behind the samples, with usual room light is perfcetly sufficient.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

erythrocyte sedimentation rate: a physics-driven characterization in a medical context

红细胞（或红细胞）沉降率（ESR）是血液的物理衍生参数，通常用于常规健康检查和医学诊断。例如，在炎症的情况下，由于纤维蛋白原和其他血浆蛋白的相关增加，观察到更高的 ESR。据信，这种增加是由于纤维蛋白原的增加导致红细胞（RBC）形成更大的聚集体。事实上，纤维蛋白原是一种促进红细胞的聚集体，在斯托克斯制度中，假设在血液较大的聚集体中更快地观察到沉淀物。然而，基于这一假设的所有ESR测量模型都需要进一步的具体物理假设，这是任何其他系统都不需要的。此外，胶体悬浮液领域的现代研究已经确定，有吸引力的颗粒形成渗透聚集体（即与容器一样宽的聚集体）。然后，这些胶体的沉降遵循所谓的“胶体凝胶崩溃”。最近，研究表明红细胞实际上遵循相同的行为。该假设还允许对红细胞的沉降曲线进行有效和分析建模，从中提取出稳健且具有物理意义的描述符。本手稿描述了如何进行这种分析，并讨论了这种方法的好处。

正确采集的图像序列的示例作为补充视频1（MovieS1.avi）提供。图 2 显示了该模型在各种条件下的一系列特征拟合。纤维蛋白原浓度由血浆Fib0中的纤维蛋白原浓度测定，假设血清根本没有任何纤维蛋白原。因此，Fib = C Fib0，其中C是血浆-血清混合物中的血浆体积分数。在先前的研究16中，Fib0</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate: A Physics-Driven Characterization in a Medical Context at JoVE.com

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate: A Physics-Driven Characterization in a Medical Context

红细胞沉降率（ESR）是一个物理参数，常用于常规健康检查和医学诊断。最近开发了一种理论模型，该模型允许基于现代胶体知识从整个沉降曲线中提取具有物理意义的参数。在这里，我们提出了一种协议，用于随着时间的推移自动收集ESR，并从该自动数据收集中提取该最新模型的参数。这些精炼的参数也可能改善医学证词。

红细胞沉降率：医学环境中的物理驱动表征

Erythrocyte (or red blood cell) sedimentation rate (ESR) is a physical derived parameter of blood which is often used in routine health checks and medical ...

该协议将红细胞沉降率测量与最新的物理模型保持一致，并提供更可靠的测试分析。该协议允许更准确和系统地使用红细胞沉降速率，但也提供常规值。我们之前证明，该技术与红细胞沉降率值低的疾病特别相关。它可用于神经棘细胞增多症综合征的诊断筛查。首先，将血液收集在标准的9毫升EDTA管中，血清收集在标准的9毫升血清管中。为了最佳压实浓缩红细胞，将血液样品以3， 000g离心至少7分钟，然后吸出上清液。现在准备具有确定比例的自体血浆和血清的混合物。例如，当制备2.5毫升25%至75%血浆血清混合物时，将0.625毫升血浆加入1.875毫升血清中。将沉淀重悬于PBS或所需的悬浮液中，并在加入上清液进行洗涤后轻轻混合。重复三次，并用所需的悬浮液进行最后一次洗涤。提取所需体积的浓缩细胞。将填充细胞作为高粘度液体处理，用于血细胞比容为45%的4毫升样品将1.8毫升浓缩细胞悬浮在血浆血清混合物或任何其他所需液体的2.2毫升内。要提取血细胞比容测定所需的样品量，请将微量血细胞比容毛细管的下尖端浸入液体中来构建微血细胞比容毛细管。当所需量的样品在管中以毛细管抽吸上升时，盖住开口以停止流动。接下来，用密封蜡密封毛细管，将它们放入微量血细胞比容离心机中，并根据制造商的说明以 15， 000 g 运行五分钟。读取毛细血管上的血细胞比容水平并写下来以供参考。现在，为了记录样品的沉降，在支架前面设置一个稳定的摄像头，ESR管将保持静止，并使用白色的照明背景以获得更好的对比度。使用没有标记的空Westergren管，设置相机的焦点和视野，以获得放置样品的最高分辨率。确保图片的边框在垂直和水平方向上对齐。然后拍摄缩放管的照片以提取像素分辨率。将相机的光线和曝光时间设置为白色背景，但没有饱和度。按照制造商的说明，用与制造商说明相对应的样品体积填充Westergren管的底部容器，然后按照制造商的指示将它们插入底部容器中。第一根管准备好后，将其放入支架中，然后开始相机录制。每分钟记录一张照片通常可以很好地解决ESR动力学曲线。准备并放置下一个样品。确保拍照时不要站在任何样品前。记录后，要使用MATLAB代码提取ESR曲线，请选择仅可见一管的感兴趣区域，该部分位于红细胞无细胞血浆界面的最低位置下，但在样品内。记下 X、Y、W 和 H 的值，并在 MATLAB 脚本中使用这些值。将 RGB 图片的感兴趣区域转换为灰度图片或矩阵。通常，组合三个颜色通道在清晰的背景下非常有效。然后将图片二值化。对于健康样本，使用 ARC2 阈值通常给出一致的结果。对于具有高血细胞比容或溶血的样品，最好手动调整或使用其他自动方法，具体取决于管内各相之间获得的确切对比度。获取GR沿水平方向的像素值的平均值。此步骤将噪声降至最低，并有效地平均可能的接口不规则性。在计算变化之前，请使用移动平均线平滑曲线，特别是如果管子包含一些水平标记。然后将界面位置标识为强度变化最大的点，并对每张图片和每个样品重复此操作。对于每个样本，使用任何合适的软件以适当的格式保存接口随时间推移的位置，以适应物理模型。使用任何合适的软件，了解血细胞比容和血柱的初始高度，找到延迟时间、无量纲时间和红细胞的最终填充体积分数的值，从而最小化物理模型的平方残差总和。从图片中提取定量曲线后，保存样品的物理参数。仍然可以从曲线中提取30分钟，1小时或2小时的传统ESR值以供参考。沉降速度随着血细胞比容或初始体积分数的增加而降低。当纤维蛋白原浓度降低时，红细胞的沉降变慢。提取的最大沉降速度随样品血细胞比容的变化以及无量纲时间、红细胞的最终填充体积分数和延迟时间获得的值的函数。可以看出，校正消除了对初始血细胞比容的整体依赖性以及大部分数据离散。显示了各种纤维蛋白原浓度的提取参数的特征值。沉降过程开始时的初始沉降速度随着纤维蛋白原浓度的增加而增加。沉降的无量纲特征时间随着纤维蛋白原浓度的增加而减少。沉降红细胞的最终体积分数几乎与纤维蛋白原浓度无关。延迟时间随着纤维蛋白原浓度的增加而减少，表明更强的吸引力相互作用加速了初始红细胞结构的重排，从而导致流体通道的建立。关于图像采集的关键点之一是拥有均匀的明亮背景，对吧？避免管子周围有明显的阴影。该技术可用于表征与较低的红细胞沉降率相关的其他疾病，例如镰状细胞性贫血或慢性高山病。

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery

听力：IMAP测试电池的决策意识

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the ...

科研

医学

Femoral Arterial and Venous Catheterization for Blood Sampling, Drug Administration and Conscious Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Measurements

股动脉和静脉导管采血，药品监督管理局和意识的血压和心率测量

In multiple fields of study, access to the circulatory system in laboratory studies is necessary. Pharmacological studies in rats using chronically ...

Screening for Melanoma Modifiers using a Zebrafish Autochthonous Tumor Model

对黑色素瘤修饰符一个斑马鱼原地肿瘤模型的筛选

Genomic studies of  human cancers have yielded a wealth of information about genes that are altered  in tumors1,2,3. A challenge arising from these ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

颈动脉输液的紫杉烷类化合物在小鼠体内的药代动力学和药效学分析

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

一个简单的临界尺寸股骨缺损模型小鼠

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all ...

Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model

建立和UTI和CAUTI表征在小鼠模型

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are highly prevalent, a significant cause of morbidity and are increasingly resistant to treatment with antibiotics. ...

Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note

Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy SEEG With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note

立体声电Encephalo-造影（SEEG）随着医学难治性癫痫的术前评估机器人辅助：技术说明

SEEG is a method and technique which is used for accurate, invasive recording of seizure activity via three dimensional recordings. In epilepsy patients ...

Transdermal Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Mice

小鼠肾小球滤过率的透皮测定

Transdermal analysis of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an established technique that is used to assess renal function in mouse and rat models of ...

A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids

人类肠道器官脂滴形成特征化和定量的荧光测定

Dietary lipids are taken up as free fatty acids (FAs) by the intestinal epithelium. These FAs are intracellularly converted into triglyceride (TG) ...

Characterization of Sickling During Controlled Automated Deoxygenation with Oxygen Gradient Ektacytometry

受控自动脱氧过程中与氧梯度压质测定的病带特征

In sickle cell disease (SCD), a single point mutation in the gene coding for beta-globin causes the production of abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS). When ...