Name: assessing dominant-submissive behavior in adult rats following traumatic brain injury
Uploaded: 2022-12-16T13:35:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Dominant-Submissive Behavior in Adult Rats Following Traumatic Brain Injury at JoVE.com

所做的工作是德米特里·弗兰克博士论文的一部分。

实验得到了内盖夫本古里安大学动物护理委员会的批准，实验是根据赫尔辛基和东京宣言以及欧洲共同体实验动物护理和使用指南的建议进行的。本研究使用成年雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠，体重300-350g。将动物饲养在22°C±1°C的室温40%-60%的湿度下，进行明暗循环。
1. 动物制备
<ol><li>随机选择30只成年雄性大鼠，并将它们分为两组：TBI和假大鼠。</li>
	<li>随意提供食物?...

<ol>
	<li>Birch, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+meanings+of+competition.">The meanings of competition.</a> The American Naturalist. 91 (856), 5-18 (1957).</li><li>Crombie, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interspecific+competition.">Interspecific competition.</a> The Journal of Animal Ecology. 16 (1), 44-73 (1947).</li><li>Riechert, S. E., Dugatkin, L. A., Reeve, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Game+theory+and+animal+contests.">Game theory and animal contests.</a> Game Theory and Animal Behavior. , 64-93 (1998).</li><li>Chase, I. D., Tovey, C., Spangler-Martin, D., Manfredonia, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individual+differences+versus+social+dynamics+in+the+formation+of+animal+dominance+hierarchies.">Individual differences versus social dynamics in the formation of animal dominance hierarchies.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (8), 5744-5749 (2002).</li><li>Vonk, J., Shackelford, T. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. , (2019).</li><li>De Vries, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+test+of+linearity+in+dominance+hierarchies+containing+unknown+or+tied+relationships.">An improved test of linearity in dominance hierarchies containing unknown or tied relationships.</a> Animal Behaviour. 50 (5), 1375-1389 (1995).</li><li>Appleby, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+probability+of+linearity+in+hierarchies.">The probability of linearity in hierarchies.</a> Animal Behaviour. 31 (2), 600-608 (1983).</li><li>Drent, P. J., Oers, K. v., Noordwijk, A. J. v. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Realized+heritability+of+personalities+in+the+great+tit+(Parus+major).">Realized heritability of personalities in the great tit (Parus major).</a> Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 270 (1510), 45-51 (2003).</li><li>Sapolsky, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endocrinology+alfresco:+psychoendocrine+studies+of+wild+baboons.">Endocrinology alfresco: psychoendocrine studies of wild baboons.</a> Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 48, 437-468 (1993).</li><li>Shively, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+subordination+stress,+behavior,+and+central+monoaminergic+function+in+female+cynomolgus+monkeys.">Social subordination stress, behavior, and central monoaminergic function in female cynomolgus monkeys.</a> Biological Psychiatry. 44 (9), 882-891 (1998).</li><li>Shively, C. A., Grant, K. A., Ehrenkaufer, R. L., Mach, R. H., Nader, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+stress,+depression,+and+brain+dopamine+in+female+cynomolgus+monkeys.">Social stress, depression, and brain dopamine in female cynomolgus monkeys.</a> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 807, 574-577 (1997).</li><li>Tse, W. S., Bond, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Difference+in+serotonergic+and+noradrenergic+regulation+of+human+social+behaviours.">Difference in serotonergic and noradrenergic regulation of human social behaviours.</a> Psychopharmacology. 159 (2), 216-221 (2002).</li><li>Malatynska, E., Knapp, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dominant-submissive+behavior+as+models+of+mania+and+depression.">Dominant-submissive behavior as models of mania and depression.</a> Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews. 29 (4-5), 715-737 (2005).</li><li>Malatynska, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+of+submissive+behavior+in+rats:+A+test+for+antidepressant+drug+activity.">Reduction of submissive behavior in rats: A test for antidepressant drug activity.</a> Pharmacology. 64 (1), 8-17 (2002).</li><li>Frank, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+life+stress+induces+submissive+behavior+in+adult+rats.">Early life stress induces submissive behavior in adult rats.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 372, 112025 (2019).</li><li>Knapp, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antidepressant+activity+of+memory-enhancing+drugs+in+the+reduction+of+submissive+behavior+model.">Antidepressant activity of memory-enhancing drugs in the reduction of submissive behavior model.</a> European Journal of Pharmacology. 440 (1), 27-35 (2002).</li><li>Malaty&#324;ska, E., Kostowski, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+antidepressant+drugs+on+dominance+behavior+in+rats+competing+for+food.">The effect of antidepressant drugs on dominance behavior in rats competing for food.</a> Polish Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy. 36 (5), 531-540 (1984).</li><li>Kabadi, S. V., Hilton, G. D., Stoica, B. A., Zapple, D. N., Faden, A. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluid-percussion-induced+traumatic+brain+injury+model+in+rats.">Fluid-percussion-induced traumatic brain injury model in rats.</a> Nature Protocols. 5 (9), 1552-1563 (2010).</li><li>Boyko, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Traumatic+brain+injury-induced+submissive+behavior+in+rats:+Link+to+depression+and+anxiety.">Traumatic brain injury-induced submissive behavior in rats: Link to depression and anxiety.</a> Translational Psychiatry. 12 (1), 239 (2022).</li><li>Jones, N. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+traumatic+brain+injury+induces+a+pervasive+hyperanxious+phenotype+in+rats.">Experimental traumatic brain injury induces a pervasive hyperanxious phenotype in rats.</a> Journal of Neurotrauma. 25 (11), 1367-1374 (2008).</li><li>Frank, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+histological+technique+to+assess+severity+of+traumatic+brain+injury+in+rodents:+Comparisons+to+neuroimaging+and+neurological+outcomes.">A novel histological technique to assess severity of traumatic brain injury in rodents: Comparisons to neuroimaging and neurological outcomes.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15, 733115 (2021).</li><li>Frank, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+metric+test+for+assessing+spatial+working+memory+in+adult+rats+following+traumatic+brain+injury.">A metric test for assessing spatial working memory in adult rats following traumatic brain injury.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (171), e62291 (2021).</li><li>Frank, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+diffuse+axonal+brain+injury+in+rats+based+on+rotational+acceleration.">Induction of diffuse axonal brain injury in rats based on rotational acceleration.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (159), e61198 (2020).</li><li>Zlotnik, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#946;2+adrenergic-mediated+reduction+of+blood+glutamate+levels+and+improved+neurological+outcome+after+traumatic+brain+injury+in+rats.">&#946;2 adrenergic-mediated reduction of blood glutamate levels and improved neurological outcome after traumatic brain injury in rats.</a> Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 24 (1), 30-38 (2012).</li><li>Frank, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+histological+technique+to+assess+severity+of+traumatic+brain+injury+in+rodents:+Comparisons+to+neuroimaging+and+neurological+outcomes.">A novel histological technique to assess severity of traumatic brain injury in rodents: Comparisons to neuroimaging and neurological outcomes.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15, 733115 (2021).</li><li>Marinkovic, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prognosis+after+mild+traumatic+brain+injury:+Influence+of+psychiatric+disorders.">Prognosis after mild traumatic brain injury: Influence of psychiatric disorders.</a> Brain Sciences. 10 (12), 916 (2020).</li><li>Robert, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Traumatic+brain+injury+and+mood+disorders.">Traumatic brain injury and mood disorders.</a> Mental Health Clinician. 10 (6), 335-345 (2020).</li><li>Sabaz, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence,+comorbidities,+and+correlates+of+challenging+behavior+among+community-dwelling+adults+with+severe+traumatic+brain+injury:+A+multicenter+study.">Prevalence, comorbidities, and correlates of challenging behavior among community-dwelling adults with severe traumatic brain injury: A multicenter study.</a> The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 29 (2), 19-30 (2014).</li><li>Aaronson, A., Lloyd, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aggression+after+traumatic+brain+injury:+A+review+of+the+current+literature.">Aggression after traumatic brain injury: A review of the current literature.</a> Psychiatric Annals. 45 (8), 422-426 (2015).</li><li>Koolhaas, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+resident-intruder+paradigm:+A+standardized+test+for+aggression,+violence+and+social+stress.">The resident-intruder paradigm: A standardized test for aggression, violence and social stress.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (77), e4367 (2013).</li><li>Bhatnagar, S., Vining, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facilitation+of+hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal+responses+to+novel+stress+following+repeated+social+stress+using+the+resident/intruder+paradigm.">Facilitation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to novel stress following repeated social stress using the resident/intruder paradigm.</a> Hormones and Behavior. 43 (1), 158-165 (2003).</li><li>Boyko, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+depressive-like+behavior+and+antidepressant+therapy+on+social+behavior+and+hierarchy+in+rats.">The effect of depressive-like behavior and antidepressant therapy on social behavior and hierarchy in rats.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 370, 111953 (2019).</li><li>Gruenbaum, B. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+complex+diving-for-food+Task+to+investigate+social+organization+and+interactions+in+rats.">A complex diving-for-food Task to investigate social organization and interactions in rats.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (171), e61763 (2021).</li><li>Grasmuck, V., Desor, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioural+differentiation+of+rats+confronted+to+a+complex+diving-for-food+situation.">Behavioural differentiation of rats confronted to a complex diving-for-food situation.</a> Behavioural Processes. 58 (1-2), 67-77 (2002).</li><li>Pinhasov, A., Crooke, J., Rosenthal, D., Brenneman, D., Malatynska, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+of+Submissive+Behavior+Model+for+antidepressant+drug+activity+testing:+Study+using+a+video-tracking+system.">Reduction of Submissive Behavior Model for antidepressant drug activity testing: Study using a video-tracking system.</a> Behavioural Pharmacology. 16 (8), 657-664 (2005).</li><li>Nesher, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+responses+to+distinct+psychotropic+agents+of+selectively+bred+dominant+and+submissive+animals.">Differential responses to distinct psychotropic agents of selectively bred dominant and submissive animals.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 236 (1), 225-235 (2013).</li></ol>

临床研究表明，脑损伤可能会增加患精神疾病的风险26,27。此外，TBI影响社会行为的发展28,29。在该协议中，TBI模型对主导 - 顺从行为的呈现有影响。支配顺从行为表现为在喂食器上花费的时间以及谁先来到喂食器。
除了这里执行的行为任务外，还存在其他用于评估支配-顺从关系的任务?...

当同一物种的成员同时争夺有限的资源时，就会发生种内竞争1.相反，种间竞争发生在两个不同物种的成员之间2。种内竞争分为两种类型，包括干扰（适应）和开发（竞争），其产生取决于争夺的资源类型，例如食物和领土3。
没有支配-顺从关系 （DSR），社会等级制度的存在是不可能的。优势表现为成对动物中的“赢”，从属表现为“输”4。但是，DSR 不仅成对出现，而且以三个或更多为一组出现。1922年，Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe描述了家鸡的支配等级制度。主要和从属动物之间的主要区别标志是在喂食器上花费的时间和攻击行为。优势层次结构分为两种形式：线性和非线性5.线性优势涉及两组，A 和 B。在这种传递关系范式6中，A组主导B组，或B组主导A组.当至少存在一个循环关系时，就会发生非线性优势：A主导B，B主导C，C主导A7。
不同物种存在评估支配-顺从行为的模型，包括啮齿动物、鸟类8、非人类灵长类动物9、10、11 和人类12。显性-顺从法在文献中得到了很好的体现，并已被用作评估躁狂和抑郁的模型13，以及抗抑郁药物活性14。该模型已被用于研究成年大鼠母体分离后的早期生活压力15。DSR范式可分为三个模型：显性行为模型13,16的减少，顺从行为模型14的减少和支配模型17的可乐定逆转。
这项研究展示了通过基于食物竞争的任务对DSR的调查。这种方法的优点是易于重现，能够观察和准确分析支配-顺从行为。此外，与类似的行为任务不同，支配-顺从行为任务依赖于食物而不是领土，这使得这种行为任务成本更低、更简单，研究人员不需要经过复杂的训练来执行任务和处理数据。
目前研究的总体目标是证明创伤性脑损伤（TBI）后DSR的发展。TBI 与社交障碍、抑郁和焦虑有关。诱导TBI的模型是一种简单有效的标准模型，涉及使用液体叩诊装置诱导创伤性脑损伤18,19。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2% chlorhexidine in 70% alcohol solution</td>
			<td>SIGMA - ALDRICH</td>
			<td>500 cc</td>
			<td>For general antisepsis of the skin in the operatory field</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 boards of different thicknesses (1.5 cm, 2.5 cm, 5 cm and 8.5 cm)</td>
			<td>This is to evaluate neurological defect</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 Nylon suture</td>
			<td>4-00</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottles</td>
			<td>Techniplast</td>
			<td>ACBT0262SU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bupivacaine 0.1 %</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond Hole Saw Drill 3 mm diameter</td>
			<td>Glass Hole Saw Kit</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Weighing Scale</td>
			<td>SIGMA - ALDRICH</td>
			<td>Rs 4,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting scissors</td>
			<td>SIGMA - ALDRICH</td>
			<td>Z265969</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol 99.9 %</td>
			<td>Pharmacy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5%-10% solution used to clean equipment and remove odors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluid-percussion device</td>
			<td>custom-made at the university workshop</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>No specific brand is recommended.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze Sponges</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gloves (thin laboratory gloves)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heater with thermometer</td>
			<td>Heatingpad-1</td>
			<td>Model: HEATINGPAD-1/2</td>
			<td>No specific brand is recommended.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horizon-XL</td>
			<td>Mennen Medical Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isofluran, USP 100%</td>
			<td>Piramamal Critical Care, Inc</td>
			<td>NDC 66794-017</td>
			<td>Anesthetic liquid for inhalation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Logitech Webcam Software</td>
			<td>Logitech</td>
			<td>2.51</td>
			<td>Software for video camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operating forceps</td>
			<td>SIGMA - ALDRICH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operating Scissors</td>
			<td>SIGMA - ALDRICH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC Computer for USV recording and data analyses</td>
			<td>Intel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Intel core i5-6500 CPU @ 3.2GHz, 16 GB RAM, 64-bit operating system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexiglass boxes linked by a narrow passage</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Two transparent 30 cm &#215; 20 cm &#215; 20 cm plexiglass boxes linked by a narrow 15 cm &#215; 15 cm &#215; 60 cm passage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purina Chow</td>
			<td>Purina</td>
			<td>5001</td>
			<td>Rodent laboratory chow given to rats,&#160; is a lifecycle nutrition that has been used in biomedical research</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat cages (rat home cage or another enclosure)</td>
			<td>Techniplast</td>
			<td>2000P</td>
			<td>No specific brand is recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blades 11</td>
			<td>SIGMA - ALDRICH</td>
			<td>S2771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS</td>
			<td>SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA</td>
			<td>A 20 package</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic Instrument</td>
			<td>custom-made at the university workshop</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>No specific brand is recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Timing device</td>
			<td>Interval Timer:Timing for recording USV&#39;s</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional. Any timer will do, although it is convenient to use an interval timer if you are tickling multiple rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video camera</td>
			<td>Logitech</td>
			<td>C920 HD PRO WEBCAM</td>
			<td>Digital video camera for high definition recording of rat behavior under dominant submissive test</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessing dominant-submissive behavior in adult rats following traumatic brain injury

对食物、领地和配偶等资源的竞争显着影响动物物种内部的关系，并通过通常基于支配-顺从关系的社会等级制度进行调解。支配-顺从关系是一个物种个体之间的正常行为模式。创伤性脑损伤是动物对中社会互动障碍和支配-顺从关系重组的常见原因。该协议描述了成年雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠在诱导创伤性脑损伤后通过诱导后29天至33天之间进行的一系列显性 - 顺从测试与幼稚大鼠相比的顺从行为诱导诱导后29天至33天。显性顺从行为测试显示了脑损伤如何诱导争夺食物的动物的顺从行为。在创伤性脑损伤后，啮齿动物更加顺从，这表明它们在喂食器上花费的时间更少，并且与对照动物相比不太可能首先到达低谷。根据该协议，成年雄性大鼠的创伤性脑损伤后发生顺从行为。

神经系统严重程度评分评估 使用NSS评估TBI后雄性大鼠的神经功能缺损。将大鼠分为两组：TBI组1组和对照组1组。对照组接受假手术。NSS允许通过积分系统22,23评估运动功能和行为改变;24分表示严重神经功能障碍，0分表示神经功能完整。TBI组和假手术组在手术前1 h的神经功能缺损无统计学意义。与假手术大鼠相比，TBI大鼠术后48小时的神经?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Dominant-Submissive Behavior in Adult Rats Following Traumatic Brain Injury at JoVE.com

Assessing Dominant-Submissive Behavior in Adult Rats Following Traumatic Brain Injury

本协议描述了流体叩击引起的创伤性脑损伤的大鼠模型，然后进行一系列行为测试，以了解主导和顺从行为的发展。将这种创伤性脑损伤模型与特定行为测试结合使用，可以研究脑损伤后的社会障碍。

评估创伤性脑损伤后成年大鼠的显性顺从行为

Competition over resources such as food, territory, and mates significantly influences relationships within animal species and is mediated through social ...

在这项研究中，我们想通过基于食物竞争的测试来展示对支配-顺从关系的调查。目前研究的总体目标是显示创伤性脑损伤后支配 - 顺从关系的发展。这种方法的优点是易于重现，能够观察和准确分析支配-顺从行为。显性-顺从法在文献中得到了很好的体现，并已被用作评估躁狂和抑郁的模型。该模型也已用于研究成年大鼠母体分离后的早期生活压力。首先，随机选择30名成年男性。将它们分为创伤性脑损伤和假性组。随意提供食物和水。在受伤之前，如手稿中所述，对两组大鼠的神经严重程度评分进行基线评估。麻醉大鼠后，通过测试对兴奋剂的反应缺乏运动或踏板反射来检查大鼠的固定情况。在前膛后4毫米和外侧4毫米处进行开颅手术。使用流体敲击装置，通过三向旋塞阀在 21 至 23 毫秒内诱发创伤性脑损伤。对假手术大鼠组进行开颅手术，并在闭合伤口之前浸润0.1%布比卡因。测试前一周，将大鼠随机分成笼子。使用由两个由细长隧道连接的透明丙烯酸玻璃盒制成的设备。接下来，用加糖牛奶填充喂料器并将其放在隧道中心。将每只大鼠放入装置中15分钟，以便在前两天居住。从对照组中随机选择一只大鼠，从创伤性脑损伤组中随机选择一只大鼠，并将它们与喂食器保持相等的距离，让它们探索五分钟。允许老鼠随意获得水。放置摄像机。安装推荐的计算机软件来捕获，保存和处理数据，并在老鼠在竞技场时录制视频。神经严重程度评分显示，手术后48小时，创伤性脑损伤大鼠的神经缺陷比假手术大鼠更大。然而，手术后28天，创伤性脑损伤组和假手术组之间的差异不显著。与假手术大鼠相比，创伤性脑损伤大鼠在饲养器上花费的时间显着缩短。与假手术大鼠相比，创伤性脑损伤更少，首先进入喂食器。最重要的是在每次会话前清洁设备，并在空气流通适当的房间内进行测试。这项技术为研究人员探索脑损伤后大鼠的主导顺从行为铺平了道路。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food ...

科研

行为学

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

操作性程序，以评估大鼠的行为灵活性

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury

探索孤立的表达式和电影剪辑的使用与创伤性脑损伤的人评价情感识别

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）：一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Assessing Spatial Memory Impairment in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury Using a Radial Water Tread Maze

使用径向水痕迷宫评估外伤性脑损伤小鼠模型中的空间记忆障碍

Despite the recent increase in use of mouse models in scientific research, researchers continue to use cognitive tasks that were originally designed and ...

Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury

颅脑损伤后大鼠行为缺陷的检测

With the increasing incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in both civilian and military populations, TBI is now considered a chronic disease; however, ...

Using Laser Doppler Imaging and Monitoring to Analyze Spinal Cord Microcirculation in Rat

激光多普勒成像与监测在大鼠脊髓微循环分析中的应用

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method for blood flow (BF) measurement, which makes it preferable for measuring microcirculatory ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

旋钮旋任务: 一种半自动评估大鼠前肢功能的方法

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

一种用于大鼠渴望培养的条件场所偏好协议

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed ...