Name: virus propagation and cell-based colorimetric quantification
Uploaded: 2023-04-07T14:55:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Virus Propagation and Cell-Based Colorimetric Quantification at JoVE.com

This research received support from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia under the Long-Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS MRUN Phase 1: LRGS MRUN/F1/01/2018) and funding for the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) program (MO002-2019). Figure 3 in this study that shows the workflow of staining for the foci forming assay is adapted from &#34;DAB Immunohistochemistry&#34; by BioRender.com (2022). Retrieved from&#160;https://app.biorender.com/biorender-templates/t-5f3edb2eb20ace00af8faed9-dab-immunohistochemistry.

1. Virus propagation
<ol>
	<li>Cell preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Grow Vero cells in a 75 cm2 cell culture flask containing 12 mL of Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle&#39;s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 2 mM L-glutamine (see Table of Materials). Incubate the cells in a cell culture incubator at 37 &#176;C with 5% CO2.</li>
		<li>Monitor the cells under a microscope; once the cells reach 70%-90% confluency, they are ready to be used (<stron...

<ol>
	<li>Dick, G. W. A., Kitchen, S. F., Haddow, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus.+I.+Isolations+and+serological+specificity.">Zika virus. I. Isolations and serological specificity.</a> Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 46 (5), 509-520 (1952).</li><li>Dick, G. W. A., Kitchen, S. F., Haddow, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus.+II.+Pathogenicity+and+physical+properties.">Zika virus. II. Pathogenicity and physical properties.</a> Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 46 (5), (1952).</li><li>Duffy, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus+outbreak+on+Yap+Island,+Federated+States+of+Micronesia.">Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (24), 2536-2543 (2009).</li><li>Musso, D., Nilles, E. J., Cao-Lormeau, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+spread+of+emerging+Zika+virus+in+the+Pacific+area.">Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area.</a> Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (10), O595-O596 (2014).</li><li>Cao-Lormeau, V. -. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus,+French+polynesia,+South+pacific,+2013.">Zika virus, French polynesia, South pacific, 2013.</a> Emerging Infectious Diseases. 20 (6), 1085-1086 (2014).</li><li>Dupont-Rouzeyrol, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Co-infection+with+Zika+and+dengue+viruses+in+2+patients,+New+Caledonia,+2014.">Co-infection with Zika and dengue viruses in 2 patients, New Caledonia, 2014.</a> Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21 (2), 381-382 (2015).</li><li>Roth, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concurrent+outbreaks+of+dengue,+chikungunya+and+Zika+virus+infections-an+unprecedented+epidemic+wave+of+mosquito-borne+viruses+in+the+Pacific+2012-2014.">Concurrent outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus infections-an unprecedented epidemic wave of mosquito-borne viruses in the Pacific 2012-2014.</a> Euro Surveillance. 19 (41), 20929 (2014).</li><li>Tognarelli, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+report+on+the+outbreak+of+Zika+virus+on+Easter+Island,+South+Pacific,+2014.">A report on the outbreak of Zika virus on Easter Island, South Pacific, 2014.</a> Archives of Virology. 161 (3), 665-668 (2016).</li><li>Oehler, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus+infection+complicated+by+Guillain-Barre+syndrome-case+report,+French+Polynesia,+December+2013.">Zika virus infection complicated by Guillain-Barre syndrome-case report, French Polynesia, December 2013.</a> Euro Surveillance. 19 (9), 20720 (2014).</li><li>Faria, N. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus+in+the+Americas:+early+epidemiological+and+genetic+findings.">Zika virus in the Americas: early epidemiological and genetic findings.</a> Science. 352 (6283), 345-349 (2016).</li><li>Rapid risk assessment: Zika virus epidemic in the Americas: potential association with microcephaly and Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome - 4th update. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/rapid-risk-assessment-zika-virus-epidemic-americas-potential-association">https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/rapid-risk-assessment-zika-virus-epidemic-americas-potential-association</a> (2015)</li><li>Payne, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+to+study+viruses.">Methods to study viruses.</a> Viruses. , 37-52 (2017).</li><li>Bustin, S. A., Mueller, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+reverse+transcription+PCR+(qRT-PCR)+and+its+potential+use+in+clinical+diagnosis.">Real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and its potential use in clinical diagnosis.</a> Clinical Science. 109 (4), 365-379 (2005).</li><li>Sedlak, R. H., Jerome, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral+diagnostics+in+the+era+of+digital+polymerase+chain+reaction.">Viral diagnostics in the era of digital polymerase chain reaction.</a> Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 75 (1), 1-4 (2013).</li><li>Bae, H. -. G., Nitsche, A., Teichmann, A., Biel, S. S., Niedrig, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+yellow+fever+virus:+a+comparison+of+quantitative+real-time+PCR+and+plaque+assay.">Detection of yellow fever virus: a comparison of quantitative real-time PCR and plaque assay.</a> Journal of Virological Methods. 110 (2), 185-191 (2003).</li><li>Dulbecco, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+plaques+in+monolayer+tissue+cultures+by+single+particles+of+an+animal+virus.">Production of plaques in monolayer tissue cultures by single particles of an animal virus.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 38 (8), 747-752 (1952).</li><li>Nahapetian, A. T., Thomas, J. N., Thilly, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+environment+for+high+density+Vero+cell+culture:+effect+of+dissolved+oxygen+and+nutrient+supply+on+cell+growth+and+changes+in+metabolites.">Optimization of environment for high density Vero cell culture: effect of dissolved oxygen and nutrient supply on cell growth and changes in metabolites.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 81, 65-103 (1986).</li><li>Agbulos, D. S., Barelli, L., Giordano, B. V., Hunter, F. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus:+quantification,+propagation,+detection,+and+storage.">Zika virus: quantification, propagation, detection, and storage.</a> Current Protocols in Microbiology. 43, (2016).</li><li>Brien, J. D., Lazear, H. M., Diamond, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Propagation,+quantification,+detection,+and+storage+of+West+Nile+virus.">Propagation, quantification, detection, and storage of West Nile virus.</a> Current Protocols in Microbiology. 31, (2013).</li><li>Bol&#237;var-Marin, S., Bosch, I., Narv&#225;ez, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combination+of+the+focus-forming+assay+and+digital+automated+imaging+analysis+for+the+detection+of+dengue+and+Zika+viral+loads+in+cultures+and+acute+disease.">Combination of the focus-forming assay and digital automated imaging analysis for the detection of dengue and Zika viral loads in cultures and acute disease.</a> Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2022, 2177183 (2022).</li><li>Dangsagul, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus+isolation,+propagation,+and+quantification+using+multiple+methods.">Zika virus isolation, propagation, and quantification using multiple methods.</a> PLoS One. 16 (7), e0255314 (2021).</li><li>Brien, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genotype-specific+neutralization+and+protection+by+antibodies+against+dengue+virus+type+3.">Genotype-specific neutralization and protection by antibodies against dengue virus type 3.</a> Journal of Virology. 84 (20), 10630-10643 (2010).</li><li>Lazear, H. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+of+Zika+virus+pathogenesis.">A mouse model of Zika virus pathogenesis.</a> Cell Host &amp; Microbe. 19 (5), 720-730 (2016).</li><li>Miner, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus+infection+during+pregnancy+in+mice+causes+placental+damage+and+fetal+demise.">Zika virus infection during pregnancy in mice causes placental damage and fetal demise.</a> Cell. 165 (5), 1081-1091 (2016).</li><li>Kang, W., Shin, E. -. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colorimetric+focus-forming+assay+with+automated+focus+counting+by+image+analysis+for+quantification+of+infectious+hepatitis+C+virions.">Colorimetric focus-forming assay with automated focus counting by image analysis for quantification of infectious hepatitis C virions.</a> PLoS One. 7 (8), e43960 (2012).</li><li>Brien, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+quantification+of+Zika+virus+from+multiple+organs+in+a+mouse.">Isolation and quantification of Zika virus from multiple organs in a mouse.</a> Journal of VIsualized Experiments. (150), e59632 (2019).</li><li>Payne, A. F., Binduga-Gajewska, I., Kauffman, E. B., Kramer, L. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+of+flaviviruses+by+fluorescent+focus+assay.">Quantitation of flaviviruses by fluorescent focus assay.</a> Journal of Virological Methods. 134 (1-2), 183-189 (2006).</li><li>Moser, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+adaptation+of+Zika+virus+in+mammalian+and+mosquito+cells.">Growth and adaptation of Zika virus in mammalian and mosquito cells.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 12 (11), e0006880 (2018).</li><li>Ishimine, T., Tadano, M., Fukunaga, T., Okuno, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+micromethod+for+infectivity+assays+and+neutralization+tests+of+dengue+viruses.">An improved micromethod for infectivity assays and neutralization tests of dengue viruses.</a> Biken Journal. 30 (2), 39-44 (1987).</li><li>Leiva, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+quantitative+immunofluorescence+assays+to+analyze+the+expression+of+cell+contact+proteins+during+Zika+virus+infections.">Application of quantitative immunofluorescence assays to analyze the expression of cell contact proteins during Zika virus infections.</a> Virus Research. 304, 198544 (2021).</li><li>Lee, E. M., Titus, S. A., Xu, M., Tang, H., Zheng, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+Zika+viral+titer+assay+for+rapid+screening+of+antiviral+drugs.">High-throughput Zika viral titer assay for rapid screening of antiviral drugs.</a> ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies. 17 (3), 128-139 (2019).</li></ol>

There are several assays to determine virus titer; the PFA has a similar virus quantitation protocol as the FFA, in which the virus inoculum is diluted to allow individual plaques or foci to be distinguished. After staining, each plaque or foci indicates a single infectious particle in the inoculum19. The PFA is stained with crystal violet to visualize plaque formation caused by cell lysis or death. Hence, the PFA is more time-consuming, as it requires a longer time for the virus to cause CPEs, an...

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is an emerging mosquito-borne viral disease. The first isolation of ZIKV was in Uganda in 19471,2; it remained neglected from 1947 to 2007, as the clinical symptoms are most commonly asymptomatic and characterized by self-limiting febrile illness. In 2007, the Zika epidemic began in the Yap islands3,4, followed by larger epidemics in the Pacific regions (French Polynesia, Easter Island, Cook Islands, and New Caledonia) from 2013 to 20145,6,7,8, where the severe neurological complication Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome (GBS) was reported in adults for the first time9. During 2015 and 2016, the first widespread ZIKV epidemic swept across the Americas after the emergence of the Asian genotype of ZIKV in Brazil in as early as 201310. During this outbreak, 440,000 to 1.3 million cases of microcephaly, and other neurological disorders, were reported in newborn babies11. There is currently no specific cure or treatment for ZIKV infection; hence, there is an urgent medical need for ZIKV vaccines capable of preventing infections, particularly during pregnancy.
Virus quantification is a process to determine the number of viruses present in a sample. It plays an important role in research, and academic laboratories involve many fields, such as medicine and life sciences. This process is also important in commercial sectors, such as the production of viral vaccines, recombinant proteins, viral antigens, or antiviral agents. Many methods or assays can be used for virus quantification12. The choice of methods or assays normally depends on the virus characteristics, desired level of accuracy, and the nature of the experiment or research. In general, methods of quantifying viruses can be divided into two categories: molecular assays that detect the presence of viral nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and assays that measure virus infectivity in vitro12. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR, for DNA) or quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR, for RNA)13 and digital droplet PCR14 are examples of common molecular techniques used to quantitate the viral nucleic acid in a given sample15. However, these highly sensitive molecular techniques cannot differentiate between viable and non-viable viruses15. Therefore, research that requires information on biological features, such as virus infectivity on cells, cannot be completed using the abovementioned molecular techniques; assays that can measure and determine the presence of viable viruses are needed. Assays that measure virus infectivity include the plaque forming assay (PFA), 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50), the fluorescent focus assay, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)12.
The PFA, developed by Renato Dulbecco in 1952, is one of the most commonly used methods for virus titration, including for ZIKV16. It is used to directly determine the viral concentrations for infectious lytic virions. The method is based on the ability of a lytic virus to produce cytopathic effects (CPEs; zones of cell death or plaques, an area of infection surrounded by uninfected cells) in an inoculated cell monolayer after viral infection. However, there are several drawbacks to the assay that affect its utility. The assay is time-consuming (takes approximately 7-10 days, depending on viruses), CPE-dependent, and prone to errors. In the present study, we report an immunocolorimetric technique, the focus forming assay (FFA), for detecting and quantifying ZIKV in 24-well plate and 96-well plate formats.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m Polyethersulfone syringe filter</td>
			<td>Sartorius</td>
			<td>S6534-FMOSK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Nest</td>
			<td>615601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL sterile serological pipette</td>
			<td>Labserv</td>
			<td>14955156</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x Dulbecco&#8217;s phosphate-buffered saline (dPBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190-136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.0 mL Screw cap tube&#160;</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>SCT-200-SS-C-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3526</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 mL Sterile serological pipettes</td>
			<td>Labserv</td>
			<td>14955157</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3,3&#39;Diaminobenzidine (DAB) peroxidase substrate</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>34065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37 &#176;C incubator with 5% CO2</td>
			<td>Sanyo</td>
			<td>MCO-18AIC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL sterile serological pipette</td>
			<td>Labserv</td>
			<td>14955155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>LAB352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75 cm2 tissue culture flask&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430725U</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-flavivirus monoclonal antibody, 4G2 (clone D1-4G2-4-15)</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>MAB10216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclaved 20x Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>22.8 g of 8 mM Na2HPO4, 4.0 g of 1.5 mM KH2PO4, 160 g of 0.14 M NaCl, 4.0 g of 2.7 mM KCl, 1 L of MilliQ H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biological safety cabinet, Class II</td>
			<td>Holten</td>
			<td>HB2448</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CTL S6 Universal ELISpot/FluoroSpot Analyzer</td>
			<td>ImmunoSpot, Cellular Technology Limited (CTL)</td>
			<td>CTL-S6UNV12</td>
			<td>Commercial software analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12800-017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Bovogen</td>
			<td>SFBS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>12-349</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemacytometer</td>
			<td>Laboroptik LTD</td>
			<td>Neubauer improved</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IGEPAL CA-630 detergent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I8896</td>
			<td>Octylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy)ethanolIGEPAL&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>ZEISS</td>
			<td>TELAVAL 31</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laboratory rocker</td>
			<td>FINEPCR</td>
			<td>CR300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low viscosity carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5678</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel micropipette (10 - 100 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3125000036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel micropipette (30 - 300 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3125000052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single channel pipettes (10 - 100 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3123000047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single channel pipettes (100 - 1000 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3123000063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single channel pipettes (20 - 200 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3123000055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skim milk</td>
			<td>Sunlac Low Fat</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Prepare 3% Skim milk in 1x PBS for blocking stage in staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hypochlorite</td>
			<td>Clorox</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>To disinfect any discarded infectious liquid waste from flasks/plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe disposable, Luer Lock, 10 mL with 21 G Needle</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>SS10L21G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vero African green monkey kidney cells&#160;</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>ECACC 88020401</td>
			<td>Received from collaborator. However, Vero cells obtained from other suppliers should be able to be used with some optimization.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

virus propagation and cell-based colorimetric quantification

Zikavirus (ZIKV) er en mygbåren virus tilhørende slægten Flavivirus. ZIKV-infektion har været forbundet med medfødte hjerneabnormiteter og potentielt Guillain-Barré syndrom hos voksne. Forskning i ZIKV for at forstå sygdomsmekanismerne er vigtig for at lette vaccine- og behandlingsudvikling. Metoden til kvantificering af vira er afgørende og grundlæggende inden for virologi. Fokusdannende assay (FFA) er et viruskvantificeringsassay, der detekterer det virale antigen med antistoffer og identificerer infektionsfoci af celler ved hjælp af peroxidaseimmunfarvningsteknikken. Den aktuelle undersøgelse beskriver virusudbredelses- og kvantificeringsprotokollen ved hjælp af både 24-brønd og 96-brønd (høj gennemstrømning) formater. Sammenlignet med andre lignende undersøgelser har denne protokol yderligere beskrevet foci størrelsesoptimering, som kan tjene som vejledning til at udvide brugen af dette assay til andre vira. For det første udføres ZIKV-formering i Vero-celler i 3 dage. Den kultursupernatant, der indeholder ZIKV, høstes og kvantificeres ved hjælp af FFA. Kort fortalt podes viruskulturen på Vero-celler og inkuberes i 2-3 dage. Focidannelse bestemmes derefter efter optimerede farvningsprocesser, herunder cellefiksering, permeabilisering, blokering, antistofbinding og inkubation med peroxidasesubstrat. De farvede virusfoci visualiseres ved hjælp af et stereomikroskop (manuel tælling i 24-brøndformat) eller softwareanalysator (automatiseret tælling i 96-brøndformat). FFA giver reproducerbare, relativt hurtige resultater (3-4 dage) og er egnet til brug for forskellige vira, herunder ikke-plakdannende vira. Derefter er denne protokol nyttig til undersøgelse af ZIKV-infektion og kan bruges til at detektere andre klinisk vigtige vira.

ZIKV can be quantified using the FFA, as outlined schematically in Figure 3. For the 24-well plate, the infected Vero cells were fixed at 48 h, 60 h, 72 h, 84 h, and 96 h post-infection. The results showed that the cells remained intact (no cell detachment was observed) after 96 h (4 days) post-infection (Figure 4 and Supplementary Figure 8A-E). The appearance of virus foci was first observed at 48 h (2 days) post-infection (<strong class="xfig"...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Virus Propagation and Cell-Based Colorimetric Quantification at JoVE.com

Virus Propagation and Cell-Based Colorimetric Quantification

The present protocol describes the propagation of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Vero African green monkey kidney cells and the quantification of ZIKV using cell-based colorimetric immunodetection methods in 24-well and 96-well (high throughput) formats.

Virusformering og cellebaseret kolorimetrisk kvantificering

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus. ZIKV infection has been associated with congenital brain abnormalities and ...

Denne protokol gør det muligt at identificere og kvantificere Zika-viruset uden at stole på cytopatisk virkning. Det afhænger af antistofgenkendelse af viruskomponent. Brugen af virusspecifikt antistof kan hjælpe med at identificere forskellige virusserotyper i blandede populationer.Denne metode har fordele i forhold til klassiske plakdannende assays. Det er hurtigere og aktiveret til applikationer med højt gennemløb, når det anvendes med et automatiseret billedbehandlingssystem til hurtig celletælling. Den foreslåede protokol er meget tilpasningsdygtig.Med passende ændringer kan den foreslåede protokol anvendes på forskellige celletyper og virale mål. Start med at dyrke Vero-celler i en 75 kvadrat = centimeter cellekulturkolbe, der indeholder 12 ml DMEM suppleret med 10% FBS og to millimol L-glutamin. Kolben anbringes i en cellekulturinkubator ved 37 grader Celsius og 5% kuldioxid.For at inficere cellemonolaget skal du bruge en 10 ml serologisk pipette til at fjerne vækstmediet fra cellekulturkolben. Brug en fem ml serologisk pipette til at skylle kolben med tre ml DPBS to gange. Derefter tilsættes to milliliter serumfri DMEM og 20 mikroliter Zika-virusinokulum i cellekulturkolben.Lad kolben inkubere ved stuetemperatur i en time med forsigtig vuggen for at fremme virusadsorption. Ved afslutningen af inkubationen fjernes og kasseres det fortyndede virusinokulum forsigtigt fra cellekulturkolben ved hjælp af en serologisk pipette på fem ml. Skyl cellekulturkolben to gange med tre ml DPBS.Derefter tilsættes 12 ml vedligeholdelsesmedier i cellekulturkolben for at opretholde de inficerede celler. Inkuber de inficerede Vero-celler i tre dage i en cellekulturinkubator ved 37 grader Celsius og 5% kuldioxid. Efter tre dages inkubation anvendes en 10 ml serologisk pipette til at høste cellekultursupernatanten indeholdende zikavirus i et 50 ml centrifugeglas.Til viruskvantificering frø Vero-celler i udpegede plader og lad dem vokse natten over ved 37 grader Celsius med en 5% kuldioxidatmosfære. Forbered seks sterile 1,5 ml mikrocentrifugerør til hver plade for at udføre en ti gange seriel fortynding, herunder et ekstra rør til en negativ kontrol. For en 24-brønds pladeopsætning tilsættes 450 mikroliter serumfri DMEM til alle seks mikrocentrifugerør.For en 96-brønds pladeopsætning dispenseres 135 mikroliter serumfri DMEM til seks ekstra rør. For at udføre seriel fortynding til 24-brøndspladeeksperimentet tilsættes 50 mikroliter Zika-viruslager i 10 til minus et rør indeholdende 450 mikroliter serumfri DMEM. Til 96-brøndspladeeksperimentet tilsættes 15 mikroliter Zika-viruslager i 10 til minus et rør indeholdende 135 mikroliter serumfri DMEM.Vortex hvert rør for grundigt at blande virus og medium, hvilket sikrer en jævn fordeling af viruspartikler i fortyndingen. Brug en frisk pipettespids til at resuspendere 10 til minus et rør og overfør 50 og 15 mikroliter fortyndet Zika-virus til 10 til minus to-røret som en anden ti-fold fortynding for henholdsvis 24- og 96-brøndpladerne. Tilstandsmediet fjernes og kasseres for hvert hul på den relevante plade.Skyl hver brønd med DPBS to gange for at fjerne eventuelle rester. Start med den højeste fortynding, tilsæt det serielt fortyndede virusinokulum i hullerne, og arbejd mod den laveste fortynding. Efter en times inkubation fjernes virussuspensionen fra brøndene, begyndende med den laveste til den højeste koncentration, og kasseres den.Vask de inficerede celler med DPBS to gange for at fjerne spor af virussuspension. Overlejr brønden med DMEM og 1,5% carboxymethylcellulose med lav viskositet. Inkuber pladen i en cellekulturinkubator ved 37 grader Celsius med 5% kuldioxid.Efter inkubation fjernes og kasseres overlaymediet, og cellerne vaskes tre gange med PBS. Til 96-brøndspladen skal du bruge en multikanalpipette til at fjerne og kassere overlaymediet og vaske cellerne tre gange med 60 mikroliter PBS pr. Hul. Tilsæt 4% paraformaldehyd for at fiksere cellerne og inkubere pladen ved stuetemperatur i 20 minutter.Efter 20 minutter kasseres paraformaldehydet og vaskes cellerne tre gange med PBS. Derefter tilsættes 3, 3'diaminobenzidinperoxidasesubstrat og inkuberer pladen i 30 minutter i mørke. Efter 30 minutter skal du stoppe reaktionen ved at vaske brøndene med vand.Lufttør pladerne natten over og fortsæt til foci-optælling. Tæl foci for hver replikat af den valgte fortynding, og beregn det gennemsnitlige antal foci for hver. De inficerede Vero-celler blev fikseret på forskellige tidspunkter efter infektion.For 2-brøndpladen blev det første udseende af virusfoci observeret 48 timer efter infektion, selvom foci-størrelsen var for lille til at tælle nøjagtigt. Efter 96 timer efter infektion var der ingen tegn på celleløsning. 60 timer efter infektion var focistørrelsen steget til et optimalt niveau til tælling.Efterfølgende, som tiden skred frem, blev foci større og begyndte at fusionere eller overlappe hinanden i intensitet og dannede klynger, der voksede over tid. Derfor blev foci dannet 60 timer efter, at infektionen blev valgt til at bestemme Zika-virustiteren i en 24-brøndplade. For 96-brøndpladen forblev cellerne intakte efter 72 timer efter infektion.Udseendet af virusfoci blev først observeret 24 timer efter infektion. Men op til 36 timer efter infektion var foci-størrelsen for lille. Den optimale focistørrelse blev opnået 48 timer efter infektion.På sidstnævnte tidspunkter blev overlappende eller fusionerede foci observeret, og antallet af overlappende foci steg over tid. Focierne blev dannet 48 timer efter, at infektionen blev valgt til at bestemme virustiteren af Zika-virusisolater. Tilsæt forsigtigt DPBS ned ad siden af hver brønd, og vip pladerne frem og tilbage en til tre gange for at fjerne celleaffald og overskydende medier.Denne teknik vil i høj grad gavne forskere i Zika-forskning og kan også bredt tilpasses til at kvantificere andre klinisk vigtige vira, hvilket gør den til et værdifuldt værktøj til virusovervågning og diagnose.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

ampliPHOX Colorimetric Detection on a DNA Microarray for Influenza

DNA microarrays have emerged as a powerful tool for pathogen detection.1-5  For instance, many examples of the ability to type and subtype influenza virus ...

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Propagation of Homalodisca coagulata virus-01 via Homalodisca vitripennis Cell Culture

Formering af<em&gt; Homalodisca coagulata virus-01</em&gt; Via<em&gt; Homalodisca vitripennis</em&gt; Cell Culture

The glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis) is a highly vagile and polyphagous insect found throughout the southwestern United States. These ...

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

Influenza virusformering i befrugtede hønseæg

Influenza infection is associated with about 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations every year in the United States. The continuous ...

Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

Neutrofil Isolering og analyse for at fastslå deres rolle i lymfom Cell Følsomhed til terapeutiske midler

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of ...

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Evaluering af effekt og toksicitet af RNA Målretning HIV-1 Produktion til brug i Gene eller Drug Therapy

Small RNA therapies targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are among the top candidates for gene therapy and have the potential ...

Rapid, Safe, and Simple Manual Bedside Nucleic Acid Extraction for the Detection of Virus in Whole Blood Samples

Hurtig, sikker og simpel manuel sengelamper nukleinsyre udvinding til påvisning af Virus i blodprøver

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for ...

Identification of Coding and Non-coding RNA Classes Expressed in Swine Whole Blood

Identifikation af kodning og ikke-kodende RNA klasser udtrykt i svin fuldblod

The advent of innovative and increasingly powerful next generation sequencing techniques has opened new avenues into the ability to examine the underlying ...

Quantification of Antibody-dependent Enhancement of the Zika Virus in Primary Human Cells

Kvantificeringen af antistof-afhængige Enhancement Zika virus i primære humane celler

The recent emergence of the flavivirus Zika and neurological complications, such as Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and microcephaly in infants, has brought ...

Isolation and Quantification of Zika Virus from Multiple Organs in a Mouse

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The methods being presented demonstrate laboratory procedures for the isolation of organs from Zika virus infected animals and the quantification of viral ...

In Vitro ELISA Test to Evaluate Rabies Vaccine Potency

In Vitro ELISA test til vurdering af rabiesvaccine potens

The growing global concern for the animal welfare is encouraging manufacturers and the National Control Laboratories (OMCLs) to follow the 3Rs strategy ...