Name: quantification of oculomotor responses and accommodation through instrumentation and analysis toolboxes
Uploaded: 2023-03-03T13:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Oculomotor Responses and Accommodation Through Instrumentation and Analysis Toolboxes at JoVE.com

这项研究得到了美国国立卫生研究院对TLA的R01EY023261拨款以及向SNF提供的Barry Goldwater奖学金和NJIT教务长博士奖的支持。

该研究创建并成功实施了该仪器和数据分析套件，已获得新泽西理工学院机构审查委员会HHS FWA 00003246批准F182-13的批准，并被批准为随机临床试验，发布在 ClinicalTrials.gov 标识符：NCT03593031上，由NIH EY023261资助。所有参与者阅读并签署了由大学机构审查委员会批准的知情同意书。
1. 仪器设置
<ol><li>监视连接和硬件<ol><li>VE2020 系统按顺时针顺序在空间上分配监视器?...

<ol>
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(49), e2530 (2011).</li><li>Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial Study Group. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Randomized+clinical+trial+of+treatments+for+symptomatic+convergence+insufficiency+in+children.">Randomized clinical trial of treatments for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children.</a> Archives of Ophthalmology. 126 (10), 1336-1349 (2008).</li><li>Borsting, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+of+symptoms+and+convergence+and+accommodative+insufficiency+in+school-age+children.">Association of symptoms and convergence and accommodative insufficiency in school-age children.</a> Optometry. 74 (1), 25-34 (2003).</li><li>Sheard, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zones+of+ocular+comfort.">Zones of ocular comfort.</a> American Journal of Optometry. 7 (1), 9-25 (1930).</li><li>Hofstetter, H. 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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photorefraction+estimates+of+refractive+power+varies+with+the+ethnic+origin+of+human+eyes.">Photorefraction estimates of refractive power varies with the ethnic origin of human eyes.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 7976 (2015).</li><li>Maddox, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Clinical Use of Prisms and the Decentering of Lenses. , (1893).</li><li>Yaramothu, C., Santos, E. M., Alvarez, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+visual+distractors+on+vergence+eye+movements.">Effects of visual distractors on vergence eye movements.</a> Journal of Vision. 18 (6), 2 (2018).</li><li>Borsting, E., Rouse, M. W., De Land, P. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prospective+comparison+of+convergence+insufficiency+and+normal+binocular+children+on+CIRS+symptom+surveys.+Convergence+Insufficiency+and+Reading+Study+(CIRS)+group.">Prospective comparison of convergence insufficiency and normal binocular children on CIRS symptom surveys. Convergence Insufficiency and Reading Study (CIRS) group.</a> Optometry and Vision Science. 76 (4), 221-228 (1999).</li><li>Maxwell, J., Tong, J., Schor, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+first+and+second+order+dynamics+of+accommodative+convergence+and+disparity+convergence.">The first and second order dynamics of accommodative convergence and disparity convergence.</a> Vision Research. 50 (17), 1728-1739 (2010).</li><li>Alvarez, T. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Convergence+Insufficiency+Neuro-mechanism+in+Adult+Population+Study+(CINAPS)+randomized+clinical+trial:+Design,+methods,+and+clinical+data.">The Convergence Insufficiency Neuro-mechanism in Adult Population Study (CINAPS) randomized clinical trial: Design, methods, and clinical data.</a> Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 27 (1), 52-72 (2020).</li><li>Leigh, R. J., Zee, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Neurology of Eye Movements. , (2015).</li><li>Alvarez, T. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+and+functional+imaging+changes+induced+from+vision+therapy+in+patients+with+convergence+insufficiency.">Clinical and functional imaging changes induced from vision therapy in patients with convergence insufficiency.</a> Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 2019, 104-109 (2019).</li><li>Scheiman, M. M., Talasan, H., Mitchell, G. L., Alvarez, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Objective+assessment+of+vergence+after+treatment+of+concussion-related+CI:+A+pilot+study.">Objective assessment of vergence after treatment of concussion-related CI: A pilot study.</a> Optometry and Vision Science. 94 (1), 74-88 (2017).</li><li>Yaramothu, C., Greenspan, L. 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该方法在研究中的应用 最初的 VisualEyes2020 （VE2020） 软件的创新包括 VE2020 的可扩展性，可以通过一个或多个视觉刺激投影到多个显示器上，从而可以研究科学问题，从会聚18 的 Maddox 成分的量化到分散注意力的目标对指示目标的影响19.单倍镜系统扩展到VE2020以及VEMAP和AMAP的互补开发提供了一个独立的刺激和分析平台，与目前可用的眼动和住宿记?...

协调的双眼协调以及对视觉刺激的适当调节和眼动反应是日常生活的关键方面。当个体的收敛眼球运动反应速度降低时，通过眼动记录量化，可能会感知到双视力（复视）1，2。此外，一项 Cochrane 文献荟萃分析报告称，试图维持正常双眼视力的动眼神经功能障碍患者会出现常见的常见视觉症状，包括视力模糊/复视、头痛、眼压/劳损和舒适阅读困难3。快速共轭眼球运动（扫视）在缺乏时，可能对视觉目标反应不足或反应过度，因此这意味着需要进一步的连续扫视来纠正这个错误4。这些动眼反应也可能被调节系统混淆，其中来自镜头的光线聚焦不当会产生模糊5。 
阅读或在电子设备上工作等任务需要协调动眼和调节系统。对于双眼眼动或调节功能障碍的个体，无法维持双眼融合（单眼）和锐利（清晰）视力会降低他们的生活质量和整体生产力。通过建立一种程序方法，通过可重复的仪器配置和客观分析，独立和协调地定量记录这些系统，可以理解有关适应特定缺陷的区别特征。与传统方法相比，眼球运动的定量测量可以导致更全面的诊断6 ，并有可能预测通过治疗干预 进行 补救的可能性。该仪器和数据分析套件为了解当前护理标准（如视觉治疗）背后的机制以及治疗干预可能对患者产生的长期影响提供了见解。在具有和没有正常双眼视力的个体之间建立这些定量差异可以提供新的个性化治疗策略，并根据客观结果测量提高补救效果。
迄今为止，还没有一个单一的商用平台可以同时刺激和定量记录眼动数据，并具有相应的调节位置和速度响应，这些数据可以作为单独的（眼动和调节）数据流进一步处理。调节和动眼神经位置和速度响应的信号处理分析分别确定了大约 10 Hz7 的最低采样要求和扫视眼球运动的建议采样率在 240 Hz 和 250 Hz 之间8，9。然而，眼球运动的奈奎斯特速率尚未确定，尽管会聚的峰值速度比扫视眼球运动低一个数量级。尽管如此，目前关于眼动记录和自动折射仪器平台集成的文献仍存在空白。此外，分析具有同步调节反应的客观眼动反应的能力尚未开源。因此，视觉和神经工程实验室 （VNEL） 通过创建 VE2020 和两个离线信号处理程序套件来分析眼球运动和适应反应，从而解决了同步仪器和分析的需求。VE2020可通过校准程序和刺激方案 进行 定制，以适应从基础科学到临床的各种应用，包括关于收敛不足/过量、发散不足/过量、调节不足/过量、脑震荡相关双眼功能障碍、斜视、弱视和眼球震颤的双眼视觉研究项目。VE2020由VEMAP和AMAP补充，随后为这些受刺激的眼睛和调节运动提供数据分析功能。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Analog Terminal Breakout Box</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>2090A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Convex-Sphere Trial Lens Set</td>
			<td>Reichert</td>
			<td>Portable Precision Lenses</td>
			<td>Utilized for autorefractor calibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphics Cards</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Minimum performance requirement of GTX980 in SLI configuration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ISCAN Eye Tracker</td>
			<td>ISCAN</td>
			<td>ETL200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td>v2022a</td>
			<td>AMAP software rquirement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td>v2015a</td>
			<td>VEMAP software requirement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Windows 10</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td>Windows 10</td>
			<td>Required OS for VE2020</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plusoptix PowerRef3 Autorefractor</td>
			<td>Plusoptix</td>
			<td>PowerRef3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimuli Monitors (Quantity: 4+)</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Resolution 1920x1080</td>
			<td>Note all monitors should be the same model and brand to avoid resolution differences as well as physical configurations</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of oculomotor responses and accommodation through instrumentation and analysis toolboxes

通过有目的的刺激和记录眼球运动，可以观察到眼球运动的潜在神经机制的基本特征。VisualEyes2020 （VE2020） 的开发基于缺乏可定制的基于软件的视觉刺激，可供不依赖传统单倍镜中的电机或执行器的研究人员使用。这种新的仪器和方法是为利用眼动追踪和自动验光仪系统的新型单倍镜配置而开发的。能够同步分析眼球运动和调节反应的分析软件为视力研究人员和临床医生提供了可重复的环境和可共享的工具。视觉和神经工程实验室（VNEL）的眼动分析程序（VEMAP）的建立是为了处理VE2020眼动仪产生的记录，而调节运动分析程序（AMAP）是为了处理相应自动验光仪系统的记录输出。VNEL 研究三种主要刺激：调节（模糊驱动的人工晶状体凸起变化）、会聚（向内、收敛旋转和向外、发散的眼睛旋转）和扫视（共轭眼球运动）。VEMAP 和 AMAP 利用类似的数据流流程、手动操作员交互以及必要时的干预;然而，这些分析平台推进了客观软件套件的建立，最大限度地减少了对操作员的依赖。图形界面及其相应算法的实用性允许以最少的操作员先前编码经验进行广泛的视觉实验。

VE2020诱发的受刺激眼球运动的组级集合图如图 11 所示，具有相应的一阶速度特征。
<img alt="Figure 11" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64808/64808fig11.jpg"> 图 11：眼动反应集合。 显示了使用 VE2020 刺激的会聚台阶（左）和扫视（右）的集合图。每个眼动位置轨迹（度）都绘制为一条唯一颜色?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Oculomotor Responses and Accommodation Through Instrumentation and Analysis Toolboxes at JoVE.com

Quantification of Oculomotor Responses and Accommodation Through Instrumentation and Analysis Toolboxes

VisualEyes2020 （VE2020） 是一种自定义脚本语言，用于呈现、记录和同步视觉眼动刺激。VE2020 为共轭眼球运动（扫视和平滑追逐）、非共轭眼球运动（会聚）、调节和每种运动的组合提供刺激。两个分析程序统一了眼动追踪和住宿记录系统的数据处理。

通过仪器和分析工具量化动眼神经反应和调节

Through the purposeful stimulation and recording of eye movements, the fundamental characteristics of the underlying neural mechanisms of eye movements ...

本研究中使用的软件包提供了对任何给定感兴趣的实验的全面和完整的控制。可视化2020定制刺激，AMAP和VMAP分别提供调节和眼部运动行为的免费分析。透明度是这种技术的主要优点。以编程方式，激励行为、校准例程和分析过程可以由用户针对软件范围内的任何给定实验方案定义。通过数据分析对眼球运动和调节进行客观测量，使视觉科学家和医生能够首先分辨出双眼功能障碍患者和双眼神经瘤对照之间的区别。其次，能够理解视觉治疗的潜在神经机制。眼矩记录可用作眼球运动功能障碍的潜在生物标志物，并且在双眼视力功能障碍合并症高症的脑震荡和帕金森病人群中具有潜在的应用。首先监视设置的连接和硬件。VisualEyes 2020系统按空间和顺时针顺序分配显示器。确保刺激监视器的空间配置正确。主控制监视器的索引为零，所有连续的监视器从 1 开始索引。选择“识别”以可视化连接到控制计算机的每个刺激显示的分配的监视器索引。在显示监视器设置中，导航到显示分辨率并检查建议的分辨率。确保眼动追踪系统位于光学中线上，相机距离最小为38厘米。检查自动验光仪系统是否位于光学中线上，距离眼睛约一米。通过参考维度来验证硬件和设备的配置。确保桌面和相应的眼动追踪硬件按照制造商的说明进行配置和校准。用红外透射滤光片单眼遮挡参与者的左眼，并在滤光片前面放置一个凸球试验透镜。接下来，双目呈现来自物理上靠近刺激监视器的高敏锐度四度刺激。然后双目呈现来自物理上靠近刺激监视器的高敏度16度刺激。一旦获得知情同意，就指示参与者坐在单倍镜中。将参与者的前额和下巴靠在固定的头枕上，以尽量减少头部运动并调整椅子高度，以使参与者的颈部在整个实验中都感到舒适。调整眼动记录摄像机，以确保参与者的眼睛可在摄像机视野内捕获。然后，调整眼动追踪信号和眼动追踪门控增益，以捕获解剖特征，如角膜缘、瞳孔和角膜反射。通过要求参与者执行重复会聚或扫视运动来验证眼动数据的捕获。要配置数据，请使用包含自动折射仪数据的外部存储设备，并将数据导出到安装了 AMAP 的设备。启动 AMAP 应用程序并选择文件预处理器或批处理预处理器。检查 AMAP 进度条和通知，因为系统会在预处理所选数据后提供这些进度条和通知。文件夹目录是从 AMAP 预处理生成的，以实现数据处理透明度，并通过计算机的本地驱动器在 AMAP 输出下进行访问。如果在未事先进行数据处理的情况下选择了 AMAP 功能，请检查为用户显示的文件资源管理器窗口以选择数据目录。接下来，要执行 AMAP 数据分析，请通过“加载数据”按钮选择要分析的数据文件，该按钮会将任何可用文件加载到当前文件目录中，默认为生成的 AMAP 下划线输出文件夹。所选数据文件名将显示在当前文件字段中。在眼图选择器下，选中默认选择，该选择显示记录的调节折射的双目平均数据。在调节屈光和动眼会聚之间切换数据类型，通过类型选择器表示为凝视。查看可用于显示数据指标以及一阶和二阶特征的更多图形自定义。检查 AMAP 的默认指标。显示图形选项后，通过指标修改微调器对响应起始索引、响应结束索引和峰值速度指数进行修改。在分析显示的所有记录动作后，将每个数据文件的分析指标保存在移动 ID 字段中，或通过左字和右字导航箭头保存。未分析的运动的默认分类不是表示为 NaN 的数字，并且不会保存或导出。对每个运动进行手动分类，以确定好坏，以确保任何操作员都能进行完整的分析。选择“保存”按钮以保存分析的数据。然后选择“导出”按钮，将分析的数据导出到可访问的电子表格，其中包含单个移动指标和平均导出的指标表。这里描绘了 VisualEye 2020 唤起的受刺激眼球运动的组级集合图以及相应的一阶速度特征。每条眼动位置轨迹都绘制为一条唯一颜色的线，并以红色覆盖组级速度响应。参与者表现的可视化也可以通过AMAP完成，它显示了5度收敛响应的集合和数据处理产生的相应的1.5屈光度调节响应。至关重要的是，参与者以中线为中心，他们了解他们需要用眼睛做什么进行实验。具有适当门控的清晰眼部图像对于记录可离线分析的数据至关重要。我们正在探索虚拟现实等新技术，将这些技术转化为便携式设备，用于诊断和治疗干预，以帮助双眼功能障碍患者，这在脑震荡后的普通人群或帕金森病患者中很常见。

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Bioluminescence Imaging for Assessment of Immune Responses Following Implantation of Engineered Heart Tissue (EHT)

Bioluminescence Imaging for Assessment of Immune Responses Following Implantation of Engineered Heart Tissue EHT

生物发光成像评估的免疫反应，植入心脏组织工程（东隧）

Various techniques of cardiac tissue engineering have been pursued in the past decades including scaffolding strategies using either native or ...

科研

生物工程

A Cre-Lox P Recombination Approach for the Detection of Cell Fusion In Vivo

A Cre-Lox P Recombination Approach for the Detection of Cell Fusion In Vivo

阿的Cre - LOX P为检测细胞融合重组方法在体内</em

The ability of two or more cells of the same type to fuse has been utilized in metazoans throughout evolution to form many complex organs, including ...

Generation of Aligned Functional Myocardial Tissue Through Microcontact Printing

通过微接触印刷的定向功能性心肌组织的产生

Advanced heart failure represents a major unmet clinical challenge,  arising from the loss of viable and/or fully functional cardiac muscle  cells. ...

Self-reporting Scaffolds for 3-Dimensional Cell Culture

自我报告的支架3维细胞培养

Culturing cells in 3D on appropriate scaffolds is thought to better mimic the in vivo microenvironment and increase cell-cell interactions. The resulting ...

Using Microfluidics Chips for Live Imaging and Study of Injury Responses in Drosophila Larvae

Using Microfluidics Chips for Live Imaging and Study of Injury Responses in Drosophila Larvae

使用微流体芯片实时成像和损伤研究的响应<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;幼虫

Live imaging is an important technique for studying cell biological processes, however this can be challenging in live animals. The translucent cuticle of ...

Quantification and Size-profiling of Extracellular Vesicles Using Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing

定量和大小分析外囊泡的使用可调电阻脉冲检测

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including &#8216;microvesicles&#8217; and &#8216;exosomes&#8217;, are highly abundant in bodily fluids. Recent years have ...

Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo

Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo

3D胶原凝胶和微通道3D相互作用的研究准备<em&gt;在体内</em

Historically, most cellular processes have been studied in only 2 dimensions.  While these studies have been informative about general cell signaling ...

A Method for Evaluating Timeliness and Accuracy of Volitional Motor Responses to Vibrotactile Stimuli

一种意志的运动反应的及时性和准确性，以振动触觉刺激评价方法

Artificial sensory feedback (ASF) systems can be used to compensate for lost proprioception in individuals with lower-limb impairments.  Effective design ...

Simulating the Mechanics of Lens Accommodation via a Manual Lens Stretcher

用人工晶状体担架模拟透镜体的力学性能

The goal of this protocol is to mimic the biomechanics of physiological accommodation in a cost-efficient, practical manner. Accommodation is achieved ...

3D Analysis of Multi-cellular Responses to Chemoattractant Gradients

趋化梯度多细胞响应的三维分析

Various limitations of 2D cell culture systems have sparked interest in 3D cell culture and analysis platforms, which would better mimic the spatial and ...