Name: induction of periodontitis via a combination of ligature and lipopolysaccharide injection in a rat model
Uploaded: 2023-02-17T14:10:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction of Periodontitis via a Combination of Ligature and Lipopolysaccharide Injection in a Rat Model at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了巴利尔斯大学企业基金会（2020年概念验证电话）的支持，由经济和竞争部卡洛斯三世健康研究所支持，由ESF欧洲社会基金和ERDF欧洲区域发展基金共同资助（与M.M.B;FI18/00104）和调查总局、调查委员会、巴利尔政府（与M.M.F.C;FPI/040/2020）。作者感谢Anna Tomás博士和Maria Tortosa博士在IdISBa实验手术和平台上的帮助。最后，感谢ADEMA牙科学院使用CBCT扫描仪。

注：该研究的实验方案已获得巴利阿里群岛健康研究所动物实验伦理委员会（CEEA-UIB;参考编号163/03/21）的批准。
1. 动物麻醉和程序准备
<ol><li>手术前对所有手术器械（铝制口塞，牙科探索者，金刚石枪，手术剪刀，显微手术钳，微型针架，空背雕刻机，骨膜显微外科电梯和显微外科剪刀）进行消毒（在135°C下5分钟）。</li>
	<li>在无菌条件下准备手术所需的所有?...

<ol>
	<li>Carvalho, J. D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+citrus+flavonoid+supplementation+on+inflammation+in+lipopolysaccharide-induced+periodontal+disease+in+mice.">Impact of citrus flavonoid supplementation on inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontal disease in mice.</a> Food and Function. 12 (11), 5007-5017 (2021).</li><li>Nazir, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+periodontal+disease,+its+association+with+systemic+diseases+and+prevention.">Prevalence of periodontal disease, its association with systemic diseases and prevention.</a> International Journal of Health Sciences. 1 (2), 72-80 (2017).</li><li>Dumitrescu, A. L., El-Aleem, S. A., Morales-Aza, B., Donaldson, L. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+of+periodontitis+in+the+rat:+Effect+of+lipopolysaccharide+on+bone+resorption,+osteoclast+activity,+and+local+peptidergic+innervation.">A model of periodontitis in the rat: Effect of lipopolysaccharide on bone resorption, osteoclast activity, and local peptidergic innervation.</a> Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 31 (8), 596-603 (2004).</li><li>Wang, H. 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N., Karasik, D., Razdan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+evaluation+of+novel+biodegradable+chitosan+based+metformin+intrapocket+dental+film+for+the+management+of+periodontitis+and+alveolar+bone+loss+in+a+rat+model.">Development and evaluation of novel biodegradable chitosan based metformin intrapocket dental film for the management of periodontitis and alveolar bone loss in a rat model.</a> Archives of Oral Biology. 85, 120-129 (2018).</li><li>Nishida, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+resorption+and+local+interleukin-1alpha+and+interleukin-1beta+synthesis+induced+by+Actinobacillus+actinomycetemcomitans+and+Porphyromonas+gingivalis+lipopolysaccharide.">Bone resorption and local interleukin-1alpha and interleukin-1beta synthesis induced by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide.</a> Journal of Periodontal Research. 36 (1), 1-8 (2001).</li><li>Graves, D. T., Kang, J., Andriankaja, O., Wada, K., Rossa, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+to+study+host-bacteria+interactions+involved+in+periodontitis.">Animal models to study host-bacteria interactions involved in periodontitis.</a> Bone. 23 (1), 1-7 (2008).</li><li>Struillou, X., Boutigny, H., Soueidan, A., Layrolle, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+animal+models+in+periodontology:+a+review.">Experimental animal models in periodontology: a review.</a> The Open Dentistry Journal. 4 (1), 37-47 (2010).</li><li>Mustafa, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+periodontal+disease+via+retentive+ligature,+lipopolysaccharide+injection,+and+their+combination+in+a+rat+model.">Induction of periodontal disease via retentive ligature, lipopolysaccharide injection, and their combination in a rat model.</a> Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 24 (3), 365-373 (2021).</li><li>Chadwick, J. W., Glogauer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robust+ligature-induced+model+of+murine+periodontitis+for+the+evaluation+of+oral+neutrophils.">Robust ligature-induced model of murine periodontitis for the evaluation of oral neutrophils.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2020 (155), 6-13 (2019).</li><li>Cheng, R., Wu, Z., Li, M., Shao, M., Hu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-1&#946;+is+a+potential+therapeutic+target+for+periodontitis:+a+narrative+review.">Interleukin-1&#946; is a potential therapeutic target for periodontitis: a narrative review.</a> International Journal of Oral Science. 12 (1), 1-9 (2020).</li><li>Abe, T., Hajishengallis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+the+ligature-induced+periodontitis+model+in+mice.">Optimization of the ligature-induced periodontitis model in mice.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 394 (1-2), 49-54 (2013).</li><li>Jeong-Hyon, K., Bon-Hyuk, G., Sang-Soo, N., Yeon-Cheol, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+rat+models+of+periodontitis+treated+with+natural+extracts.">A review of rat models of periodontitis treated with natural extracts.</a> Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences. 7 (2), 95-103 (2020).</li><li>Marchesan, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+experimental+murine+model+to+study+periodontitis.">An experimental murine model to study periodontitis.</a> Nature Protocols. 13 (10), 2247-2267 (2018).</li><li>Lin, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+ligature-induced+periodontitis+in+mice+to+explore+the+molecular+mechanism+of+periodontal+disease.">Application of ligature-induced periodontitis in mice to explore the molecular mechanism of periodontal disease.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (16), 8900 (2021).</li><li>Irie, M. 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该方法描述了 Pg-LPS注射和M1周围结扎放置的组合技术后在大鼠中诱导PD，揭示了该方法后14天内可以诱导牙周组织和牙槽骨的显着变化。
在此过程中，必须注意不同的关键步骤。在动物麻醉和手术准备期间，评估手术过程中的适当麻醉对其成功至关重要，确保动物的正确定位，用门牙周围的铝口堵嘴稳定张开的大鼠嘴，并避免动物被堵嘴和手术器械伤害。如果血氧饱和?...

牙周炎（PD）是全球第六大最普遍的公共卫生疾病，影响约11%的总人口，是一种晚期，不可逆转和破坏性的牙周病形式1，2。PD是一种影响牙龈和牙周组织的炎症过程，导致牙龈萎缩，交界上皮的顶端迁移伴口袋发育，以及牙槽骨的丧失3。此外，PD与几种全身性疾病有关，包括心血管疾病，肥胖症，糖尿病和类风湿性关节炎，环境和宿主特异性因素在其中起重要作用4，5。
因此，PD是一种多因素疾病，主要由微生物斑块的积累（由微生物群落失调引起）和宿主对牙周病原体的过度免疫反应引起，这导致牙周组织分解4，6。在几种牙周细菌中，革兰氏阴性厌氧菌 牙龈卟啉单胞 菌是PD4的关键病原体之一。 牙龈卟啉单胞菌 在其壁中含有复杂的脂多糖（LPS），这种分子已知可诱导发炎的牙周组织中的多形核白细胞浸润和血管扩张7。这导致炎症介质的产生，例如白细胞介素 1 （IL-1）、IL-6 和 IL-8、肿瘤坏死因子 （TNF） 或前列腺素，随后破骨细胞活化和骨吸收，导致组织破坏和最终牙齿脱落3。
动物模型的不同优点包括能够像人类一样模拟细胞复杂性，或者比体外研究更准确， 体外 研究是在细胞类型有限的塑料表面上进行的8。为了在 体内实验模拟PD，已经使用了不同的动物物种，如非人灵长类动物，狗，猪，雪貂，兔子，小鼠和大鼠9。然而，大鼠是研究PD发病机制最广泛的动物模型，因为它们价格低廉且易于处理10。他们的牙龈组织具有与人类牙龈组织相似的结构特征，牙龈沟较浅，交界上皮附着在牙齿表面。此外，与人类一样，交界上皮促进细菌、异物和炎症细胞渗出物的通过 9.
据报道，大鼠PD诱导实验模型之一是在牙齿周围放置结扎，这在技术上具有挑战性但可靠10。结扎位置有利于牙菌斑和细菌积聚，在牙龈沟中产生生态失调，从而导致牙周组织炎症和破坏11。在该大鼠模型中，牙周附着的丧失和肺泡骨的吸收可能在7天内发生8。
PD的另一种动物模型包括将LPS注射到牙龈组织中。结果，骨断裂形成和骨质流失受到刺激。该模型的组织病理学特征与人类建立的PD相似，其特征是更高水平的促炎细胞因子，胶原蛋白降解和肺泡骨吸收6，8。
因此，本研究的目的是描述基于 牙龈卟啉单胞菌-LPS（Pg-LPS）注射技术，结合第一上颌磨牙（M1）周围的结扎放置的实验PD的简单大鼠模型。这是一个与人类PD疾病具有相似特征的模型，可用于研究疾病进展机制和未来可能的治疗方法。

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			<td>Adsorbent paper point n&#186;30&#160;</td>
			<td>Proclinc</td>
			<td>8187</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Aprotinin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A1153</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Atipamezole</td>
			<td>Dechra</td>
			<td>573751.5</td>
			<td>Revanzol 5 mg/mL</td>
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			<td>Braided silk ligature (5/0)&#160;</td>
			<td>Laboratorio Arago Sl</td>
			<td>613112</td>
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			<td>Buprenorphine&#160;</td>
			<td>Richter pharma</td>
			<td>578816.6</td>
			<td>Bupaq 0.3 mg/mL</td>
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			<td>Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) Scanner&#160;</td>
			<td>MyRay</td>
			<td>hyperion X9</td>
			<td>Model Hyperion X9</td>
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			<td>CTAn software</td>
			<td>SkyScan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Version 1.13.4.0</td>
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			<td>Dental explorer&#160;</td>
			<td>Proclinc</td>
			<td>99743</td>
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			<td>Diamond lance-shaped bur&#160;</td>
			<td>Dentaltix</td>
			<td>IT21517</td>
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			<td>Food maintenance diet</td>
			<td>Sodispain research</td>
			<td>ROD14&#160;</td>
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			<td>Heated surgical platform</td>
			<td>PetSavers</td>
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			<td>Hollenback carver</td>
			<td>Hu-FRIEDY&#160;</td>
			<td>HF45234</td>
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			<td>Hypodermic needle&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>BD&#160;</td>
			<td>300600</td>
			<td>25G X 5/8&#8221; - 0,5 X 16 MM</td>
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			<td>Isoflurane&#160;</td>
			<td>Karizoo</td>
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			<td>Isoflutek 1000mg/g</td>
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			<td>Ketamine&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Dechra</td>
			<td>581140.6</td>
			<td>Anesketin 100 mg/mL</td>
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			<td>Lipopolysaccharide&#160; derived from P.Gingivalis&#160;</td>
			<td>InvivoGen</td>
			<td>TLRL-PGLPS</td>
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			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M/4000/PB08</td>
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			<td>Micro needle holter</td>
			<td>Fehling Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td>KOT-6</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Microsurgical pliers</td>
			<td>KLS Martin</td>
			<td>12-384-06-07</td>
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			<td>microsurgical scissors&#160;</td>
			<td>S&#38;T microsurgical instruments</td>
			<td>SDC-15 RV</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Monitor iMEC 8 Vet</td>
			<td>Mindray&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Multiplex bead immunoassay</td>
			<td>Procartaplex, Thermo fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PPX-05</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Paraformaldehyde (PFA)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>8187151000</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Periosteal microsurgical elevator&#160;</td>
			<td>Dentaltix</td>
			<td>CU19112468</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF)&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10837091001</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Phosphate Buffer Solution (PBS)</td>
			<td>Capricorn Scientific</td>
			<td>PBS-1A</td>
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			<td>PhosSTOP&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4906845001</td>
			<td>Commercial phosphatase inhibitor tablet&#160;</td>
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			<td>Plastic vial</td>
			<td>SPL Lifesciencies</td>
			<td>60015</td>
			<td>1.5mL</td>
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			<td>Saline</td>
			<td>Cinfa</td>
			<td>204024.3</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Stereo Microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Model SteREO Discovery.V12</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Surgical loupes led light</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Surgical scissors&#160;</td>
			<td>Zepf Surgical</td>
			<td>08-1701-17</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Syringe&#160;</td>
			<td>BD plastipak</td>
			<td>303172</td>
			<td>1mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veterinary dental micromotor</td>
			<td>Eickemeyer</td>
			<td>174028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Calier</td>
			<td>20102-003</td>
			<td>Xilagesic 20 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
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</table>

induction of periodontitis via a combination of ligature and lipopolysaccharide injection in a rat model

牙周炎 （PD） 是一种非常普遍的慢性牙周免疫炎性疾病，会导致牙龈软组织、牙周韧带、牙骨质和牙槽骨丢失。在这项研究中，描述了一种诱导大鼠PD的简单方法。我们提供了在第一上颌磨牙（M1）周围放置结扎模型的详细说明，以及注射脂多糖（LPS）的组合，这些脂多糖来自M1中腭侧的 牙龈卟啉单胞菌 。牙周炎的诱导维持14天，促进细菌生物膜和炎症的积累。为了验证动物模型，通过牙龈沟液（GCF）中的免疫测定法测定了关键的炎症介质IL-1β，并使用锥形束计算机断层扫描（CBCT）计算了肺泡骨质流失。该技术可有效促进牙龈萎缩，肺泡骨质流失，并在14天后实验程序结束时GCF中IL-1β水平升高。该方法可有效诱导PD，因此能够用于疾病进展机制和未来可能的治疗方法的研究。

实验步骤的时间表如图 1所示。 图2A 显示了手术干预后下颌骨的图像，在实验的时间0处在M1的沟周围结扎。 图2B 显示了在手术14天后，M1周围的结扎如何进入牙龈沟，引起牙龈发炎并浸润积聚。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64842/64842fig01.jpg"> 图1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction of Periodontitis via a Combination of Ligature and Lipopolysaccharide Injection in a Rat Model at JoVE.com

Induction of Periodontitis via a Combination of Ligature and Lipopolysaccharide Injection in a Rat Model

在这项研究中，通过保留结扎和重复注射源自牙龈卟啉单胞菌的脂多糖的组合，在第上颌磨牙周围超过14天，提出了诱导牙周炎的大鼠模型。结扎和LPS注射技术可有效诱发牙周炎，导致牙槽骨质流失和炎症。

在大鼠模型中通过结扎和脂多糖注射的组合 诱导 牙周炎

Periodontitis (PD) is a highly prevalent, chronic immune-inflammatory disease of the periodontium, that results in a loss of gingival soft tissue, ...

这是实验性牙周炎的大鼠模型，基于脂多糖注射结合结扎放置的技术，为研究疾病进展和评估牙周炎的治疗提供了一种有效的方法。将这两种技术与单独的方法相结合，最终导致快速疾病诱导，放大破坏性炎症反应并增加结缔组织的损失和肺泡骨吸收。这种方法为评估牙周炎治疗的影响提供了宝贵的机会。演示该程序将是Dr.Oscar Villa博士，博士首先在手术前对所有手术器械进行消毒。通过将 1.6 毫升氯胺酮与 1 毫升甲苯噻嗪混合，用 PBS 或盐水稀释，制备氯胺酮和甲苯噻嗪的混合物，并将原液储存在 4 摄氏度。将阿替美唑稀释至终浓度为每毫升0.25毫克，丁丙诺啡稀释至终浓度为每毫升0.03毫克/毫升，并将原液储存在4摄氏度。在无菌盐水中准备一毫升PG-LPS，并将原液储存在零下20摄氏度。使用雌性和雄性Wistar大鼠进行实验。将动物分组饲养在适当的环境中，随意提供食物和标准水。大鼠麻醉后，将动物仰卧在加热的手术平台上。在手术过程中覆盖动物的身体以防止热量散失。使用小鼻锥给予 100% 氧气，并通过脉搏血氧饱和度监测脉搏率和血氧饱和度。现在，在门牙周围使用铝制嘴塞打开大鼠嘴。用它收回舌头，将上颌骨和下颌骨稳定在开放、舒适的工作位置，以便进入下颌磨牙。使用总共四个30号吸收纸点收集GCF，将其插入M1中腭周围的牙龈缝隙中，直到轻微阻力。将纸点保持在同一位置 30 秒，然后立即取出。收集后，立即将纸点转移到塑料小瓶中，并储存在零下80摄氏度直至测定性能。将缝合线的远端尾部放在牙列的腭侧，并将近端段插入 M1 和第二上颌磨牙的接触之间。使用骨膜显微外科电梯将缝合线插入沟内。非常小心地将结扎线包裹在M1的颊表面，因为该水平的组织呈现出狭窄的附着牙龈区域。确保缝合线两端收紧，以打入牙龈沟。接下来，用外科医生的结绑住缝合线的末端，并将尾巴修剪得尽可能短。将结插入沟中。结扎定位后，将40微升PG-LPS在无菌盐水中双侧注射到M1中腭侧的龈下组织中。为了检查和调整结扎，将麻醉的动物放在其背上，并在手术过程中使用一个小鼻锥，用1%异氟醚和100%氧气维持动物麻醉。使用门牙周围的铝制口塞打开包裹口，用舌头缩回舌头，并将上颌骨和下颌骨稳定在开放、舒适的工作位置，以便能够结扎。在骨膜显微外科电梯的帮助下收紧牙龈上的结扎，并确保插入结扎线，在牙龈周围产生炎症。结扎调整后，双侧将40微升PG-LPS注射到M1中腭侧的龈下组织中，如前所述。在第14天牺牲动物后，如前所示收集GCF。立即将纸点转移到塑料小瓶中，并在零下80摄氏度下储存，直到测定性能。上颌磨牙牙槽骨的二维图像显示，在建立牙周炎后，基底对照的骨体积更大，肺泡骨质流失更高。矢状图像分析显示，与基础对照组相比，牙周炎建立后M1和M2的根间骨区域的肺泡骨质流失更显着。处死后，不同组间M1的上颚表现为牙龈萎缩。与基础对照组相比，牙周炎组显示出更显着的顶端牙龈迁移和上颌磨牙周围的牙龈炎症。此外，牙周炎组显示GCF的促炎细胞因子1L-1β的释放明显高于对照组。该程序的关键步骤是在沟中正确放置缝合线和结，正确调整结扎以及在14天方案中准确注射脂多糖。

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Induction of Periodontitis via a Combination of Ligature and Lipopolysaccharide Injection in a Rat Model

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

鼠标垂体免疫原的制备诱导实验性自身免疫性垂体炎

Autoimmune hypophysitis is a chronic inflammation of the pituitary gland caused or accompanied by autoimmunity1.  It has traditionally been considered a ...

科研

免疫与感染

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

SJL小鼠诱导实验性自身免疫性垂体炎

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced experimentally by the injection of pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant into susceptible mice1. Mouse ...

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

移植物抗宿主病的诱导和<em在体内</em&gt; T细胞监测中的应用MHC匹配的小鼠模型

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the limiting barrier to the broad use of bone marrow transplant as a curative therapy for a variety of hematological ...

Chemoselective Modification of Viral Surfaces via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

通过Bioorthogonal点击化学化学选择性病毒表面改性

The modification of virus particles has received a significant amount of attention for its tremendous potential for impacting gene therapy, oncolytic ...

A Method for Generating Pulmonary Neutrophilia Using Aerosolized Lipopolysaccharide

采用雾化脂多糖一种产生肺中性粒细胞增多

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe disease characterized by alveolar neutrophilia, with limited treatment options and high mortality. Experimental models ...

Non-Invasive Model of Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in the Neonatal Rat

Non-Invasive Model of Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in the Neonatal Rat

Neuropathogenic的非侵入型<em&gt;大肠杆菌</em&gt;感染乳鼠

Investigation of the interactions between animal host and bacterial pathogen is only meaningful if the infection model employed replicates the principal ...

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

诱导麻痹及视觉系统损伤小鼠 T 细胞特异的视神经脊髓炎抗原水通道蛋白-4

While it is recognized that aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells and antibodies participate in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a human ...

Two-photon Intravital Imaging of Leukocytes During the Immune Response in Lipopolysaccharide-treated Mouse Liver

脂多糖治疗小鼠肝脏免疫应答中白细胞的双光子活体成像

Sepsis is a type of severe infection that can cause organ failure and tissue damage. Although the mortality and morbidity rates associated with sepsis are ...

Induction of Mouse Lung Injury by Endotracheal Injection of Bleomycin

小鼠肺损伤的诱导,通过博霉素内切注射

Pulmonary fibrosis is a hallmark of several human lung diseases with a different etiology. Since current therapies are rather limited, mouse models ...

Induction and Scoring of Graft-Versus-Host Disease in a Xenogeneic Murine Model and Quantification of Human T Cells in Mouse Tissues using Digital PCR

在异种性鼠模型中的移植-无源疾病的诱导和评分,以及使用数字PCR对小鼠组织中人类T细胞的定量

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a significant limitation for patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplant as therapy for hematological ...

在大鼠模型中通过结扎和脂多糖注射的组合 诱导 牙周炎

在大鼠模型中通过结扎和脂多糖注射的组合诱导牙周炎