Name: investigation of beige fat biology and metabolism using the crispr suntag-p65-hsf1 activation system
Uploaded: 2023-01-06T14:20:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigation of Beige Fat Biology and Metabolism Using the CRISPR SunTag-p65-HSF1 Activation System at JoVE.com

Os autores agradecem o apoio recebido do Centro Multidisciplinar para Investigação Biológica na Área da Ciência em Animais de Laboratório (Cemib), Unicamp, para a geração de camundongos AdipoSPH, do Laboratório de Inmmunometabolismo e Sinalização Celular e do Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Fotônica Aplicada à Biologia Celular (INFABIC) por todo o suporte experimental. Agradecemos o apoio financeiro da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP): 2019/15025-5; 2020/09308-1; 2020/14725-0; 2021/11841-2.

Os estudos em animais foram realizados de acordo com o Guia de Cuidados e Uso de Animais de Laboratório da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (protocolo CEUA #5810-1/2021).
1. Clonagem molecular
<ol><li>Planejamento de RNAs guia único (sgRNAs)<ol><li>Projete sgRNAs para ativação CRISPR usando CHOPCHOP, disponível em https://chopchop.cbu.uib.no/, ou qualquer outra ferramenta adequada. Use os seguintes parâmetros para projetar o sgRNA visando o gene Prdm16: Alvo: Prdm16; ...

<ol>
	<li>Wang, W., Seale, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+brown+and+beige+fat+development.">Control of brown and beige fat development.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 17 (11), 691-702 (2016).</li><li>Wu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beige+adipocytes+are+a+distinct+type+of+thermogenic+fat+cell+in+mouse+and+human.">Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human.</a> Cell. 150 (2), 366-376 (2012).</li><li>Cohen, P., Kajimura, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cellular+and+functional+complexity+of+thermogenic+fat.">The cellular and functional complexity of thermogenic fat.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 22 (6), 393-409 (2021).</li><li>Cong, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+genome+engineering+using+CRISPR/Cas+systems.">Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems.</a> Science. 339 (6121), 819-823 (2013).</li><li>Mali, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA-guided+human+genome+engineering+via+Cas9.">RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9.</a> Science. 339 (6121), 823-826 (2013).</li><li>Dominguez, A. A., Lim, W. A., Qi, L. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+editing:+Repurposing+CRISPR-Cas9+for+precision+genome+regulation+and+interrogation.">Beyond editing: Repurposing CRISPR-Cas9 for precision genome regulation and interrogation.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 17 (1), 5-15 (2016).</li><li>Gilbert, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR-mediated+modular+RNA-guided+regulation+of+transcription+in+eukaryotes.">CRISPR-mediated modular RNA-guided regulation of transcription in eukaryotes.</a> Cell. 154 (2), 442-451 (2013).</li><li>Perez-Pinera, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA-guided+gene+activation+by+CRISPR-Cas9-based+transcription+factors.">RNA-guided gene activation by CRISPR-Cas9-based transcription factors.</a> Nature Methods. 10 (10), 973-976 (2013).</li><li>Konermann, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-scale+transcriptional+activation+by+an+engineered+CRISPR-Cas9+complex.">Genome-scale transcriptional activation by an engineered CRISPR-Cas9 complex.</a> Nature. 517 (7536), 583-588 (2015).</li><li>Gilbert, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-scale+CRISPR-mediated+control+of+gene+repression+and+activation.">Genome-scale CRISPR-mediated control of gene repression and activation.</a> Cell. 159 (3), 647-661 (2014).</li><li>Tanenbaum, M. E., Gilbert, L. A., Qi, L. S., Weissman, J. S., Vale, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+protein-tagging+system+for+signal+amplification+in+gene+expression+and+fluorescence+imaging.">A protein-tagging system for signal amplification in gene expression and fluorescence imaging.</a> Cell. 159 (3), 635-646 (2014).</li><li>Chavez, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+Cas9-mediated+transcriptional+programming.">Highly efficient Cas9-mediated transcriptional programming.</a> Nature Methods. 12 (4), 326-328 (2015).</li><li>Chavez, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+Cas9+activators+in+multiple+species.">Comparison of Cas9 activators in multiple species.</a> Nature Methods. 13 (7), 563-567 (2016).</li><li>Zhou, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+simultaneous+transcriptional+activation+of+multiple+genes+in+the+brain+using+CRISPR-dCas9-activator+transgenic+mice.">In vivo simultaneous transcriptional activation of multiple genes in the brain using CRISPR-dCas9-activator transgenic mice.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 21 (3), 440-446 (2018).</li><li>Fripont, S., Marneffe, C., Marino, M., Rincon, M. Y., Holt, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production,+purification,+and+quality+control+for+adeno-associated+virus-based+vectors.">Production, purification, and quality control for adeno-associated virus-based vectors.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (143), e58960 (2019).</li><li>Negrini, M., Wang, G., Heuer, A., Bj&#246;rklund, T., Davidsson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AAV+production+everywhere:+a+simple,+fast,+and+reliable+protocol+for+in-house+aav+vector+production+based+on+chloroform+extraction.">AAV production everywhere: a simple, fast, and reliable protocol for in-house aav vector production based on chloroform extraction.</a> Current Protocols in Neuroscience. 93 (1), 103 (2020).</li><li>Aune, U. L., Ruiz, L., Kajimura, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+differentiation+of+stromal+vascular+cells+to+beige/brite+cells.">Isolation and differentiation of stromal vascular cells to beige/brite cells.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (73), e50191 (2013).</li><li>Wang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post-translational+control+of+beige+fat+biogenesis+by+PRDM16+stabilization.">Post-translational control of beige fat biogenesis by PRDM16 stabilization.</a> Nature. 609 (7925), 151-158 (2022).</li><li>Oeckl, J., Bast-Habersbrunner, A., Fromme, T., Klingenspor, M., Li, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation,+culture,+and+functional+analysis+of+murine+thermogenic+adipocytes.">Isolation, culture, and functional analysis of murine thermogenic adipocytes.</a> STAR Protocols. 1 (3), 100118 (2020).</li><li>Cohen, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ablation+of+PRDM16+and+beige+adipose+causes+metabolic+dysfunction+and+a+subcutaneous+to+visceral+fat+switch.">Ablation of PRDM16 and beige adipose causes metabolic dysfunction and a subcutaneous to visceral fat switch.</a> Cell. 156 (1-2), 304-316 (2014).</li><li>Harms, M., Seale, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brown+and+beige+fat:+development,+function+and+therapeutic+potential.">Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential.</a> Nature Medicine. 19 (10), 1252-1263 (2013).</li><li>Divakaruni, A. S., Jastroch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+practical+guide+for+the+analysis,+standardization+and+interpretation+of+oxygen+consumption+measurements.">A practical guide for the analysis, standardization and interpretation of oxygen consumption measurements.</a> Nature Metabolism. 4 (8), 978-994 (2022).</li><li>Seale, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prdm16+determines+the+thermogenic+program+of+subcutaneous+white+adipose+tissue+in+mice.">Prdm16 determines the thermogenic program of subcutaneous white adipose tissue in mice.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 121 (1), 96-105 (2011).</li><li>Valet, P., Tavernier, G., Castan-Laurell, I., Saulnier-Blache, J. S., Langin, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+adipose+tissue+development+from+transgenic+animal+models.">Understanding adipose tissue development from transgenic animal models.</a> Journal of Lipid Research. 43 (6), 835-860 (2002).</li><li>Bates, R., Huang, W., Cao, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose+tissue:+an+emerging+target+for+adeno-associated+viral+vectors.">Adipose tissue: an emerging target for adeno-associated viral vectors.</a> Molecular Therapy. Methods &amp; Clinical Development. 19, 236-249 (2020).</li><li>Wang, D., Tai, P. W. L., Guangping, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adeno-associated+virus+vector+as+a+platform+for+gene+therapy+delivery.">Adeno-associated virus vector as a platform for gene therapy delivery.</a> Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 18 (5), 358-378 (2019).</li><li>Colella, P., Ronzitti, G., Mingozzi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+issues+in+AAV-mediated+in+vivo+gene+therapy.">Emerging issues in AAV-mediated in vivo gene therapy.</a> Molecular Therapy. Methods &amp; Clinical Development. 8, 87-104 (2018).</li><li>Deshmukh, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomics-based+comparative+mapping+of+the+secretomes+of+human+brown+and+white+adipocytes+reveals+EPDR1+as+a+novel+batokine.">Proteomics-based comparative mapping of the secretomes of human brown and white adipocytes reveals EPDR1 as a novel batokine.</a> Cell Metabolism. 30 (5), 963-975 (2019).</li><li>Sponton, C. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+regulation+of+glucose+and+lipid+homeostasis+via+PLTP+as+a+mediator+of+BAT-liver+communication.">The regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis via PLTP as a mediator of BAT-liver communication.</a> EMBO reports. 21 (9), 49828 (2020).</li></ol>

Uma das aplicações mais úteis de não-edição da tecnologia CRISPR é a interrogação da função gênica através da ativação de genes endógenos utilizando sistemas CRISPRa6. A HPS é uma poderosa CRISPRa que foi originalmente descrita para induzir a conversão de astrócitos em neurônios ativos, tendo como alvo vários genes neurogênicos14. Neste estudo, o AdipoSPH demonstrou ser uma ferramenta adequada para investigar a biologia da gordura bege ativando a expre...

Os adipócitos beges (ou britos) são adipócitos que expressam a proteína 1 desacopladora (UCP1) e ricos em mitocôndrias que residem dentro dos depósitos de tecido adiposo branco (TAB). A gordura bege emerge de um subgrupo de progenitores de adipócitos ou adipócitos brancos maduros em resposta à exposição ao frio e a outros estímulos 1,2. Os adipócitos beges podem converter energia em calor de forma dependente ou independente de UCP13. Independentemente de sua função termogênica, a gordura bege também pode melhorar a saúde metabólica por outros meios, como a secreção de adipocinas e atividades anti-inflamatórias e antifibróticas. Estudos em camundongos e humanos têm demonstrado que a indução de gordura bege melhora a glicemia corporal total e a homeostase lipídica3. No entanto, embora nosso conhecimento da biologia da gordura bege tenha evoluído rapidamente nos últimos anos, a maioria de seus benefícios metabólicos e mecanismos relacionados ainda não são totalmente compreendidos.
Repetições palindrômicas curtas agrupadas regularmente interespaçadas (CRISPR) foram descritas pela primeira vez em células eucarióticas como uma ferramenta capaz de gerar uma quebra de fita dupla (DSB) em um local específico do genoma através da atividade nuclease da proteína Cas9 4,5. Cas9 é guiado por um RNA guia único sintético (sgRNA) para atingir uma região genômica específica, levando a um DSB de DNA. Além de usar a nuclease Cas9 para fins de edição, a tecnologia CRISPR-Cas9 evoluiu para ser usada como uma ferramenta de regulação gênica específica de sequência6. O desenvolvimento de uma proteína Cas9 cataliticamente inativa (dCas9) e a associação de módulos transcricionais capazes de aumentar a expressão gênica deram origem a ferramentas de ativação de CRISPR (CRISPRa). Vários sistemas CRISPRa têm surgido, como VP647,8, mediador de ativação sinérgica (SAM)9, SunTag10,11, VPR12,13 e SunTag-p65-HSF1 (SPH)14, que combina os componentes dos ativadores SAM e SunTag. Recentemente, foi demonstrado que a expressão induzida de genes neurogênicos em neuroblastos N2a e astrócitos primários é maior usando HPS em comparação com outros sistemas CRISPRa14, demonstrando a HPS como uma ferramenta CRISPRa promissora.
Aqui, aproveitamos um camundongo SPH14 previamente desenvolvido para gerar um modelo condicional de camundongo expressando HPS especificamente em adipócitos usando a linhagem de adiponectina Cre (AdipoSPH). Usando um vírus adenoassociado (AAV) carregando o gRNA visando o gene endógeno Prdm16, o escurecimento (conversão branca para bege) do WAT inguinal (iWAT) foi induzido para aumentar a expressão do programa de genes termogênicos. Além disso, a superexpressão in vitro de Prdm16 aumentou o consumo de oxigênio. Portanto, este protocolo fornece um modelo versátil de camundongos com HPS para explorar os mecanismos de desenvolvimento de gordura bege no tecido adiposo.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3,3&#39;,5-Triiodo-L-thyronine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T2877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5879</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAVpro 293T Cell Line</td>
			<td>Takarabio</td>
			<td>632273</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amicon Ultra Centrifugal Filter</td>
			<td>Merckmillipore</td>
			<td>UFC510008</td>
			<td>100 KDa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexamethasone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1756</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modification of Eagles Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-017-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) F-12, GlutaMAX&#8482; supplement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10565-018</td>
			<td>high concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and vitamins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excelta Self-Opening Micro Scissors</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17-467-496</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F2442</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherbrand Cell Scrapers (100 pk)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-100-241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherbrand High Precision Straight Tapered Ultra Fine Point Tweezers/Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-000-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherbrand Sharp-Pointed Dissecting Scissors</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3375-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexadimethrine bromide (Polybrene)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H9268</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Indomethacin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I7378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I9278</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LigaFast Rapid DNA Ligation System</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M8225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Maxiprep purification kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>12162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microliter syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>80308</td>
			<td>Model 701</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEB 10-beta/Stable&#160;</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>C3019H</td>
			<td>E. coli competent cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pAAV2/8&#160;</td>
			<td>Addgene&#160;</td>
			<td>112864</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pAAV-U6-gRNA-CBh-mCherry</td>
			<td>Addgene&#160;</td>
			<td>91947</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pAdDeltaF6&#160;</td>
			<td>Addgene&#160;</td>
			<td>112867</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEG 8000</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>89510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylenimine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>23966</td>
			<td>Linear, MW 25000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone-iodine</td>
			<td>Rioqu&#237;mica</td>
			<td>510101303</td>
			<td>Antiseptic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rosiglitazone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SacI enzyme</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0156</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Design Premier Adson Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-079-741</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>475-40417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M180B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA ligase buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>B0202S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 PNK enzyme kit</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0201S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tramadol Hydrochloride</td>
			<td>SEM</td>
			<td>43930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vidisic Gel&#160;</td>
			<td>Bausch + Lomb&#160;</td>
			<td>99620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

investigation of beige fat biology and metabolism using the crispr suntag-p65-hsf1 activation system

A tecnologia de repetições palindrômicas curtas agrupadas regularmente interespaçadas (CRISPR) provocou uma revolução na biologia, e ferramentas recentes foram aplicadas muito além da edição genética originalmente descrita. O sistema de ativação CRISPR (CRISPRa) combina a proteína Cas9 cataliticamente inativa (dCas9) com módulos de transcrição distintos para induzir a expressão gênica endógena. SunTag-p65-HSF1 (SPH) é uma tecnologia CRISPRa recentemente desenvolvida que combina componentes de mediadores de ativação sinérgica (SAMs) com os ativadores SunTag. Este sistema permite a superexpressão de genes únicos ou múltiplos através do desenho de um RNA guia único personalizado (sgRNA). Neste estudo, um camundongo com HPS previamente desenvolvido foi usado para gerar um camundongo condicional expressando HPS em adipócitos (linhagem Cre de adiponectina), denominado AdipoSPH. Para induzir um fenótipo de gordura branca a bege (escurecimento), um vírus adenoassociado (AAV) carregando sgRNA visando o gene endógeno Prdm16 (um fator de transcrição bem estabelecido relacionado ao desenvolvimento de gordura marrom e bege) foi injetado no tecido adiposo branco inguinal (iWAT). Este modelo de camundongo induziu a expressão de Prdm16 endógeno e ativou o programa de genes termogênicos. Além disso, a superexpressão in vitro de Prdm16 induzida por SPH aumentou o consumo de oxigênio dos adipócitos bege, fenocopiando os resultados de um modelo anterior de camundongos transgênicos Prdm16. Assim, este protocolo descreve um modelo versátil, custo-efetivo e tempo-efetivo em camundongos para investigar a biologia do tecido adiposo.

Camundongos AdipoSPH foram desenvolvidos a partir da criação de linhagens de camundongos SPH e Adipoq-Cre. Ambas as linhagens de camundongos estavam em um fundo híbrido C57BL6J-DBA/2J (de acordo com o fornecedor comercial; ver Tabela de Materiais). A linhagem de camundongos SPH foi originalmente descrita por Zhou et al.14.
Desenvolvimento de adipócitos bege in vivo através da superexpressão de Prdm16 mediada por A...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigation of Beige Fat Biology and Metabolism Using the CRISPR SunTag-p65-HSF1 Activation System at JoVE.com

Investigation of Beige Fat Biology and Metabolism Using the CRISPR SunTag-p65-HSF1 Activation System

Este protocolo apresenta o uso do CRISPR SunTag-p65-HSF1 (SPH) em adipócitos (AdipoSPH) como uma estratégia alternativa ao vírus adenoassociado (AAV) para investigar a biologia da gordura bege. A injeção in vivo de sgRNA carreador de AAV visando o gene endógeno Prdm16 é suficiente para induzir o desenvolvimento de gordura bege e melhorar o programa do gene termogênico.

Investigação da Biologia e Metabolismo da Gordura Bege Utilizando o Sistema de Ativação CRISPR SunTag-p65-HSF1

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology has prompted a revolution in biology, and recent tools have been applied far ...

Este protocolo apresenta o Sistema de Ativação CRISPR do SPH como uma estratégia alternativa aos vetores virais convencionais para realizar ensaios de ganho de função em adipócitos. Ele permite a superexpressão de genes endógenos de adipócitos únicos ou múltiplos dentro do ambiente celular complexo do tecido adiposo, entregando um RNA guia único personalizado usando um vírus adeno associado. As etapas desafiadoras deste protocolo estão relacionadas à clonagem do RNA-guia único e à produção e injeção de vírus adenoassociados no tecido adiposo.Para começar, projete RNA guia único ou sgRNA para ativação CRISPR usando chopchop ou qualquer outra ferramenta adequada. Projetar o sgRNA visando o gene PRDM16 usando os seguintes parâmetros:Alvo como PRDM16 em um músculo Mus usando um CRISPR/Cas9 e para como ativação. Adicione saliências ao sgRNA para corresponder ao local de restrição Sac1 na espinha dorsal vetorial PAAVU6GRNACBHM cereja.Incluir 5'AGCT 3'onde n corresponde a nucleotídeos. Obter sequência de complemento reverso de 3'sgRNA usando a ferramenta indicada. Em seguida, para o recozimento de oligonucleotídeos de fita simples, adicionar um microlitro de cada oligonucleotídeo de fita simples de 5' e 3', um microlitro de tampão ligase T4, 0,5 microlitros de polinucleotídeo quinase T4 e 6,5 microlitros de água para um volume final de reação de 10 microlitros.Recozinhe os oligonucleotídeos de fita simples usando um termociclador a 37 graus Celsius por 30 minutos e 95 graus Celsius por cinco minutos, seguido por uma taxa de ramp-down de cinco graus Celsius por minuto. Em seguida, para a ligadura dos oligonucleotídeos de sgRNA recozidos, adicione 25 nanogramas de plasmídeo PAAVU6GRNACBHM cereja a dois microlitros de oligonucleotídeos de sgRNA recozidos, um microlitro de enzima Sac1, dois microlitros de tampão de ligase de DNA 10X T4, um microlitro de DNA ligase T4 e água para um volume final de reação de 10 microlitros. Usando um termociclador, realize a ligadura incubando a mistura de reação por 15 ciclos a 37 graus Celsius por cinco minutos e 25 graus Celsius por cinco minutos, seguidos de manutenção a quatro graus Celsius.Em seguida, transformar as competentes células de Escherichia coli DH10B com quatro microlitros do produto da ligadura por choque térmico a 42 graus Celsius por 45 segundos e espalhar em uma placa de ágar contendo 10 microgramas por mililitro de ampicilina. Confirme colônias transformadas por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase de Colônia ou PCR usando o PCR Master Mix, escolha a colônia e misture-a com cinco microlitros de Master Mix, 0,1 microlitros de primer universal universal, 0,1 microlitro de primer reverso de sgRNA e cinco microlitros de água. Execute o PCR usando desnaturação inicial a 94 graus Celsius por dois minutos, seguido por 35 ciclos de desnaturação a 94 graus Celsius por 20 segundos, recozimento por 30 segundos a 60 graus Celsius, extensão a 72 graus Celsius por 30 segundos e uma etapa final de alongamento a 72 graus Celsius por cinco minutos.Após a PCR, resolver o DNA usando eletroforese em gel de agarose em tampão TAE 0,5X a 90 volts por 30 minutos. Envie amostras positivas para o Sequenciamento de Sanger usando primer universal. Em seguida, purifice o plasmídeo de um clone positivo usando um kit de purificação de plasmídios seguindo as instruções do fabricante.Coloque o camundongo anestesiado na posição supina e raspe uma pequena área nos flancos proximais às articulações do quadril para injeções de tecido adiposo branco inguinal ou IWAT com um barbeador. Adicione o creme depilatório por cinco minutos. Retire o creme residual com água para evitar queimaduras na pele.Desinfetar a pele usando três rodadas alternadas de aplicação da solução de iodopovidona sobre a pele com gaze limpa e álcool a 70%. Em seguida, faça uma incisão de um a dois centímetros com tesoura esterilizada na área proximal das articulações e mantenha a pele aberta usando pinças para expor o depósito de gordura. O WAT pode ser anexado à pele em ambos os lados, estendendo-o desde o início a partir das costas e em direção aos testículos.Usando pinças, puxe suavemente o depósito de gordura para cima através da incisão para garantir que a injeção esteja no local e na profundidade corretos. Encha a seringa de microlitros com 2,5 microlitros do vírus adenoassociado ou um AAV contendo o sgRNA direcionado ao gene endógeno PRDM16. Introduza cuidadosamente a agulha num ângulo de 30-45 graus no IWAT.Repita a injeção cinco vezes em diferentes locais do tecido para infectar homogeneamente todo o coxim gorduroso IWAT. Coloque o mouse na almofada de aquecimento até que a consciência seja recuperada. Monitorar o animal a cada 10 a 15 minutos até que ele se recupere totalmente.Após o animal recuperar a consciência, observe o perfil da locomotiva, que deve ser linear e não apresentar sinais de angústia ou dor. Veja as células vasculares estromais ou SVF's derivadas do IWAT de camundongo SPH adiposo em uma placa de 6 poços contendo meio DMEM completo por uma a duas horas, aspirar o meio, lavar o poço duas vezes usando PBS e substituí-lo por meio fresco e completo. Incubar as células a 37 graus Celsius, 5% de dióxido de carbono e 95% de umidade até que as células atinjam 70-80% de confluência.No Dia 0, induzir a diferenciação tratando as células com o meio de indução e após dois dias substituir o meio de indução pelo meio de manutenção. Novamente após dois dias, no quarto dia, substitua o meio de manutenção por um novo meio de manutenção por 2-3 dias. Troque o meio de manutenção a cada 48 horas até que os pré-adipócitos sejam totalmente diferenciados em adipócitos.Observe os adipócitos maduros usando microscopia de luz, pois as células diferenciadas parecem estar carregadas de gotículas lipídicas. Depois de crescer as células em uma placa de cultura de 6 poços com o meio completo até que as células atinjam 70-80% de confluência, misture 5,6*10^10 genoma viral por microlitro de sgRNA PRDM16 carreador de AAV com dois mililitros de meio completo e brometo de hexadimetrina. Transduzir as células substituindo o meio completo e adicionando o meio completo contendo AAV.Incubar as células transduzidas por 12 horas a 37 graus Celsius, 95% de umidade e 5% de dióxido de carbono. Dividir e ver as células como descrito para proliferação celular e diferenciação em adipócitos bege. As imagens de imunofluorescência do IWAT de camundongos adiposos com HPS demonstraram a expressão de dCas9 nos grupos controle e PRDM16.A expressão de PRDM16 induzida por SPH induziu claramente um acúmulo generalizado de adipócitos beges multioculares no IWAT. Além disso, a PCR quantitativa revelou um aumento da expressão de PRDM16 e do programa de genes termogênicos no grupo PRDM16 em comparação com o controle. Da mesma forma, a análise in vitro da expressão gênica confirmou o aumento da expressão do gene endógeno PRDM16 e genes termogênicos no grupo de superexpressão de PRDM16 em comparação com o controle.A expressão de PRDM16 induzida por SPH resultou em maior consumo basal e máximo de oxigênio do que nas células controle. É importante ressaltar que os dados indicaram maior respiração não acoplada no grupo PRDM16 em comparação com o grupo controle. O modelo de SPH adiposo é adequado para investigar múltiplos genes e elementos regulatórios dentro de adipócitos.Este método abre a possibilidade de uma compreensão mais profunda da biologia da gordura bege.

investigation-beige-fat-biology-metabolism-using-crispr-suntag-p65

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Bacterial Detection &amp; Identification Using Electrochemical Sensors

Electrochemical sensors are widely used for rapid and accurate measurement of blood glucose and can be adapted for detection of a wide variety of analytes. Electrochemical sensors operate by transducing a biological recognition event into a useful electrical signal. Signal transduction occurs by coupling the activity of a redox enzyme to an amperometric electrode. Sensor specificity is either an inherent characteristic of the enzyme, glucose oxidase in the case of a glucose sensor, or a product of linkage between the enzyme and an antibody or probe.
Here, we describe an electrochemical sensor assay method to directly detect and identify bacteria. In every case, the probes described here are DNA oligonucleotides. This method is based on sandwich hybridization of capture and detector probes with target ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The capture probe is anchored to the sensor surface, while the detector probe is linked to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). When a substrate such as 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) is added to an electrode with capture-target-detector complexes bound to its surface, the substrate is oxidized by HRP and reduced by the working electrode. This redox cycle results in shuttling of electrons by the substrate from the electrode to HRP, producing current flow in the electrode.

Bacterial Detection & Identification Using Electrochemical Sensors

We describe an electrochemical sensor assay method for rapid bacterial detection and identification. The assay involves a sensor array functionalized with DNA oligonucleotide capture probes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) species-specific sequences. Sandwich hybridization of target rRNA with the capture probe and a horseradish peroxidase-linked DNA oligonucleotide detector probe produces a measurable amperometric current.

Bacteriana Detecção e Identificação Utilizando sensores eletroquímicos

Electrochemical  sensors are widely used for rapid and accurate measurement of blood glucose and  can be adapted for detection of a wide variety of ...

Bioengenharia

Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens

A detailed understanding of the complexity and relative variability within the human cardiac venous system is crucial for the development of cardiac devices that require access to these vessels. For example, cardiac venous anatomy is known to be one of the key limitations for the proper delivery of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)1 Therefore, the development of a database of anatomical parameters for human cardiac venous systems can aid in the design of CRT delivery devices to overcome such a limitation. In this research project, the anatomical parameters were obtained from 3D reconstructions of the venous system using contrast-computed tomography (CT) imaging and modeling software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). The following parameters were assessed for each vein: arc length, tortuousity, branching angle, distance to the coronary sinus ostium, and vessel diameter.
	CRT is a potential treatment for patients with electromechanical dyssynchrony. Approximately 10-20% of heart failure patients may benefit from CRT2. Electromechanical dyssynchrony implies that parts of the myocardium activate and contract earlier or later than the normal conduction pathway of the heart. In CRT, dyssynchronous areas of the myocardium are treated with electrical stimulation. CRT pacing typically involves pacing leads that stimulate the right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), and left ventricle (LV) to produce more resynchronized rhythms. The LV lead is typically implanted within a cardiac vein, with the aim to overlay it within the site of latest myocardial activation. 
	We believe that the models obtained and the analyses thereof will promote the anatomical education for patients, students, clinicians, and medical device designers. The methodologies employed here can also be utilized to study other anatomical features of our human heart specimens, such as the coronary arteries. To further encourage the educational value of this research, we have shared the venous models on our free access website: <a href="http://www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas" target="_blank">www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas</a>.

The objective of this research is to recreate and then access the anatomy of the human cardiac venous system using 3D reconstructions generated from contrast-computed tomography scans.

Reconstruções anatômicas do sistema venoso cardíaco humano usando contraste Tomografia computadorizada de Amostras de perfusão-fixados

A detailed  understanding of the complexity and relative variability within the human  cardiac venous system is crucial for the development of cardiac ...

Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures Downstream of a Model Type IV Stent Failure in a 180&#176; Curved Artery Test Section

The arterial network in the human vasculature comprises of ubiquitously present blood vessels with complex geometries (branches, curvatures and tortuosity). Secondary flow structures are vortical flow patterns that occur in curved arteries due to the combined action of centrifugal forces, adverse pressure gradients and inflow characteristics. Such flow morphologies are greatly affected by pulsatility and multiple harmonics of physiological inflow conditions and vary greatly in size-strength-shape characteristics compared to non-physiological (steady and oscillatory) flows 1 - 7.
Secondary flow structures may ultimately influence the wall shear stress and exposure time of blood-borne particles toward progression of atherosclerosis, restenosis, sensitization of platelets and thrombosis 4 - 6, 8 - 13. Therefore, the ability to detect and characterize these structures under laboratory-controlled conditions is precursor to further clinical investigations.
A common surgical treatment to atherosclerosis is stent implantation, to open up stenosed arteries for unobstructed blood flow. But the concomitant flow perturbations due to stent installations result in multi-scale secondary flow morphologies 4 - 6. Progressively higher order complexities such as asymmetry and loss in coherence can be induced by ensuing stent failures vis-&#224;-vis those under unperturbed flows 5. These stent failures have been classified as &#34;Types I-to-IV&#34; based on failure considerations and clinical severity 14.
This study presents a protocol for the experimental investigation of the complex secondary flow structures due to complete transverse stent fracture and linear displacement of fractured parts (&#34;Type IV&#34;) in a curved artery model. The experimental method involves the implementation of particle image velocimetry (2C-2D PIV) techniques with an archetypal carotid artery inflow waveform, a refractive index matched blood-analog working fluid for phase-averaged measurements 15 - 18. Quantitative identification of secondary flow structures was achieved using concepts of flow physics, critical point theory and a novel wavelet transform algorithm applied to experimental PIV data 5, 6, 19 - 26.

Stent implants in stenosed arterial curvatures are prone to "Type IV" failures involving the complete transverse fracture of stents and linear displacement of the fractured parts. We present a protocol for detection of secondary flow (vortical) structures in a curved artery model, downstream of clinically relevant "Type IV" stent failures.

Investigação Experimental de Estruturas de fluxo secundário a jusante de uma falha Modelo Tipo IV Stent em uma seção de teste de 180 ° Curved Artéria

The arterial network in the human vasculature comprises of ubiquitously present blood vessels with complex geometries (branches, curvatures and ...

Scaffold-supported Transplantation of Islets in the Epididymal Fat Pad of Diabetic Mice

Islet transplantation has been clinically proven to be effective at treating type 1 diabetes. However, the current intrahepatic transplantation strategy may incur acute whole blood reactions and result in poor islet engraftment. Here, we report a robust protocol for the transplantation of islets at the extrahepatic transplantation site-the epididymal fat pad (EFP)-in a diabetic mouse model. A protocol to isolate and purify islets at high yields from C57BL/6J mice is described, as well as a transplantation method performed by seeding islets onto a decellularized scaffold (DCS) and implanting them at the EFP site in syngeneic C57BL/6J mice rendered diabetic by streptozotocin. The DCS graft containing 500 islets reversed the hyperglycemic condition within 10 days, while the free islets without DCS required at least 30 days. The normoglycemia was maintained for up to 3 months until the graft was explanted. In conclusion, DCS enhanced the engraftment of islets into the extrahepatic site of the EFP, which could easily be retrieved and might provide a reproducible and useful platform for investigating the scaffold materials, as well as other transplantation parameters required for a successful islet engraftment.

This protocol demonstrates murine islet isolation and seeding onto a decellularized scaffold. Scaffold-supported islets were transplanted into the epididymal fat pad of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Islets survived at the transplantation site and reversed the hyperglycemic condition.

Transplante de islotes apoiado em andaimes na almofada de gordura epidídmica de ratos diabéticos

Islet transplantation has been clinically proven to be effective at treating type 1 diabetes. However, the current intrahepatic transplantation strategy ...

Using Synthetic Biology to Engineer Living Cells That Interface with Programmable Materials

We have developed an abiotic-biotic interface that allows engineered cells to control the material properties of a functionalized surface. This system is made by creating two modules: a synthetically engineered strain of E. coli cells and a functionalized material interface. Within this paper, we detail a protocol for genetically engineering selected behaviors within a strain of E. coli using molecular cloning strategies. Once developed, this strain produces elevated levels of biotin when exposed to a chemical inducer. Additionally, we detail protocols for creating two different functionalized surfaces, each of which is able to respond to cell-synthesized biotin. Taken together, we present a methodology for creating a linked, abiotic-biotic system that allows engineered cells to control material composition and assembly on nonliving substrates.

This paper presents a series of protocols for developing engineered cells and functionalized surfaces that enable synthetically engineered E. coli to control and manipulate programmable material surfaces.

Usando biologia sintética para manipular células vivas que fazem interface com materiais programáveis

We have developed an abiotic-biotic interface that allows engineered cells to control the material properties of a functionalized surface. This system is ...

Efficient Generation and Editing of Feeder-free IPSCs from Human Pancreatic Cells Using the CRISPR-Cas9 System

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types of the body. The pluripotent cells are thus coveted for research in regenerative medicine and are currently in clinical trials for eye diseases, diabetes, heart diseases, and other disorders. The potential to differentiate into specialized cell types coupled with the recent advances in genome editing technologies including the CRISPR/Cas system have provided additional opportunities for tailoring the genome of iPSC for varied applications including disease modeling, gene therapy, and biasing pathways of differentiation, to name a few. Among the available editing technologies, the CRISPR/Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes has emerged as a tool of choice for site-specific editing of the eukaryotic genome. The CRISPRs are easily accessible, inexpensive, and highly efficient in engineering targeted edits. The system requires a Cas9 nuclease and a guide sequence (20-mer) specific to the genomic target abutting a 3-nucleotide &#34;NGG&#34; protospacer-adjacent-motif (PAM) for targeting Cas9 to the desired genomic locus, alongside a universal Cas9 binding tracer RNA (together called single guide RNA or sgRNA). Here we present a step-by-step protocol for efficient generation of feeder-independent and footprint-free iPSC and describe methodologies for genome editing of iPSC using the Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. The genome editing protocol is effective and can be easily multiplexed by pre-complexing sgRNAs for more than one target with the Cas9 protein and simultaneously delivering into the cells. Finally, we describe a simplified approach for identification and characterization of iPSCs with desired edits. Taken together, the outlined strategies are expected to streamline generation and editing of iPSC for manifold applications.

This protocol describes in detail the generation of footprint-free induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from human pancreatic cells in feeder-free conditions, followed by editing using CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoproteins and characterization of the modified single-cell clones.

Eficiente geração e edição de IPSCs livre de alimentador de células pancreáticas humanas utilizando o sistema CRISPR-Cas9

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types of the body. The pluripotent cells are thus coveted ...

Intra-cardiac Side-Firing Light Catheter for Monitoring Cellular Metabolism using Transmural Absorbance Spectroscopy of Perfused Mammalian Hearts

Absorbance spectroscopy of cardiac muscle provides non-destructive assessment of cytosolic and mitochondrial oxygenation via myoglobin and cytochrome absorbance respectively. In addition, numerous aspects of the mitochondrial metabolic status such as membrane potential and substrate entry can also be estimated. To perform cardiac wall transmission optical spectroscopy, a commercially available side-firing optical fiber catheter is placed in the left ventricle of the isolated perfused heart as a light source. Light passing through the heart wall is collected with an external optical fiber to perform optical spectroscopy of the heart in near real- time. The transmission approach avoids numerous surface scattering interference occurring in widely used reflection approaches. Changes in transmural absorbance spectra were deconvolved using a library of chromophore reference spectra, providing quantitative measures of all the known cardiac chromophores simultaneously. This spectral deconvolution approach eliminated intrinsic errors that may result from using common dual wavelength methods applied to overlapping absorbance spectra, as well as provided a quantitative evaluation of the goodness of fit. A custom program was designed for data acquisition and analysis, which permitted the investigator to monitor the metabolic state of the preparation during the experiment. These relatively simple additions to the standard heart perfusion system provide a unique insight into the metabolic state of the heart wall in addition to conventional measures of contraction, perfusion, and substrate/oxygen extraction.

Here we introduce a method for using an intra-ventricle optical catheter in perfused hearts to perform absorbance spectroscopy across the heart wall. The data obtained provides robust information on tissue oxygen tension as well as substrate utilization and membrane potential simultaneously with cardiac performance measures in this ubiquitous preparation.

Cateter de luz de queima lateral intra-cardíaco para monitoramento do metabolismo celular usando espectroscopia de absorvência transmural de corações de mamíferos perfused

Absorbance spectroscopy of cardiac muscle provides non-destructive assessment of cytosolic and mitochondrial oxygenation via myoglobin and cytochrome ...

CRISPR/Cas12a Multiplex Genome Editing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the Creation of Yeast Pixel Art

High efficiency, ease of use and versatility of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system has facilitated advanced genetic modification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a model organism and workhorse in industrial biotechnology. CRISPR-associated protein 12a (Cas12a), an RNA-guided endonuclease with features distinguishable from Cas9 is applied in this work, further extending the molecular toolbox for genome editing purposes. A benefit of the CRISPR/Cas12a system is that it can be used in multiplex genome editing with multiple guide RNAs expressed from a single transcriptional unit (single CRISPR RNA (crRNA) array). We present a protocol for multiplex integration of multiple heterologous genes into independent loci of the S. cerevisiae genome using the CRISPR/Cas12a system with multiple crRNAs expressed from a single crRNA array construct. The proposed method exploits the ability of S. cerevisiae to perform in vivo recombination of DNA fragments to assemble the single crRNA array into a plasmid that can be used for transformant selection, as well as the assembly of donor DNA sequences that integrate into the genome at intended positions. Cas12a is pre-expressed constitutively, facilitating cleavage of the S.&#160;cerevisiae genome at the intended positions upon expression of the single crRNA array. The protocol includes the design and construction of a single crRNA array and donor DNA expression cassettes, and exploits an integration approach making use of unique 50-bp DNA connectors sequences and separate integration flank DNA sequences, which simplifies experimental design through standardization and modularization and extends the range of applications. Finally, we demonstrate a straightforward technique for creating yeast pixel art with an acoustic liquid handler using differently colored carotenoid producing yeast strains that were constructed.

CRISPR/Cas12a Multiplex Genome Editing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the Creation of Yeast Pixel Art

The CRISPR/Cas12a system in combination with a single crRNA array enables efficient multiplex editing of the S.&#160;cerevisiae genome at multiple loci simultaneously. This is demonstrated by constructing carotenoid producing yeast strains which are subsequently used to create yeast pixel art.

Edição do genoma de CRISPR/Cas12a multiplex de Saccharomyces cerevisiae e a criação da arte do pixel do fermento

High efficiency, ease of use and versatility of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) ...

Construction of CRISPR Plasmids and Detection of Knockout Efficiency in Mammalian Cells through a Dual Luciferase Reporter System

Although highly efficient, modification of a genomic site by the CRISPR enzyme requires the generation of a sgRNA unique to the target site(s) beforehand. This work describes the key steps leading to the construction of efficient sgRNA vectors using a strategy that allows the efficient detection of the positive colonies by PCR prior to DNA sequencing. Since efficient genome editing using the CRISPR system requires a highly efficient sgRNA, a preselection of candidate sgRNA targets is necessary to save time and effort. A dual luciferase reporter system has been developed to evaluate knockout efficiency by examining double-strand break repair via single strand annealing. Here, we use this reporter system to pick up the preferred xCas9/sgRNA target from candidate sgRNA vectors for specific gene editing. The protocol outlined will provide a preferred sgRNA/CRISPR enzyme vector in 10 days (starting with appropriately designed oligonucleotides).

Here, we present a protocol describing a streamlined method for the efficient generation of plasmids expressing both the CRISPR enzyme and associated single guide RNA (sgRNAs). Co-transfection of mammalian cells with this sgRNA/CRISPR vector and a dual luciferase reporter vector that examines double-strand break repair allows evaluation of knockout efficiency.

Construção de Plasmids CRISPR e Detecção de Eficiência de Nocaute em Células Mamíferas através de um Sistema de Repórteres Dual Luciferase

Although highly efficient, modification of a genomic site by the CRISPR enzyme requires the generation of a sgRNA unique to the target site(s) beforehand. ...

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

The shoulder is one of the human body's most complex joint systems, with motion occurring through the coordinated actions of four individual joints, multiple ligaments, and approximately 20 muscles. Unfortunately, shoulder pathologies (e.g., rotator cuff tears, joint dislocations, arthritis) are common, resulting in substantial pain, disability, and decreased quality of life. The specific etiology for many of these pathologic conditions is not fully understood, but it is generally accepted that shoulder pathology is often associated with altered joint motion. Unfortunately, measuring shoulder motion with the necessary level of accuracy to investigate motion-based hypotheses is not trivial. However, radiographic-based motion measurement techniques have provided the advancement necessary to investigate motion-based hypotheses and provide a mechanistic understanding of shoulder function. Thus, the purpose of this article is to describe the approaches for measuring shoulder motion using a custom biplanar videoradiography system. The specific objectives of this article are to describe the protocols to acquire biplanar videoradiographic images of the shoulder complex, acquire CT scans, develop 3D bone models, locate anatomical landmarks, track the position and orientation of the humerus, scapula, and torso from the biplanar radiographic images, and calculate the kinematic outcome measures. In addition, the article will describe special considerations unique to the shoulder when measuring joint kinematics using this approach.

Biplane videoradiography can quantify shoulder kinematics with a high degree of accuracy. The protocol described herein was specifically designed to track the scapula, humerus, and the ribs during planar humeral elevation, and outlines the procedures for data collection, processing, and analysis. Unique considerations for data collection are also described.

Medindo kinemática de ombro 3D in vivo usando videoradiografia biplanar

The shoulder is one of the human body's most complex joint systems, with motion occurring through the coordinated actions of four individual joints, ...