Name: infection of primary nasal epithelial cells grown at an air-liquid interface to characterize human coronavirus-host interactions
Uploaded: 2023-09-22T13:20:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions at JoVE.com

Denne undersøgelse har følgende finansieringskilder: National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01AI 169537 (S.R.W. og N.A.C.), NIH R01AI 140442 (S.R.W.), VA Merit Review CX001717 (N.A.C.), VA Merit Review BX005432 (S.R.W. og N.A.C.), Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and other Emerging Pathogens (S.R.W.), Laffey-McHugh Foundation (S.R.W. og N.A.C.), T32 AI055400 (CJO), T32 AI007324 (AF).

Anvendelsen af næseprøver blev godkendt af University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board (protokol # 800614) og Philadelphia VA Institutional Review Board (protokol # 00781).
1. Infektion af nasale ALI-kulturer
BEMÆRK: Erhvervelse af kliniske prøver samt vækst og differentiering af nasale ALI-kulturer ligger uden for rammerne af denne artikel. Specifikke metoder til dyrkning af primære nasale epitelceller findes i nyligt offentliggjorte ...

<ol>
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European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-cov-situation-update">https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-cov-situation-update</a> (2022)</li><li>Cao, Y., Liu, X., Xiong, L., Cai, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+and+clinical+features+of+patients+with+2019+novel+coronavirus+SARS-CoV-2:+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Journal of Medical Virology. 92 (9), 1449-1459 (2020).</li><li>Vareille, M., Kieninger, E., Edwards, M. 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F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+induction+of+type+I+and+III+interferons+mediates+nasal+epithelial+cell+permissiveness+to+SARS-CoV-2.">Delayed induction of type I and III interferons mediates nasal epithelial cell permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2.</a> Nature Communications. 12 (1), 7092 (2021).</li><li>Sungnak, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SARS-CoV-2+entry+factors+are+highly+expressed+in+nasal+epithelial+cells+together+with+innate+immune+genes.">SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes.</a> Nature Medicine. 26 (5), 681-687 (2020).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SARS-CoV-2+induces+double-stranded+RNA-mediated+innate+immune+responses+in+respiratory+epithelial-derived+cells+and+cardiomyocytes.">SARS-CoV-2 induces double-stranded RNA-mediated innate immune responses in respiratory epithelial-derived cells and cardiomyocytes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (16), 2022643118 (2021).</li><li>Comar, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MERS-CoV+endoribonuclease+and+accessory+proteins+jointly+evade+host+innate+immunity+during+infection+of+lung+and+nasal+epithelial+cells.">MERS-CoV endoribonuclease and accessory proteins jointly evade host innate immunity during infection of lung and nasal epithelial cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 119 (21), 2123208119 (2022).</li><li>Lee, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+D-amino+acids+suppress+sinonasal+innate+immunity+through+sweet+taste+receptors+in+solitary+chemosensory+cells.">Bacterial D-amino acids suppress sinonasal innate immunity through sweet taste receptors in solitary chemosensory cells.</a> Science Signaling. 10 (495), (2017).</li><li>Brewington, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brushed+nasal+epithelial+cells+are+a+surrogate+for+bronchial+epithelial+CFTR+studies.">Brushed nasal epithelial cells are a surrogate for bronchial epithelial CFTR studies.</a> JCI Insight. 3 (13), 99385 (2018).</li><li>Comer, D. M., Elborn, J. S., Ennis, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+nasal+and+bronchial+epithelial+cells+obtained+from+patients+with+COPD.">Comparison of nasal and bronchial epithelial cells obtained from patients with COPD.</a> PLoS One. 7 (3), e32924 (2012).</li><li>Vanders, R. L., Hsu, A., Gibson, P. G., Murphy, V. E., Wark, P. A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nasal+epithelial+cells+to+assess+in+vitro+immune+responses+to+respiratory+virus+infection+in+pregnant+women+with+asthma.">Nasal epithelial cells to assess in vitro immune responses to respiratory virus infection in pregnant women with asthma.</a> Respiratory Research. 20 (1), 259 (2019).</li><li>Lee, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fungal+aflatoxins+reduce+respiratory+mucosal+ciliary+function.">Fungal aflatoxins reduce respiratory mucosal ciliary function.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 33221 (2016).</li><li>Patel, N. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fungal+extracts+stimulate+solitary+chemosensory+cell+expansion+in+noninvasive+fungal+rhinosinusitis.">Fungal extracts stimulate solitary chemosensory cell expansion in noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis.</a> International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology. 9 (7), 730-737 (2019).</li><li>Baer, A., Kehn-Hall, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral+concentration+determination+through+plaque+assays:+Using+traditional+and+novel+overlay+systems.">Viral concentration determination through plaque assays: Using traditional and novel overlay systems.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 93 (93), e52065 (2014).</li><li>Robinot, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SARS-CoV-2+infection+induces+the+dedifferentiation+of+multiciliated+cells+and+impairs+mucociliary+clearance.">SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the dedifferentiation of multiciliated cells and impairs mucociliary clearance.</a> Nature Communications. 12 (1), 4354 (2021).</li><li>Whitsett, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Airway+epithelial+differentiation+and+mucociliary+clearance.">Airway epithelial differentiation and mucociliary clearance.</a> Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 15, S143-S148 (2018).</li><li>Gao, N., Raduka, A., Rezaee, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory+syncytial+virus+disrupts+the+airway+epithelial+barrier+by+decreasing+cortactin+and+destabilizing+F-actin.">Respiratory syncytial virus disrupts the airway epithelial barrier by decreasing cortactin and destabilizing F-actin.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 135 (16), 259871 (2022).</li><li>Schmidt, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-13+impairs+tight+junctions+in+airway+epithelia.">IL-13 impairs tight junctions in airway epithelia.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (13), 3222 (2019).</li><li>Huang, Z. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-13+alters+tight+junction+proteins+expression+thereby+compromising+barrier+function+and+dampens+rhinovirus+induced+immune+responses+in+nasal+epithelium.">Interleukin-13 alters tight junction proteins expression thereby compromising barrier function and dampens rhinovirus induced immune responses in nasal epithelium.</a> Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 8, 572749 (2020).</li><li>Saatian, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-4+and+interleukin-13+cause+barrier+dysfunction+in+human+airway+epithelial+cells.">Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 cause barrier dysfunction in human airway epithelial cells.</a> Tissue Barriers. 1 (2), e24333 (2013).</li><li>Coles, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+revised+protocol+for+culture+of+airway+epithelial+cells+as+a+diagnostic+tool+for+primary+ciliary+dyskinesia.">A revised protocol for culture of airway epithelial cells as a diagnostic tool for primary ciliary dyskinesia.</a> Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (11), 3753 (2020).</li><li>Baldassi, D., Gabold, B., Merkel, O. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Air&#8722;liquid+interface+cultures+of+the+healthy+and+diseased+human+respiratory+tract:+Promises,+challenges,+and+future+directions.">Air&#8722;liquid interface cultures of the healthy and diseased human respiratory tract: Promises, challenges, and future directions.</a> Advanced NanoBiomed Research. 1 (6), 2000111 (2021).</li><li>Seibold, M. 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De metoder, der er beskrevet her, beskriver et primært epitelkultursystem, hvor patientafledte nasale epitelceller dyrkes ved en luft-væske-grænseflade og anvendes til undersøgelse af HCoV-værtsinteraktioner. Når de er differentieret, rekapitulerer disse nasale ALI-kulturer mange funktioner i in vivo næseepitelet, herunder en heterogen cellulær population med cilierede, bæger- og basalceller repræsenteret samt intakt mucociliær funktion med robust bankende cilia og slimsekretion. Denne heterogene cell...

Syv humane coronavirus (HCoV'er) er blevet identificeret til dato og forårsager en række luftvejssygdomme2. De almindelige eller sæsonbestemte HCoV'er (HCoV-NL63, -229E, -OC43 og -HKU1) er typisk forbundet med øvre luftvejspatologi og forårsager anslået 10% -30% af forkølelsestilfælde årligt. Selvom dette er den typiske kliniske fænotype forbundet med de almindelige HCoV'er, kan disse vira forårsage mere signifikant sygdom i nedre luftveje i risikopopulationer, herunder børn, ældre voksne og immunkompromitterede personer 3,4. Tre patogene HCoV'er er opstået og forårsaget betydelige folkesundhedskriser i de sidste 20 år, herunder alvorligt akut respiratorisk syndrom (SARS)-CoV, Mellemøsten respiratorisk syndrom (MERS)-CoV og SARS-CoV-2. Dødelige HCoV'er er forbundet med mere alvorlig luftvejspatologi, hvilket tydeligt illustreres af >34% dødelighed forbundet med MERS-CoV-tilfælde (894 dødsfald fra over 2,500 tilfælde siden fremkomsten i 2012)5,6. Det er vigtigt at bemærke, at de dødelige HCoV'er også forårsager en række luftvejssygdomme, fra asymptomatiske infektioner til dødelig lungebetændelse, som det ses med den igangværende COVID-19-pandemi7.
HCoV'er, som andre respiratoriske patogener, kommer ind i luftvejene og etablerer en produktiv infektion i næseepitelet8. Spredning til de nedre luftveje menes at være forbundet med aspiration fra mundhulen / næsehulen til lungen, hvor HCoV'er forårsager mere signifikant nedre luftvejspatologi 9,10,11. Således fungerer næsen som den første portal for viral indgang og er den primære barriere for infektion med sit robuste mucociliære clearancemaskineri og unikke medfødte immunmekanismer, der sigter mod at forhindre yderligere viral spredning til de nedre luftveje12,13. For eksempel er nasale epitelceller blevet rapporteret at udtrykke højere end gennemsnittet basale niveauer af antivirale interferoner og interferonstimulerede gener, hvilket indikerer, at næseceller kan primes til tidlige reaktioner på respiratoriske vira14,15,16.
Vi har tidligere brugt patientafledte primære nasale epitelceller dyrket ved en luft-væske-grænseflade (ALI) til at modellere HCoV-værtsinteraktioner i næsen, hvor HCoV-infektioner begynder. Nasale ALI-kulturer er tilladelige for både patogene (SARS-CoV-2 og MERS-CoV) og almindelige HCoV'er (HCoV-NL63 og HCoV-229E) og tilbyder forskellige fordele i forhold til traditionelle luftvejsepitelcellelinjer såsom A549 (en lungeadenokarcinomcellelinje)16,17. Efter differentiering indeholder nasale ALI-kulturer en heterogen cellulær population og udviser mange af de funktioner, der forventes af in vivo nasal epitel, såsom mucociliær clearance maskiner18. Nasale celler tilbyder også fordele i forhold til nedre luftvejskultursystemer (såsom humane bronchiale epitelceller, HBEC'er), da erhvervelsen af nasale epitelceller via cytologisk børstning er signifikant mindre invasiv sammenlignet med anvendelse af teknikker som bronkoskopi til opnåelse af HBEC'er 19,20,21.
Dette papir beskriver metoder til udnyttelse af dette nasale ALI-kultursystem til at karakterisere HCoV-værtsinteraktioner i næseepitelet. Vi har anvendt disse metoder i nyligt offentliggjorte værker til at sammenligne SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 og HCoV-229E 1,16,17. Selvom disse metoder og repræsentative resultater understreger undersøgelsen af HCoV'er i denne næsecellemodel, er systemet meget tilpasningsdygtigt til andre HCoV'er såvel som andre respiratoriske patogener. Endvidere kan disse metoder anvendes mere bredt på andre ALI-dyrkningssystemer for at undersøge viral replikation og cellulær tropisme samt cytotoksicitet og medfødt immuninduktion efter infektion.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor secondary antibodies (488, 594, 647)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA (bovine serum albumin)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cOmplete mini EDTA-free protease inhibitor</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11836170001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytotoxicity detection kit</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11644793001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM (Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Media)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965-084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS (Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS + calcium + magnesium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14040-117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endohm-6G measurement chamber</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>ENDOHM-6G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epithelial cell adhesion marker (EpCAM; CD326)</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>14-9326-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epithelial Volt/Ohm (TEER) Meter (EVOM)</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>300523</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum)</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30071.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FV10-ASW software for imaging</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>Version 4.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCoV-NL63 (Human coronavirus, NL63)</td>
			<td>BEI Resources</td>
			<td>NR-470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCoV-NL63 nucleocapsid antibody</td>
			<td>Sino Biological</td>
			<td>40641-V07E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoescht stain</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>H3570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laemmli sample buffer (4x)</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>1610747</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LLC-MK2 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-7</td>
			<td>To titrate HCoV-NL63</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MERS-CoV (Human coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), EMC/2012)</td>
			<td>BEI Resources&#160;</td>
			<td>NR-44260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MERS-CoV nucleocapsid antibody</td>
			<td>Sino Biological</td>
			<td>40068-MM10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MUC5AC antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>AMAB91539</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus Fluoview confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>FV1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phalloidin-iFluor 647 stain</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab176759</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PhosStop easy pack (phosphatase inhibitors)&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>PHOSS-RO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate reader&#160;</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>HH34000000</td>
			<td>Any plate reader or ELISA reader is sufficient; must be able to read absorbance at 492 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris pH 8; 150 mM NaCl; 0.5% deoxycholate; 0.1% SDS; 1% NP40)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>89990</td>
			<td>Can prep in-house or purchase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Plus Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-Related Coronavirus 2, Isolate USA-WA1/2020)</td>
			<td>BEI Resources</td>
			<td>NR-52281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody</td>
			<td>Genetex</td>
			<td>GTX135357</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton-X 100</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP151100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type IV &#946;- tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab11315</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VeroCCL81 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-81</td>
			<td>To titrate MERS-CoV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VeroE6 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-1586</td>
			<td>To titrate SARS-CoV-2</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

infection of primary nasal epithelial cells grown at an air-liquid interface to characterize human coronavirus-host interactions

Tre højpatogene humane coronavirus (HCoV'er) - SARS-CoV (2002), MERS-CoV (2012) og SARS-CoV-2 (2019) - er opstået og forårsaget betydelige folkesundhedskriser i de sidste 20 år. Fire yderligere HCoV'er forårsager en betydelig del af forkølelsestilfælde hvert år (HCoV-NL63, -229E, -OC43 og -HKU1), hvilket fremhæver vigtigheden af at studere disse vira i fysiologisk relevante systemer. HCoV'er kommer ind i luftvejene og etablerer infektion i næseepitelet, det primære sted, som alle respiratoriske patogener støder på. Vi bruger et primært nasal epitelkultursystem, hvor patientafledte næseprøver dyrkes ved en luft-væske-grænseflade (ALI) til at studere værtspatogeninteraktioner på dette vigtige vagtsted. Disse kulturer rekapitulerer mange funktioner i in vivo-luftvejene, herunder de tilstedeværende celletyper, ciliærfunktion og slimproduktion. Vi beskriver metoder til at karakterisere viral replikation, værtscelletropisme, virusinduceret cytotoksicitet og medfødt immuninduktion i nasale ALI-kulturer efter HCoV-infektion ved hjælp af nyere arbejde, der sammenligner dødelige og sæsonbestemte HCoV'er som et eksempel1. En øget forståelse af vært-patogen interaktioner i næsen har potentialet til at give nye mål for antivirale lægemidler mod HCoV'er og andre respiratoriske vira, der sandsynligvis vil dukke op i fremtiden.

De repræsentative tal er delvist tilpasset fra data, der findes i manuskriptet Otter et al.1. Nasale ALI-kulturer afledt af fire eller seks donorer blev inficeret med en af fire HCoV'er (SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 og HCoV-229E) i henhold til protokollerne beskrevet ovenfor, og de gennemsnitlige apikale udgydelse af virale titere for hver virus er afbildet i figur 1A. Mens alle fire af disse HCoV'er replikerer produktivt i nasale ALI-kulturer, replikerer SARS-CoV...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions at JoVE.com

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

Det nasale epitel er det primære barrierested, som alle respiratoriske patogener støder på. Her skitserer vi metoder til at bruge primære nasale epitelceller dyrket som luft-væske-interface (ALI) kulturer til at karakterisere humane coronavirus-værtsinteraktioner i et fysiologisk relevant system.

Infektion af primære nasale epitelceller dyrket ved en luft-væske-grænseflade for at karakterisere humane coronavirus-værtsinteraktioner

Three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) - SARS-CoV (2002), MERS-CoV (2012), and SARS-CoV-2 (2019) - have emerged and caused significant public ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living ...

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#x2019;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

Application of a Mouse Ligated PeyerÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

Anvendelse af en mus Ligated Peyer er Patch Intestinal Loop Assay at evaluere Bakteriel Optagelse ved M celler

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed ...

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the ...

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

En<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Samtidig infektion model for at studere<em&gt; Plasmodium falciparum</em&gt;-HIV-1 Interactions i humane primære Monocytafledte immunceller

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent  of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Flowcytometrisk Isolering af primære murine type II alveolære epitelceller for Funktionelle og molekylære studier

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

Isolering af myeloide dendritiske celler og epitelceller fra human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Biomimetic Materials to Characterize Bacteria-host Interactions

Biomimetiske Materialer, der skal karakterisere Bakterier-vært interaktioner

Bacterial attachment to host cells is one of the earliest events during bacterial colonization of host tissues and thus a key step during infection. The ...

Human Placental and Decidual Organ Cultures to Study Infections at the Maternal-fetal Interface

Humane placenta og decidua Organ kulturer til at studere Infektioner på Maternal-føtal interface

The placenta shows a large degree of interspecies anatomic variability. To best understand biology and pathophysiology of the human placenta, it is ...

Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue

Vurdering af Synaptic grænsefladen af primære menneskelige T celler fra perifert blod og lymfoide væv

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of ...

High-Efficiency Generation of Antigen-Specific Primary Mouse Cytotoxic T Cells for Functional Testing in an Autoimmune Diabetes Model

Højeffektiv generation af antigen-specifikke primære mus cytotoksiske T-celler til funktionel testning i en autoimmun diabetes model

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is characterized by islet-specific autoimmunity leading to beta cell destruction and absolute loss of insulin production. In the ...