Name: infection of primary nasal epithelial cells grown at an air-liquid interface to characterize human coronavirus-host interactions
Uploaded: 2023-09-22T13:20:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions at JoVE.com

Questo studio ha le seguenti fonti di finanziamento: National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01AI 169537 (S.R.W. e N.A.C.), NIH R01AI 140442 (S.R.W.), VA Merit Review CX001717 (N.A.C.), VA Merit Review BX005432 (S.R.W. e N.A.C.), Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and other Emerging Pathogens (S.R.W.), Laffey-McHugh Foundation (S.R.W. e N.A.C.), T32 AI055400 (CJO), T32 AI007324 (AF).

L'uso di campioni nasali è stato approvato dall'Institutional Review Board dell'Università della Pennsylvania (protocollo # 800614) e dal Philadelphia VA Institutional Review Board (protocollo # 00781).
1. Infezione delle colture nasali di ALI
NOTA: L'acquisizione di campioni clinici, così come la crescita e la differenziazione di colture ALI nasali, non rientrano nell'ambito di questo documento. Metodi specifici per la coltura di cellule epitelial...

<ol>
	<li>Otter, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infection+of+primary+nasal+epithelial+cells+differentiates+among+lethal+and+seasonal+human+coronaviruses.">Infection of primary nasal epithelial cells differentiates among lethal and seasonal human coronaviruses.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 120 (15), 2218083120 (2023).</li><li>Fehr, A., Perlman, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coronaviruses:+An+overview+of+their+replication+and+pathogenesis.">Coronaviruses: An overview of their replication and pathogenesis.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1282, 1-23 (2015).</li><li>Gaunt, E. R., Hardie, A., Claas, E. C. J., Simmonds, P., Templeton, K. 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European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-cov-situation-update">https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/middle-east-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-mers-cov-situation-update</a> (2022)</li><li>Cao, Y., Liu, X., Xiong, L., Cai, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+and+clinical+features+of+patients+with+2019+novel+coronavirus+SARS-CoV-2:+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Journal of Medical Virology. 92 (9), 1449-1459 (2020).</li><li>Vareille, M., Kieninger, E., Edwards, M. R., Regamey, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+airway+epithelium:+Soldier+in+the+fight+against+respiratory+viruses.">The airway epithelium: Soldier in the fight against respiratory viruses.</a> Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 24 (1), 210-229 (2011).</li><li>Farzal, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+simulated+nebulized+and+spray+particle+deposition+in+chronic+rhinosinusitis+patients.">Comparative study of simulated nebulized and spray particle deposition in chronic rhinosinusitis patients.</a> International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology. 9 (7), 746-758 (2019).</li><li>Gaeckle, N. T., Pragman, A. A., Pendleton, K. M., Baldomero, A. K., Criner, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+oral-lung+axis:+The+impact+of+oral+health+on+lung+health.">The oral-lung axis: The impact of oral health on lung health.</a> Respiratory Care. 65 (8), 1211-1220 (2020).</li><li>Hou, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SARS-CoV-2+reverse+genetics+reveals+a+variable+infection+gradient+in+the+respiratory+tract.">SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection gradient in the respiratory tract.</a> Cell. 182, 429-446 (2020).</li><li>Hariri, B. M., Cohen, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+into+upper+airway+innate+immunity.">New insights into upper airway innate immunity.</a> American Journal of Rhinology and Allergy. 30 (5), 319-323 (2016).</li><li>Hiemstra, P. S., McCray, P. B., Bals, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+innate+immune+function+of+airway+epithelial+cells+in+inflammatory+lung+disease.">The innate immune function of airway epithelial cells in inflammatory lung disease.</a> European Respiratory Journal. 45 (4), 1150-1162 (2015).</li><li>Hatton, C. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+induction+of+type+I+and+III+interferons+mediates+nasal+epithelial+cell+permissiveness+to+SARS-CoV-2.">Delayed induction of type I and III interferons mediates nasal epithelial cell permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2.</a> Nature Communications. 12 (1), 7092 (2021).</li><li>Sungnak, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SARS-CoV-2+entry+factors+are+highly+expressed+in+nasal+epithelial+cells+together+with+innate+immune+genes.">SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes.</a> Nature Medicine. 26 (5), 681-687 (2020).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SARS-CoV-2+induces+double-stranded+RNA-mediated+innate+immune+responses+in+respiratory+epithelial-derived+cells+and+cardiomyocytes.">SARS-CoV-2 induces double-stranded RNA-mediated innate immune responses in respiratory epithelial-derived cells and cardiomyocytes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (16), 2022643118 (2021).</li><li>Comar, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MERS-CoV+endoribonuclease+and+accessory+proteins+jointly+evade+host+innate+immunity+during+infection+of+lung+and+nasal+epithelial+cells.">MERS-CoV endoribonuclease and accessory proteins jointly evade host innate immunity during infection of lung and nasal epithelial cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 119 (21), 2123208119 (2022).</li><li>Lee, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+D-amino+acids+suppress+sinonasal+innate+immunity+through+sweet+taste+receptors+in+solitary+chemosensory+cells.">Bacterial D-amino acids suppress sinonasal innate immunity through sweet taste receptors in solitary chemosensory cells.</a> Science Signaling. 10 (495), (2017).</li><li>Brewington, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brushed+nasal+epithelial+cells+are+a+surrogate+for+bronchial+epithelial+CFTR+studies.">Brushed nasal epithelial cells are a surrogate for bronchial epithelial CFTR studies.</a> JCI Insight. 3 (13), 99385 (2018).</li><li>Comer, D. M., Elborn, J. S., Ennis, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+nasal+and+bronchial+epithelial+cells+obtained+from+patients+with+COPD.">Comparison of nasal and bronchial epithelial cells obtained from patients with COPD.</a> PLoS One. 7 (3), e32924 (2012).</li><li>Vanders, R. L., Hsu, A., Gibson, P. G., Murphy, V. E., Wark, P. A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nasal+epithelial+cells+to+assess+in+vitro+immune+responses+to+respiratory+virus+infection+in+pregnant+women+with+asthma.">Nasal epithelial cells to assess in vitro immune responses to respiratory virus infection in pregnant women with asthma.</a> Respiratory Research. 20 (1), 259 (2019).</li><li>Lee, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fungal+aflatoxins+reduce+respiratory+mucosal+ciliary+function.">Fungal aflatoxins reduce respiratory mucosal ciliary function.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 33221 (2016).</li><li>Patel, N. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fungal+extracts+stimulate+solitary+chemosensory+cell+expansion+in+noninvasive+fungal+rhinosinusitis.">Fungal extracts stimulate solitary chemosensory cell expansion in noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis.</a> International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology. 9 (7), 730-737 (2019).</li><li>Baer, A., Kehn-Hall, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral+concentration+determination+through+plaque+assays:+Using+traditional+and+novel+overlay+systems.">Viral concentration determination through plaque assays: Using traditional and novel overlay systems.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 93 (93), e52065 (2014).</li><li>Robinot, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SARS-CoV-2+infection+induces+the+dedifferentiation+of+multiciliated+cells+and+impairs+mucociliary+clearance.">SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the dedifferentiation of multiciliated cells and impairs mucociliary clearance.</a> Nature Communications. 12 (1), 4354 (2021).</li><li>Whitsett, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Airway+epithelial+differentiation+and+mucociliary+clearance.">Airway epithelial differentiation and mucociliary clearance.</a> Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 15, S143-S148 (2018).</li><li>Gao, N., Raduka, A., Rezaee, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Respiratory+syncytial+virus+disrupts+the+airway+epithelial+barrier+by+decreasing+cortactin+and+destabilizing+F-actin.">Respiratory syncytial virus disrupts the airway epithelial barrier by decreasing cortactin and destabilizing F-actin.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 135 (16), 259871 (2022).</li><li>Schmidt, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-13+impairs+tight+junctions+in+airway+epithelia.">IL-13 impairs tight junctions in airway epithelia.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (13), 3222 (2019).</li><li>Huang, Z. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-13+alters+tight+junction+proteins+expression+thereby+compromising+barrier+function+and+dampens+rhinovirus+induced+immune+responses+in+nasal+epithelium.">Interleukin-13 alters tight junction proteins expression thereby compromising barrier function and dampens rhinovirus induced immune responses in nasal epithelium.</a> Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 8, 572749 (2020).</li><li>Saatian, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-4+and+interleukin-13+cause+barrier+dysfunction+in+human+airway+epithelial+cells.">Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 cause barrier dysfunction in human airway epithelial cells.</a> Tissue Barriers. 1 (2), e24333 (2013).</li><li>Coles, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+revised+protocol+for+culture+of+airway+epithelial+cells+as+a+diagnostic+tool+for+primary+ciliary+dyskinesia.">A revised protocol for culture of airway epithelial cells as a diagnostic tool for primary ciliary dyskinesia.</a> Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (11), 3753 (2020).</li><li>Baldassi, D., Gabold, B., Merkel, O. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Air&#8722;liquid+interface+cultures+of+the+healthy+and+diseased+human+respiratory+tract:+Promises,+challenges,+and+future+directions.">Air&#8722;liquid interface cultures of the healthy and diseased human respiratory tract: Promises, challenges, and future directions.</a> Advanced NanoBiomed Research. 1 (6), 2000111 (2021).</li><li>Seibold, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-13+stimulation+reveals+the+cellular+and+functional+plasticity+of+the+airway+epithelium.">Interleukin-13 stimulation reveals the cellular and functional plasticity of the airway epithelium.</a> Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 15, S98-S106 (2018).</li><li>Morrison, C. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SARS-CoV-2+infection+of+airway+cells+causes+intense+viral+and+cell+shedding,+two+spreading+mechanisms+affected+by+IL-13.">SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway cells causes intense viral and cell shedding, two spreading mechanisms affected by IL-13.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 119 (16), 2119680119 (2022).</li></ol>

I metodi qui descritti descrivono un sistema di coltura epiteliale primaria in cui le cellule epiteliali nasali derivate dal paziente vengono coltivate ad un'interfaccia aria-liquido e applicate allo studio delle interazioni HCoV-ospite. Una volta differenziate, queste colture nasali di ALI ricapitolano molte caratteristiche dell'epitelio nasale in vivo, tra cui una popolazione cellulare eterogenea con cellule ciliate, caliciformi e basali rappresentate, nonché una funzione mucociliare intatta con ciglia e secrezione di...

Ad oggi sono stati identificati sette coronavirus umani (HCoV) che causano una serie di malattie respiratorie2. Gli HCoV comuni o stagionali (HCoV-NL63, -229E, -OC43 e -HKU1) sono tipicamente associati alla patologia del tratto respiratorio superiore e causano circa il 10%-30% dei casi di raffreddore comuni ogni anno. Sebbene questo sia il tipico fenotipo clinico associato ai comuni HCoV, questi virus possono causare malattie più significative del tratto respiratorio inferiore nelle popolazioni a rischio, inclusi bambini, anziani e individui immunocompromessi 3,4. Negli ultimi 20 anni sono emersi tre HCoV patogeni che hanno causato significative emergenze di salute pubblica, tra cui la sindrome respiratoria acuta grave (SARS)-CoV, la sindrome respiratoria mediorientale (MERS)-CoV e SARS-CoV-2. Gli HCoV letali sono associati a una patologia del tratto respiratorio più grave, il che è chiaramente illustrato dal tasso di mortalità del >34% associato ai casi di MERS-CoV (894 decessi su oltre 2.500 casi dalla sua comparsa nel 2012)5,6. È importante notare che gli HCoV letali causano anche una serie di malattie del tratto respiratorio, dalle infezioni asintomatiche alla polmonite letale, come si è visto con la pandemia di COVID-19 in corso7.
Gli HCoV, come altri patogeni respiratori, entrano nel tratto respiratorio e stabiliscono un'infezione produttiva nell'epitelio nasale8. Si ritiene che la diffusione alle vie aeree inferiori sia associata all'aspirazione dalla cavità orale/nasale al polmone, dove gli HCoV causano una patologia più significativa del tratto respiratorio inferiore 9,10,11. Pertanto, il naso funge da portale iniziale per l'ingresso virale ed è la barriera primaria all'infezione con il suo robusto meccanismo di clearance mucociliare e meccanismi immunitari innati unici volti a prevenire un'ulteriore diffusione virale alle vie aeree inferiori12,13. Ad esempio, è stato riportato che le cellule epiteliali nasali esprimono livelli basali superiori alla media di interferoni antivirali e geni stimolati dall'interferone, indicando che le cellule nasali possono essere innescate per risposte precoci ai virus respiratori14,15,16.
In precedenza abbiamo utilizzato cellule epiteliali nasali primarie derivate da pazienti cresciute in un'interfaccia aria-liquido (ALI) per modellare le interazioni HCoV-ospite nel naso, dove iniziano le infezioni da HCoV. Le colture nasali di ALI sono permissive sia per gli HCoV patogeni (SARS-CoV-2 e MERS-CoV) che per quelli comuni (HCoV-NL63 e HCoV-229E) e offrono vari vantaggi rispetto alle tradizionali linee cellulari epiteliali delle vie aeree come A549 (una linea cellulare di adenocarcinoma polmonare)16,17. Dopo il differenziamento, le colture nasali di ALI contengono una popolazione cellulare eterogenea e presentano molte delle funzioni attese dall'epitelio nasale in vivo, come il meccanismo di clearance mucociliare18. Le cellule nasali offrono anche vantaggi rispetto ai sistemi di coltura delle vie aeree inferiori (come le cellule epiteliali bronchiali umane, HBEC), poiché l'acquisizione di cellule epiteliali nasali tramite spazzolamento citologico è significativamente meno invasiva rispetto all'utilizzo di tecniche come la broncoscopia per ottenere HBEC 19,20,21.
Questo documento descrive i metodi per l'utilizzo di questo sistema di coltura ALI nasale per caratterizzare le interazioni HCoV-ospite nell'epitelio nasale. Abbiamo applicato questi metodi in lavori pubblicati di recente per confrontare SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 e HCoV-229E 1,16,17. Sebbene questi metodi e risultati rappresentativi enfatizzino lo studio degli HCoV in questo modello di cellule nasali, il sistema è altamente adattabile ad altri HCoV, così come ad altri patogeni respiratori. Inoltre, questi metodi possono essere applicati in modo più ampio ad altri sistemi di coltura ALI al fine di studiare la replicazione virale e il tropismo cellulare, nonché la citotossicità e l'induzione immunitaria innata a seguito di infezione.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor secondary antibodies (488, 594, 647)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA (bovine serum albumin)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cOmplete mini EDTA-free protease inhibitor</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11836170001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytotoxicity detection kit</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11644793001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM (Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Media)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11965-084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS (Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS + calcium + magnesium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14040-117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endohm-6G measurement chamber</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>ENDOHM-6G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epithelial cell adhesion marker (EpCAM; CD326)</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>14-9326-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epithelial Volt/Ohm (TEER) Meter (EVOM)</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>300523</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum)</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30071.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FV10-ASW software for imaging</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>Version 4.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCoV-NL63 (Human coronavirus, NL63)</td>
			<td>BEI Resources</td>
			<td>NR-470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCoV-NL63 nucleocapsid antibody</td>
			<td>Sino Biological</td>
			<td>40641-V07E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoescht stain</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>H3570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laemmli sample buffer (4x)</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>1610747</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LLC-MK2 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-7</td>
			<td>To titrate HCoV-NL63</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MERS-CoV (Human coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), EMC/2012)</td>
			<td>BEI Resources&#160;</td>
			<td>NR-44260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MERS-CoV nucleocapsid antibody</td>
			<td>Sino Biological</td>
			<td>40068-MM10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MUC5AC antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>AMAB91539</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olympus Fluoview confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>FV1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phalloidin-iFluor 647 stain</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab176759</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PhosStop easy pack (phosphatase inhibitors)&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>PHOSS-RO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate reader&#160;</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>HH34000000</td>
			<td>Any plate reader or ELISA reader is sufficient; must be able to read absorbance at 492 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris pH 8; 150 mM NaCl; 0.5% deoxycholate; 0.1% SDS; 1% NP40)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>89990</td>
			<td>Can prep in-house or purchase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Plus Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-Related Coronavirus 2, Isolate USA-WA1/2020)</td>
			<td>BEI Resources</td>
			<td>NR-52281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody</td>
			<td>Genetex</td>
			<td>GTX135357</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton-X 100</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP151100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type IV &#946;- tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab11315</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VeroCCL81 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-81</td>
			<td>To titrate MERS-CoV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VeroE6 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-1586</td>
			<td>To titrate SARS-CoV-2</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

infection of primary nasal epithelial cells grown at an air-liquid interface to characterize human coronavirus-host interactions

Negli ultimi 20 anni sono emersi tre coronavirus umani ad alta patogenicità (HCoV) - SARS-CoV (2002), MERS-CoV (2012) e SARS-CoV-2 (2019) - che hanno causato significative crisi di salute pubblica. Quattro HCoV aggiuntivi causano una parte significativa dei casi di raffreddore comune ogni anno (HCoV-NL63, -229E, -OC43 e -HKU1), evidenziando l'importanza di studiare questi virus in sistemi fisiologicamente rilevanti. Gli HCoV entrano nel tratto respiratorio e stabiliscono l'infezione nell'epitelio nasale, il sito primario incontrato da tutti i patogeni respiratori. Utilizziamo un sistema di coltura epiteliale nasale primaria in cui i campioni nasali derivati dal paziente vengono coltivati in un'interfaccia aria-liquido (ALI) per studiare le interazioni ospite-patogeno in questo importante sito sentinella. Queste colture ricapitolano molte caratteristiche delle vie aeree in vivo , compresi i tipi di cellule presenti, la funzione ciliare e la produzione di muco. Descriviamo i metodi per caratterizzare la replicazione virale, il tropismo della cellula ospite, la citotossicità indotta dal virus e l'induzione immunitaria innata in colture nasali di ALI a seguito di infezione da HCoV, utilizzando un recente lavoro che confronta HCoV letali e stagionali come esempio1. Una maggiore comprensione delle interazioni ospite-patogeno nel naso ha il potenziale per fornire nuovi bersagli per terapie antivirali contro HCoV e altri virus respiratori che probabilmente emergeranno in futuro.

Le cifre rappresentative sono parzialmente adattate dai dati che si possono trovare nel manoscritto Otter et al.1. Le colture nasali di ALI derivate da quattro o sei donatori sono state infettate con uno dei quattro HCoV (SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 e HCoV-229E) secondo i protocolli sopra descritti e i titoli virali medi apicali per ciascun virus sono illustrati nella Figura 1A. Mentre tutti e quattro questi HCoV si replicano in modo produttivo nelle colture ALI n...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions at JoVE.com

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

L'epitelio nasale è il sito di barriera primario incontrato da tutti i patogeni respiratori. Qui, descriviamo i metodi per utilizzare le cellule epiteliali nasali primarie cresciute come colture di interfaccia aria-liquido (ALI) per caratterizzare le interazioni coronavirus-ospite umano in un sistema fisiologicamente rilevante.

Infezione di cellule epiteliali nasali primarie cresciute in un'interfaccia aria-liquido per caratterizzare le interazioni uomo-coronavirus-ospite

Three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) - SARS-CoV (2002), MERS-CoV (2012), and SARS-CoV-2 (2019) - have emerged and caused significant public ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Co-culture Models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms Grown on Live Human Airway Cells

Co-coltura Modelli di Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Cresciuto in diretta cellule delle vie aeree umane

Bacterial biofilms have been associated with a number of different human diseases, but biofilm development has generally been studied on non-living ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#x2019;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

Application of a Mouse Ligated PeyerÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

Applicazione di un mouse legatura Patch Peyer Assay intestinale Loop per valutare assorbimento da parte delle cellule batteriche M

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed ...

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

A seguito di Cell-destino<em&gt; E. coli</em&gt; Dopo l&#39;infezione da fago lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the ...

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

Un<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Co-infezione da modello per lo studio<em&gt; Plasmodium falciparum</em&gt;-HIV-1 in Interazioni umane Le cellule immunitarie primarie derivate da monociti

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent  of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Flusso Isolamento citometrica di primari murini di tipo II cellule alveolari epiteliali per gli studi funzionali e molecolari

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

Isolamento di cellule dendritiche mieloidi e cellule epiteliali di timo umano

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Biomimetic Materials to Characterize Bacteria-host Interactions

I materiali biomimetici per caratterizzare le interazioni batteri-ospite

Bacterial attachment to host cells is one of the earliest events during bacterial colonization of host tissues and thus a key step during infection. The ...

Human Placental and Decidual Organ Cultures to Study Infections at the Maternal-fetal Interface

Culture placentare e deciduale organo umano allo Studio infezioni all&#39;interfaccia materno-fetale

The placenta shows a large degree of interspecies anatomic variability. To best understand biology and pathophysiology of the human placenta, it is ...

Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue

Valutazione dell'interfaccia sinaptica primaria umana delle cellule di T dal sangue periferico e tessuto linfoide

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of ...

High-Efficiency Generation of Antigen-Specific Primary Mouse Cytotoxic T Cells for Functional Testing in an Autoimmune Diabetes Model

Generazione ad alta efficienza di cellule T Topo primario specifico dell'antigene per test funzionali in un modello di diabete autoimmune

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is characterized by islet-specific autoimmunity leading to beta cell destruction and absolute loss of insulin production. In the ...